Introduction to Embedded Systems
Course
Introduction
Getachew Teshome (Room 120-B)
Addis Ababa University, AAIT
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
September, 2016
What is an embedded
system?
Embedded
Computer
System?
2
Embedded System
A computer System
Embedded within another system
to define/ control functionality of the embedding
system.
WASHING MACHINE
Drum, Spin Motor,
heater, hot air
blower, Water Computer
Dispenser, Soap dispenser,
pump, Sewage
valve, display, alarm, …
Examples
• Consumer: Phone, Camera, TV, Game Console
• Office: Printer, Copier, Fax, …
• Home Appliance: Microwave, Refrigerator, AC
• Automotive: Car Engine, navigator, …
• Aviation: Fly-by-wire, Entertainment, …
• Industrial: Robots, Automation Units in Factories
• Military: Missile guidance, Drone
Application areas
1. Automotive electronics
2. Aircraft electronics
3. Trains
4. Telecommunication
5
Application areas
5. Medical systems
6. Military applications
7. Robotics
6
Application areas
8. Consumer Electronics
7
Application areas
8. Factory
9. Smart Buildings
8
Smart
Every electronic device that is called “Smart” has
an Embedded System in it:
Smart Grids
Smart Meters
Smart Phones
Smart TVs
Smart Buildings …
Attaching an Embedded System to an object
makes it “Smart”!
THE COURSE
• Introduction to Embedded Systems
• Embedded Systems Design
• Hardware Elements of Embedded System
• Embedded Programming
• State Machines
• Testing and Verification
• Selected Topics
Lecture + Lab (Yeabsira)
Lecture Lab Exercises
Assignments (Simulation +
Paper review & Hardware)
Presentation Project (Group of 4)
50:50
Class Activity, Attendance,
Presentation, Progress Report,
Final Exam` Circuits & Codes,
Project Demo
Assignment 1
• Investigate an Embedded System of your
choice and write a short summary outlining
– What it does, why it is an Embedded System
– What it contains (Hardware and software components)
– Its function described using Schematic diagrams
and Flow chart
• 2-4 pages true content
• Submission : Beginning of next class
Project
Select a Project, Form a team of Four and
submit member list with role by next class
⁻ Programmer (1)
⁻ Hardware and Electronics (1)
⁻ Testing & Reporting (1)
⁻ System Design & Coordinator (1)
Projects
• Digital Photo Album/ JPEG Decoder
• Digital Audio Recorder & Player
• Smart Elevator System
• Smart Electric Vehicle
end
Introduction to Embedded Systems
Introduction
Getachew Teshome (Room 120-B)
Addis Ababa University, AAIT
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
September, 2016
Embedded Systems
• Everywhere in our life
• Hard to define
An embedded system is
nearly any computing system
other than
a desktop, laptop, or mainframe computer.
Characteristics of ES
• Single-functioned: executes one program repeatedly.
– A digital camera Vs Laptop Computer
• Tightly constrained: have tight design constraints
– cost, size, performance, and power
• Reactive and real-time: continually interacts with its
environment and executes at-pace with environment
– Brake control in a car Vs Keyboard input of desktop
• Dependable: Should work under all circumstances
• Dedicated user interface: no mouse, keyboard, screen
• Hybrid systems: analog + digital parts.
Characteristics of ES
• Must be Dependable,
₋ Reliability R(t) = probability of system working
correctly at t provided that it was working at t=0
₋ Maintainability M(d) = probability of system
working correctly d time units after error
occurred.
₋ Availability A(t): probability of system working at
time t
₋ Safety: no harm to be caused
₋ Security: confidential and authentic
communication
Even perfectly designed systems can fail!
Characteristics of ES
• Must be efficient WHY?
– Energy efficient
– Code-size efficient
(especially for systems on a chip)
– Run-time efficient
– Weight efficient
– Cost efficient
Dedicated Function
knowledge about behavior at design time can be used to
minimize resources and to maximize robustness!
21
Embedded Vs GP
Embedded Systems GP Systems
• Few applications that • Execute broad class of
are known at design- applications
time • Programmable by the
• Not user programmable end user
• Fixed run-time • Faster is better
requirements • Important criteria
• Important criteria – Cost
– Cost – Average speed
– Power consumption
– Predictability
– …
Application DOMAINS
Trends
PAST
• Control Oriented Applications
– Traffic lights control
– Elevators control
– Washing machines and dishwashers
• Simple Hardware Implementation
– Sequential Circuit
– m-controller
Trends
NOW - HARDWARE
• Network of Processors: Automobile, Airplane.
• Heterogeneous processors: run-time efficiency
requirements, power efficiency Vector, Power Mgmt
• Higher Degree of Integration
– Discrete
– IC
mP, mC
– SoC [Processor + memory + I/O-units
+ communication structure]
– MPSoC, NoC, Co-P
Trends
NOW – SOFTWARE
• TV, mobile phone, car: > 10 MLOC
• Code complexity is growing exponentially
• Number of bugs is growing exponentially
• Despite good SW eng’g ~10 bugs / KLOC
• 100 G$ / yr on bug repair
• Embedded SW is difficult!
• Software dominates the total cost.
• Testing and validation dominates the SW cost
TRENDS
SOFTWARE – ORIENTED
NOW
Trends
NOW - MARKET
• Appear in every walk of life.
• 100 times PC market size.
• 25% annual growth.
• Accounts for 25-40% cost of a modern automotive.
(15 -60 ES per car)
• More affordable (GPS, VC)
• FUTURE
– Ubiquitous Computing, Pervasive computing, Ambient
Intelligence
Your Position
?
EE
CE
CS
IT
IS
end
Introduction to Embedded Systems
EMBEDDED
SYSTEM DESIGN
Getachew Teshome (Room 120-B)
Addis Ababa University, AAIT
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
September, 2016
Embedded System Design
• Knowledge of the Embedding System.
• Hardware design
– High performance (speed)
– Less hardware cost (chip area, IO pins, )
– Power consumption (may have to run for years on a single
battery)
• Software design
– Interactive
– Real time
– Efficient
– Bug-free (testable with reasonable coverage)
Trends in Design
• Real-time performance
• Heterogeneous system architectures
• Silicon budgets are increasing (Moore’s Law)
• Short Life cycle of systems
• Short time-to-market
Design space (M-Dimensional)
• Cost (silicon area, design time)
• Performance
• Power consumption
• Flexibility
• Time-to-market
MOORE’S LAW
Every 18 months, # of transistors/ gates, …
on a given chip area doubles.
MOORE’S LAW
36
MOORE’S LAW
IMPACT- SOFTWARE
ECEG3201: Digital 38
Logic Design,
Design Crisis
DESIGN COST
COST OF DESIGN
40
MORE CHALLENGE
Functionality
Testability
Wire delay
Power
Embedded software
Signal integrity
RF issues
Hybrid chips
Packaging
Physical limits
41
ECEG3201: Digital Logic Design,
BY Getachew Teshome
COST
Total cost of a chip = Cost of Manufacturing
+
NRE / # of chips sold
* NRE- Non-Recurring Engineering Cost
42
Time to Market
• A very important factor in determining the
profit generated from a chip.
Time to profit
cash
Time to market
11/16/2016 43
How to reduce time-to-
market?
• Reuse of blocks
• Reuse of architecture
• Scalable architecture
• Composable architecture.
11/16/2016 44
Example SoC design
platforms
• Automotive platform : eg. Volkswagen’s
• Computing platform : eg. WinTel
• Multimedia Platform : eg. Philips Nexperia
11/16/2016 45
ECEG3201: Digital 46
Logic Design,
ECEG3201: Digital 47
Logic Design,