OUTLINE ASSIGNMENT I
CHEMICAL PRODUCT DESIGN
GROUP TK06
Group Personnel:
Alicia Elke Christianti (1806199751)
Alya Nurul Shafira (1806148353)
Faishal Fakhri Muhtadi (1806148416)
Muhammad Adjisetya (1806148510)
Peter Surjo (1806199726)
Zakia Fitri (1806148611)
Product: Solid Detergent with Reliable Dispensing
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (M. Adjisetya)
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION (Alicia Elke)
1.1. Background of the Idea
1.2. Problem Formulation
1.3. Objectives
1.4. Scope Limitations
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW (Alya Nurul & Zakia Fitri)
2.1. Detergent Definition
2.2. Detergent Classification
2.3. Detergent Composition
2.4. Dispensing Definition
CHAPTER III NEEDS IDENTIFICATION (Faishal Fakhri)
3.1. Determining Needs
3.1.1. Market Analysis
3.1.2. Targeted Customer
3.1.3. Customers’ Expectation
3.2. Customers’ Needs Interpretation
3.3. List of Needs
3.4. Classification and Rank of Needs
CHAPTER IV PRODUCT SPECIFICATION (Peter Surjo)
4.1. List of Metrics
4.2. Needs-Metrics Matrix
4.3. Benchmarking Existing Products
4.4. Product Specification
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION (M. Adjisetya)
REFERENCES
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
SOLID DETERGENT WITH RELIABLE DISPENSING
Report Assignment 1
GROUP TK06
GROUP PERSONNEL:
Alicia Elke Christianti (1806199751)
Alya Nurul Shafira (1806148353)
Faishal Fakhri Muhtadi (1806148416)
Muhammad Adjisetya (1806148510)
Peter Surjo (1806199726)
Zakia Fitri (1806148611)
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
FEBRUARY 2021
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................ ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. iii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ iv
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... v
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Idea .......................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Formulation ............................................................................. 1
1.3 Scope Limitation.................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4 Objectives .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................... 3
2.1 Detergent Definition .............................................................................. 3
2.2 Detergent Classification ......................................................................... 3
2.3 Detergent Composition .......................................................................... 4
2.4 Dispensing Definition ............................................................................ 6
CHAPTER 3 NEEDS IDENTIFICATION ....................................................... 8
3.1 Determining Needs ................................................................................ 8
3.1.1 Market Analysis.............................................................................. 8
3.1.2 Targeted Customer ......................................................................... 8
3.1.3 Customers’ Expectation .................................................................. 8
3.2 Customers’ Needs Interpretation ............................................................ 8
3.3 List of Needs ......................................................................................... 9
3.4 Classification and Rank of Needs ........................................................... 9
CHAPTER 4 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION ................................................. 10
4.1 List of Metrics ..................................................................................... 10
4.2 Needs-Metrics Matrix .......................................................................... 10
4.3 Benchmarking Existing Products ......................................................... 10
4.4 Product Specification ........................................................................... 13
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION.......................................................................... 14
REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 15
APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 16
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1. Scope Limitation ................................................................................. 2
Table 3.1. List of Customer's Needs ..................................................................... 9
Table 4.1. List of Metrics ................................................................................... 10
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. General Surfactant Symbol................................................................. 4
Figure 4.1. Rinso Powder Detergent ................................................................... 11
Figure 4.2. Attack Easy Liquid Detergent .......................................................... 11
Figure 4.3. Tide Laundry Pods ........................................................................... 12
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LIST OF APPENDICES
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Idea
Regular washing of clothes has been routine activities in human life since it
helps to remove any bacteria, dirt, fleas, mites and other irritants or infection from
the fabric. Detergent is the one that acts as the main substance to clean those
things form the clothes. Unfortunately, based on research done by Unilever,
detergent especially solid detergent still has weaknesses such as create
encrustation in the washing machine, difficult to dissolve in water, irritating the
skin, and there is some that make the color of the fabric fade. On the other hand,
solid detergent also has a lot of benefit such as have more stable active
ingredients, last longer than the other form of detergent, has stronger formulation
of surfactant, and cheaper in price.
1.2 Problem Formulation
Laundry detergent is the product that contains surfactant and other
ingredients that designed to clean fabrics in the wash. Surfactant that had been
added in the detergent will lead to cleaner laundry. Laundry detergent has
traditionally been a powdered or granular solid, but the use of liquid laundry
detergents has gradually increased over the years, and nowadays uses of liquid
detergent has been equals or even exceeds the use of solid detergent.
Liquid detergent offers practical applications and dissolves faster in the
water. But comparing the efficiency between liquid and solid detergent showing
that solid detergent still has better performance to clean dirt and stain than liquid
detergent because surfactant in solid detergent is still related to alkylbenzene
sulfonate that is highly efficient to remove stain that comes from outdoor.
Laundry detergent in solid form already proved that it has better
performance than the other form of detergent to clean fabrics, but it lost popularity
slowly because the lack of ability to dissolve in water. Most of commercial solid
detergent sold in the market will caused encrustation in the washing machine that
will increase maintenance cost. The solid detergent has to dissolved first in the
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water before used to wash, otherwise, the undissolved detergent lump will stick to
fabric.
1.3 Objectives
Based on the existing problems regarding laundry detergent performance in
different forms, it is known that the problem can be solved if the solid detergent
has better ability to dissolved in water. Therefore, the main objective is to create a
solid detergent with excellent ability to dissolve in water by using reliable
dispensing.
1.4 Scope Limitation
To ensure that the discussion to make solid detergent with reliable
dispensing does not off topic, the scope of this study will be limited as follows:
Table 1.1. Scope Limitation
Statement for Design: Solid Detergent with Reliable Dispensing
Product Description Solid detergent with reliable dispensing to dissolve
better in water
Key Business Goal High performance solid detergent with affordable price
Primary Market Laundry owner and public
Obstacles Finding reliable and affordable dispensing
Stakeholder Consumers
Retailers
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Detergent Definition
Detergents are surfactants that have cleansing properties. The substance is
usually alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) or linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). In
domestic contexts, detergents usually refer to laundry detergent or dish detergent
used in households. Detergents are amphiphilic molecules, meaning they have a
hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail. These
characteristics allow them to dissolve in both polar and nonpolar solutions. The
advantage of detergents are they have good washing power and not affected by the
hard water. Hard water is water with high mineral content such as Ca, Fe, Mg, and
Mn.
Detergents are capable to remove dirt particles from surface by lowering
the interaction force between the particle and the surface. Detergent molecules
form a spherical shape called a micelle when they interact with water. The micelle
traps dirt particles with the hydrophobic tail located in the inside of the micelle.
The environment created by the micelle helps to lift the dirt from the surface and
the hydrophilic head allows the micelle to be suspended in water, making it easier
to rinse the surface.
2.2 Detergent Classification
Detergent is classified into four types based on its physical form.
2.2.1 Solid Detergent
Solid detergents have a high alkaline level. It is rarely used for washing
because it irritates the hand and can fade clothes color quickly.
2.2.2 Powder Detergent
Powder detergents are the most widely used type of detergent because it is
effective to lift clay and ground-in dirt (Bajpai, 2007). It is commonly used for
washing laundry.
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2.2.3 Liquid Detergent
Liquid detergents usually contain water and other solvent liquids to blend
other additives together. It is commonly used for dishwashing. This type is
effective for pretreating stains prior to washing (Bajpai, 2007).
2.2.4 Paste Detergent
Paste detergent is produced by mixing concentrated aqueous surfactant with
thickening agent. This type of detergent is suitable for washing laundry and for
washing hard surfaces.
2.3 Detergent Composition
Detergents are anionic surfactants with the common alkyl group (generally
C9-C15) or salts from sulfonate or long chain sulfates of sodium (RSO3-Na+ and
ROSO3-Na+) produced by vegetable oil or petroleum derivates (paraffin and olefin
fractions). The main raw materials of detergent constituents are surfactants that
have cleaning properties and other constituent components such as builders,
fillers, additives, and water.
2.3.1 Surfactants
Surfactant is a water surface tension lowering compound where surfactant
molecules contain a hydrophobic and hydrophobic chain. Surfactants (surface
active agents) can lower the surface tension of water and reduce hydrogen bonds
on the surface by placing its hydrophilic head on the surface of the water with its
hydrophobic tail outstretched away from the surface of the water. Surfactants can
be shown generally as shown below.
Figure 2.1. General Surfactant Symbol
Molecules and ions that are adsorbed between surfaces are called surfactants
or can be called amphibians, which indicates that the molecules or ions have a
certain affinity both polar and non-polar solvent. Ampiphiles can be hydrophilic
(water-like), lipophilic or balanced depending on the number and properties of
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polar and non-polar bound clusters. Surfactants can be classified based on their
chemical structure or based on the properties of hydrophilic groups and their
hydrophobic groups.
Anionic surfactants
Anionic surfactants are surfactants with an active part on their surface containing
a negative charge. Examples of anionic surfactant are linear alkylbenzene
sulfonate, Sulfate Alcohol (US), Ether Sulfate Alcohol (AES), Sodium Laurel
Ether Sulfate (SLES).
Cationic surfactants
Cationic surfactants are surfactants with the active part on the surface containing a
positive charge and ionized in water. The active part on the surface is the cationic
part. An example of a type of cationic surfactant is quaternary ammonium.
Nonionic surfactants
Nonionic surfactants are surfactants with surface active not containing any
charges, so they are not ionized in water. Examples are ethoxylate alcohol,
polyoxyethylene (R-OCH2CH).
Amphoteric surfactants
Amphoteric surfactants are surfactants that contain a negative or positive charge
on the active part of their surface. Therefore, amphoteric surfactants can be non-
ionic, cationic and anionic in solution. An example of an amphoteric surfactant is
Sulfobetain (RN + (CH3) 2CH2CH2SO3-.
2.3.2 Builder
Builder is an ingredient that can improve the performance of surfactants by
softening the hard water by binding dissolved minerals, so that surfactants can
concentrate on its main functions. Builders can create appropriate acidity
environment so that the cleaning process can take place better and help disperse
and suspend loose dirt.
Builders are used in the preparation of detergents aimed at improving the
efficiency of washing from surfactants by disabling water-causing minerals. Both
phosphate (Sodium Tri Poly Phosphate/STPP), Acetate (Nitrile Tri Acetic/NTA,
Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate/EDTA), Silicate (Zeolite), and Citrate (citric
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acid). Builder also prevent the re-deposition of dirt contained in the material to be
washed.
2.3.3 Fillers
This material serves as a filler of all raw material mixtures that are useful
to increase the volume. The presence of filler is reviewed from an economical
aspect. Besides serving as a process aid, this filling also used to increase the ionic
strength in the washing solution. Commonly used filling materials are Sodium
Sulfate (Na2SO4), Sodium Chloride, and Sodium Phosphate.
2.3.4 Additive
Additives are used in the manufacture of detergents to make the product
more attractive. Examples of additive that can be added into detergents are
fragrances, bleaches, softeners, dyes, etc. The additives do not have a direct
relationship with the washing power of the detergent but are added for the purpose
of product commercialization.
2.3.5 Water
Water used as a detergent constituent is drinkable water that is free from
harmful bacteria and chemical impurities. The water used must be clear, colorless,
odorless, and not contain any suspended materials or turbidity.
2.4 Dispensing Overview
Some bulk-high-density detergents cannot be completely disposed of in an
automatic washing machine, especially detergents containing zeolite instead of
phosphate and at low water temperatures. Imperfect output of detergent will leave
some amount of powder in the dispenser, which can cause clogging and
deterioration of detergent performance as not all powders are available for
washing.
In addition to using a dispenser to dispense detergent, optimization of the
detergent formulation needs to be done to prevent dispensing problems. For
example, formulation containing sodium carbonate and particulate citric acid are
described to have improved dispensing properties. In another approach, the good
dissolving and dispensing properties of high bulk density detergents are achieved
by adding fillers that do not form gels when in contact with water, such as sodium
citrate or layered sodium silicate, into the basic powder of detergents.
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The dispensing of detergent powder in the automatic washing machine is
increased by spraying a tight mixture of fatty acids and nonionic surfactants. This
spraying process may be the last stage in the manufacture of powder; or perhaps
precede the addition of other components.
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CHAPTER 3
NEEDS IDENTIFICATION
3.1 Determining Needs
Detergents have been used for many years to protect clothes from dirt or
germs that can carry diseases or things they do not want to use. However, some
types of detergents such as powder detergents still have problems with their
solubility in water as well as other problems.
Customers' need for detergents and the problem of the solubility of
powdered detergents in water is the key to developing new products. In order to
identify these needs, a market analysis must be carried out. In addition, further
analysis of how their expectations of the product should be carried out, so that
product designers can design products according to customer needs.
3.1.1 Market Analysis
Market analysis is the activity of gathering information about conditions
that affect the workplace. The objectives from doing market analysis are to obtain
the basic needs, and performance needs. Market analysis is very crucial in
designing a product because it will be the reference for the designer to design the
product. In order to gather the information, we use two research, which are online
interview and survey using questionnaire.
3.1.2 Targeted Customer
The target market for this product is end user consumers because they will
determine the type of detergent that will be used to clean clothes from dirt and
germs with consideration of price, quality, and side effects.
3.1.3 Customers’ Expectation
3.2 Customers’ Needs Interpretation
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3.3 List of Needs
Table 3.1. List of Customer's Needs
No List Of Customer's Needs
1 Detergent that’s not hot to the touch
2 Water-soluble powder detergent
3 Non-allergenic/irritating detergent
4 Eco-friendly detergent
5 Powder detergent that has good cleaning power
6 Detergent with minimal crust residue
3.4 Classification and Rank of Needs
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CHAPTER 4
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
4.1 List of Metrics
Based on customers’ needs that has been listed and ranked, metrics for
detergent specification can be written as follows.
Table 4.1. List of Metrics
Metric
No. Needs Specifications Need Rank
Unit
Unclassified
Detergent that’s not hot Builder
1
to the touch Composition
Easily dissolved
2 Solubility g/L
detergent
Non-allergenic/irritating Builder
3
detergent Composition
4 Eco-friendly detergent Surfactant counts
Detergent that has good
5 Surfactant counts
cleaning power
Detergent with minimal
6 Detergent residue %wt
crust residue
4.2 Needs-Metrics Matrix
**insert table**
4.3 Benchmarking Existing Products
In order to properly develop the product, comparison between some of the
existing products should be made. This comparative review is used to know the
advantages and disadvantages of said products and improvement needed for them.
Due to that reason four distinct products have been chosen for the benchmarking
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process: Rinso Powder Detergent, Attack Easy Liquid Detergent, Tide Pods 3 in
1, and PRODUCT 4.
• Rinso Powder Detergent
Figure 4.1. Rinso Powder Detergent
(Source: https://www.rinso.com/id/mencuci/deterjen/products/rinso-anti-noda-deterjen-
bubuk.html)
Powder type detergents are one of the commonly bought detergent type in
the market. Popularity of this product is due to its advantage in low price
compared to other types of detergent. Although it’s cheap, it has couple of
weaknesses, especially in its dispensing process if used in washing machine.
Because of the more complex dissolution process of solid granules, which can be
affected by its size distribution and composition, dispensing of solid type
detergents aren’t as simple as other types. Hence in not optimised dispensing
mechanism a slurry or solid clumping of granules can be formed and some could
also be left in dispensing chamber as residue forming crust in time.
• Attack Easy Liquid Detergent
Figure 4.2. Attack Easy Liquid Detergent
(Source: https://www.solusiibuattack.com/product/attack-easy)
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Most of common liquid detergents are packed in form of a concentrate
from mixture of detergent and additive components. Due to its liquid form, these
types of detergent are easy to dispense because its dispensing basic dispensing
process is just dilution of the concentrate. At the moment, this type of detergent is
quite popular in the market because of its ease of use, but still more expensive
compared to solid type detergent.
• Tide Pods 3 in 1
Figure 4.3. Tide Laundry Pods
(Source: https://www.activeresponsetraining.net/wp-
content/uploads/2017/11/laundry_pods_1.png)
Tide pods are highly concentrated detergent packed in form of pods. Each
pod contains a concentrated detergent solution along with separated chambers for
additives, such as perfume, brightener, and enzymes. Additive components are
separated to reduce their degradation from contact with the detergent solution and
maximize the performance of the additives. Each pod is encapsulated by sheets of
polymer films that are stable in dry condition and easily dissolve in water. Since it
is a liquid detergent, its dispensing ability is based on degradation of the polymer
film and diffusivity of its detergent concentrate. Although quite an effective
detergent, it is relatively expensive for home use laundry detergent and its distinct
shape and color recently has become a hazard due to some people attempting to
consume it as a candy.
• PRODUCT 4
**insert benchmarking table**
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4.4 Product Specification
**insert specs table**
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
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REFERENCES
Bajpai, D. and Tyagi, V.K. 2007. Laundry Detergents: An Overview. Journal of
Oleo Science, 56(7), pp.327-340.
Boerefijn, R., Dontula, P., and Kohlus, R. 2007. Detergent Granulation.
Handbook of Powder Technology: 11: pp.673-703.
Cussler, E. and Moggridge, G., 2001. Chemical Product Design. 2nd ed.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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APPENDICES
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