Physics I

08 Jan 20 1
 Use the study area
as we go through
the slides

VTS Ex 1.1

PhET Estimation

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How to Succeed in Physics
• Spend time studying
• Do not miss classes
• Treat problem sets, labs, quizzes and exams as opportunities for
learning – not just to get grades
• Approach Physics problems systematically
• Do more than what your instructors ask
• Use all available resources

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Most of the work is done outside class

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Basics objectives

Use SI and English units as appropriate and convert between these

systems as needed

•I can rearrange equations.

•I can use trigonometry to solve problems.
•I know the SI base units of length, mass, time, absolute
temp and current.
•I know prefixes femto to Tera
•I can quote the correct significant figures in my answers

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 Measurement
• Physics is an experimental
science.
• Observe phenomena in
nature.
• Make predictions.
• Models
• Hypotheses
• Theories
• Laws

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Mathematics Review
1. Scientific notation and powers of ten
 The mass of the earth is approximately
6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg
 The mean covalent radius of hydrogen is 0.000000000031 m.

• A number written in scientific notation is in decimal form with only

one digit to left of the decimal point and the appropriate power of
ten.

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Mathematics Review

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Volume is inversely
proportional to pressure

Volume is proportional
to (1/p)

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Mathematics Review

SOH CAH TOA

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Units of Measurement
• Cultural
• "cubit," "span," "foot," "mile"
• Changes with time and location

• 1889 by the General Conference on Weights and Measures

• Systéme International (SI) (m,Kg,s)

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

The Second
• Originally tied to the length of a day.

• Now, exceptionally accurate.

• Atomic clock
• 9,192,631,770 oscillations of a low-energy transition in Cs
• In the microwave region

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

The Meter – The Original
Definition of 1791

These use to be on buildings for reference

The Meter – More Recently
• Now tied to Kr discharge and counting a certain number of
wavelengths.
• Exceptionally accurate, in fact redefining c, speed of light.
• New definition is the distance that light can travel in a vacuum in
1/299,792,458 s.
• So accurate that it loses only 1 second in 30 million years.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 The Reference Kilogram

The kilogram (kg) is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626,070,150 × 10–34 when
expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s1, where the meter and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆ν.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 International System of units (SI)
• The SI has base and derived quantities and units

Base Quantity Unit Symbol

Length meter m
Also known
as the mks
Mass kilogram kg system

Time second s
Absolute temperature Kelvin K
Electric current Intensity
Ampère A

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International System of units (SI)

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http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/units.html#uni4

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Table 1.1

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

The Powers of Ten are Dramatic

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Release 5 March
date 1981
Memory 1 KB
2019
Expandable
unit (64 KB
max. 56 KB
usable)
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Unit Consistency (Homogeneity)
• Calculate:
• 3.0 m + 4.0 m = 7.0 m
• 2.0 m + 400 kg = ?

• Equations must be dimensionally consistent (homogeneous). i.e. all

terms in an equation must have the same units.

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Temperature scales

0K

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"Am I significant?"
• Try this. Divide 10 (one SF) by 3 (one SF) and your
calculator will tell you 3.33333333.
• If you report this answer, the reader will believe you have
measured carefully to billionths of the unit you are using.
• What can happen? It's possible that bolt holes will fail to
line up.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Significant digits / figures Accuracy:
the number of significant digits a number has.

Approximate --- measure Precision:

the decimal position of the last significant digit.
Exact ----- count

Any 0 that is just used to place the decimal point is insignificant

If a 0 is between non-zero numbers it is significant

100 1 sig
101 3 sig The difference between 20 and 20.0 is the difference
between 1 and 3 significant figures
0.001 1 sig
0.101 3 sig 20 could be any number between 24.999999 to 15
1 1 sig 20.0 could be any number between 20.049999 to 19.95

1.00 3 sig
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 2041.2 has 5 significant figures and 1 decimal place

0.006 has 1 significant figure and 3 decimal places

When adding or subtracting approximate numbers, keep as many decimal places in your answer as contained
in the number having the fewest decimal places.

2041.2 + 0.006 = 2041.206

BUT the fewest decimal places is 1 (2041.2) so our answer is quoted to 1 decimal place = 2041.2

When multiplying or dividing 2 or more approximate numbers, round the result to as many digits as are in the
factor having the fewest significant digits.

2041.2 * 0.006 = 12.2472

BUT 0.006 has only 1 significant digit so the answer is = 10

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THIS IS FOR APPROXIMATE NUMBERS.
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Vectors

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 Learning objectives

• I know the difference between scalar and vector quantities.

• I can solve vectors graphically
• I can analytically add (and subtract) vectors

Agenda
 Types of quantities
 Graphical addition of vectors
 Components of vectors
 Analytical method for vector addition

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Scalar and Vector Quantities

• Scalar quantities have a magnitude only, but no direction.

• Vector quantities are defined by both their magnitude and direction.

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 Representation of vectors
• Vectors are represented by arrows.
• Length of arrow is proportional to magnitude of physical quantity
• Direction of arrow is the same as that of the physical quantity

1. Choose an appropriate scale

2. Select a starting point and draw any vector from that point.
Graphical 3. From the end of the first vector, draw the second vector.
Addition of 4. From the end of the second vector, draw the third vector and so
on.
vectors 5. Draw the Resultant from the beginning of the first vector to the
end of the last vector.

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Vector addition
• In the "world of vectors"
1+1 does not necessarily
equal 2.
• Graphically?

Adding graphically

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 PhET Vector addition

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/vector-addition

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Vector addition
• In the "world of vectors"
1+1 does not necessarily
equal 2.
• Graphically?

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Example 1a
Two rescue helicopters are pulling up a crashed truck using two cables.
The tensions in the cables are 30 kN and 50 kN. The angle between the
cables is 80°.
Find the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the truck due to
the cables.

Solve graphically

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Or, decompose the vectors into
components, then solve.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Example 3
Add the vectors shown

𝐴Ԧ 
B



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 y

 
By B


 𝐴Ԧ
Ay

O   x
Ax Bx 44
y

 
By  B
Ry

A


Ay
𝐴Ԧ 
Rx
  x
Ax Bx 45
y

 
By  
Ry R B

A


Ay 𝐴Ԧ 
Rx
  x
Ax Bx 46
y

 
R Ry


 Rx
x

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y

𝑅 𝑅𝑦

 𝑅𝑥
x

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Algorithm for the Analytical Method

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HOW TO FIND THE DIRECTION. (positive angle from positive x axis)

y & x positive = Q1
y positive, x negative Q2
y negative, x negative Q3
y negative, x positive Q4

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 y

Example
• Find the horizontal and vertical components of
the velocity of a billiard ball travelling at 1.8
m/s at 30° North of East.


vy
 = 30
O  x
vx
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Example

VTS Ex 1.7 is similar (30o instead of 20o)

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 Solution y

35m
50m

110°

20°
x
First we draw a diagram to represent the vectors we are going to add together, like the one
above.
We now ‘resolve’ the vectors into their respective components:
X-Components: Y-Components:
For Vector A: 50 cos 20° = 46.98 (2dp) 50 sin 20° = 17.10 (2dp)
For Vector B: 35 cos 110° = -11.97 (2dp) 35 sin 110° = 32.89 (2dp)

We now Add the X-Components Together & Add the Y-Components Together
Total of X-Components = 46.98 + (-11.97) = 35.01
Total of Y-Components = 17.10 + (+32.89) = 49.99 54
Solution y
R

θ
x

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8) Add the 3 vectors shown in the diagram

(Also do B-A-C) 56
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DO BOTH GRAPHICAL and ANALYTICALLY

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Not a right angle
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Summary
Ch1

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 • Resolve into x and y
• Add all x, add all y
• Find the resultant
• Find the angle

X-Components: Y-Components:
For Vector A: 50 cos 20° = 46.98 (2dp) 50 sin 20° = 17.10 (2dp)
For Vector B: 35 cos 110° = -11.97 (2dp) 35 sin 110° = 32.89 (2dp)

Total = 35.01 = 49.99

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Quality Unit New (fundamental constants) date
Time s The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to 1997
the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133
atom.
Length m The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1983
1/299 792 458 of a second. (based on c = 299 792 458 m s−1 exactly)
Mass kg The kilogram (kg) is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h 2019?
to be 6.626,070,150 × 10–34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s1,
where the meter and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆ν.
Current A The ampere (A) is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge 2019?
e to be 1.602,176,634 × 10–19 when expressed in coulombs, which is equal to A s, where
the second is defined in terms of ∆ν.
Temperature K The kelvin (K) is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k 2019?
to be 1.380,649 × 10—23 when expressed in the unit J K1, which is equal to kg m2 s—2 K1,
where the kilogram, meter and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆ν.
Luminosity cd The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits 1979
monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity
in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.
Amount mol The mole (mol) contains exactly 6.022,140,76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is 2019?
the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit
mol–1 and is called the Avogadro number.
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