Chapter 29
Magnetic Fields
Outline
29.1 Magnetic Fields and Forces
29.2 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor
29.4 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
29.5 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
Introduction
In this chapter, we show how to use the law of
Biot and Savart to calculate the magnetic field
produced at some point in space by a small
current element
History of Magnetism
1819
Hans Christian Oersted
Discovered the
relationship
between
electricity and
magnetism
An electric current
in a wire deflected
a nearby compass
needle
Magnetic Poles
Every magnet has two poles ( North and South)
Poles exert forces on one another ( like electric
charges)
Like poles repel each other (N-N or S-S)
Unlike poles attract each other (N-S )
Magnetic Poles, cont.
If a bar magnet is suspended so that it
can move freely, it will rotate
The magnetic north pole points toward the
Earth’s north geographic pole
This means the Earth’s north geographic
pole is a magnetic south pole
Similarly, the Earth’s south geographic
pole is a magnetic north pole
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Fb
29.1 Magnetic Fields and
Forces
An electric field surrounds any electric
charge
The region of space surrounding any
moving electric charge also contains a
magnetic field
A magnetic field also surrounds a
magnetic substance making up a
permanent magnet
29.1 Magnetic Fields and
forces, cont.
A vector quantity
Symbolized by B
Direction is given by the direction a
north pole of a compass needle points in
that location
Magnetic Field Lines
The compass can be
used to trace the field
lines
The lines outside the
magnet point from the
North pole to the South
pole
Magnetic field pattern surrounding
a bar magnet as displayed with
iron filings
Definition of Magnetic Field
The magnetic field at some point in
space can be defined in terms of the
magnetic force, F
B
The magnetic force will be exerted on a
charged particle moving with a velocity,
v
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produce by charges Produce only by
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Properties of the magnetic force
on a charge moving in a magnetic
field B
The magnitude FB of the magnetic force exerted on the
particle is proportional to the charge, q, and to the
speed, v, of the particle
The magnitude and direction of FB depend on the
velocity of the particle and on the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic field B
When a charged particle moves parallel to the magnetic
field vector, the magnetic force acting on the particle is
zero
When the particle’s velocity vector makes any angle q
0 with the field, the force acts in a direction
perpendicular to both the velocity and the field
Properties of the magnetic
force on a charge moving in a
magnetic field B
The magnetic force exerted on a positive charge is in
the direction opposite the direction of the magnetic
force exerted on a negative charge moving in the same
direction
The magnitude of the magnetic force is proportional to
sin q, where q is the angle the particle’s velocity makes
with the direction of the magnetic field
Direction
FB is perpendicular to both v and B
Oppositely directed forces exerted on oppositely
charged particles will cause the particles to move
in opposite directions
Force on a Charge Moving in a
Magnetic Field
The properties can be summarized in a vector equation:
FB qv B
FBis the magnetic force
q is the charge
v is the velocity of the moving charge
B is the magnetic field
Magnitude of Magnetic Force
The magnitude of the magnetic force on a charged
particle is
FB = |q| v B sin q
q is the smaller angle between v and B
FB is zero when the field and velocity are parallel
or antiparallel
q = 0 or 180o
FB is a maximum when the field and velocity are
perpendicular
q = 90o
Units of Magnetic Field
The SI unit of magnetic field is the tesla (T) Milk µ
Wb N N
T
m2 C (m / s) A m
Direction of the magnetic Force:
Right-Hand Rule #1
The fingers point in the
direction of v
B comes out of your
palm
The direction of v B,
and the force on a
positive charge, is the
direction in which the
thumb points
Direction of the magnetic Force:
Right-Hand Rule #2
Thumb is in the direction
of v
Fingers are in the
direction of B
Palm is in the direction
of F
B
On a positive particle
As your hand pushing the
particle
The force on a negative
charge is in the opposite
direction
Differences between electric
and magnetic forces:
Direction
The electric force acts along the direction
of the electric field
The magnetic force acts perpendicular to
the magnetic field
Motion
The electric force acts on a charged
particle regardless of the particle’s
velocity
The magnetic force acts on a charged
particle only when the particle is in
motion.
wow
Differences between electric ja
kids
and magnetic forces: Do b ITH
W
Work
The electric force does work in displacing a
charged particle, whereas the magnetic
force associated with a steady magnetic
field does no work when a particle is
displaced because the force is
perpendicular to the displacement
The kinetic energy of a charged
particle moving through a magnetic
field cannot be altered by the
magnetic field alone
Quick Quiz 29.1
The north-pole end of a bar magnet is
held near a positively charged piece of
plastic. The plastic is
(a) attracted
(b) repelled
(c) unaffected by the magnet
Quick Quiz 29.2
A charged particle moves with velocity vin a
magnetic field B. The magnetic force on the
particle is a maximum when v is
(a) parallel to B
Ed
(b) perpendicular to B
(c) zero
Example 29.1 An Electron Moving in
a Magnetic Field
An electron in a television picture tube
moves toward the front of the tube with a
speed of 8.0x106 m/s along the x axis.
Surrounding the neck of the tube are coils
of wire that create a magnetic field of
magnitude 0.025T,directed
e
at an angle of
60°to the x axis and lying in the xy
plane.
calculate the magnetic force on the
electron
Fs 9
af g ooo
B
c o o 25 sin60
X Io N
29.2 Magnetic Force Acting on a
Current-Carrying Conductor
A force is exerted on a current-carrying wire placed in a
magnetic field
The current is a collection of many charged particles in
motion; hence, the resultant force exerted by the field on the
wire is the vector sum of the individual forces exerted on all
the charged particles making up the current.
Notation Notes
The dots indicate the
direction is out of the
page
The crosses represent
the arrows going into
the page
Force on a Wire
Force on a Wire
The magnetic force is
exerted on each
moving charge in the
wire
F qv d B
The total force is the
product of the force on
one charge and the
number of charges
F qvd B nAL
Magnetic Force on a Wire
In terms of the current, this becomes
FB IL B Es IL xD
I is the current
L is a vector that points in the direction of the current
Its magnitude is the length L of the segment
B is the magnetic field
29.4 Charged Particle in a Magnetic
Field
Consider a particle moving in an
external magnetic field with its
velocity perpendicular to the
field
The force is always directed
toward the center of the
circular path
The magnetic force causes a
centripetal acceleration,
changing the direction of the
velocity of the p
The particle moves in a circle
because the magnetic force F is
perpendicular to v and B and
has a constant magnitude qvB
Force on a Charged Particle
Equating the magnetic and centripetal forces:
mv 2
FB qvB
r
Solving for r:
mv
r The radius of the path
qB
29.4 Charged Particle in a
Magnetic Field
The angular speed of the particle is
v qB
ω
r m
The angular speed, w, is also referred to as the
cyclotron frequency
The period of the motion is
2πr 2π 2πm
a
T
v ω qB
I
Motion of a Particle, General Is I
If a charged particle moves
in a magnetic field at some
arbitrary angle with respect
to the field, its path is a
helix
Same equations apply, but
we replace the velocity
with
v v y2 v z2
29.4 Charged Particle in a Magnetic
Field
Example 29.6
A proton is moving in a circular orbit of
radius 14 cm in a uniform 0.35-T magnetic
e 2C
field perpendicular to the velocity of the
proton. Find the linear speed of the proton
r V
nfj tarns
114 152 l 6 1019 o 3D his
r
G lo
Particle in a Nonuniform Magnetic
Field
The motion is complex
For example, the
particles can oscillate
back and forth
between two positions
This configuration is
known as a magnetic
bottle
Van Allen Radiation Belts
The Van Allen radiation
belts consist of charged
particles surrounding the
Earth in doughnut-shaped
regions
The particles are trapped
by the Earth’s magnetic
field
The particles spiral from
pole to pole
May result in Auroras
29.5 Applications Involving Charged
Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
In many applications, charged particles will move
in the presence of both magnetic and electric
fields
In that case, the total force is the sum of the
forces due to the individual fields
In general:
cc I lil
F qE qv B
I I on6
Velocity Selector ogi of
Used when all the
particles need to move
with the same velocity
A uniform electric field
is perpendicular to a
uniform magnetic field
Velocity Selector, cont.
Velocity Selector, final
Only those particles with the given speed will pass
through the two fields undeflected
The magnetic force exerted on particles moving at
speed greater than this is stronger than the
electric field and the particles will be deflected to
the left
Those moving more slowly will be deflected to the
right
Chapter Problems
Victor notation
Problem 9 Page 919
3
Problem 12 Page 919
Problem 9
Vs 2i Uj k mis
B li 2J 3k T
FB qvxB
jjb
a.oxio.ms
yieIaYf E 3 e
i
x Y
j K
jcx.yj.in
9 ice 2 JC b i k hah
9 If Ioi 7J 8k
IFI sq 382
2.34 x 1518µW
Notes
12
i a
Problem as
I
FB It xD
13 1 6 KT I 2.4A L o
7,5
F
It sino
2.40 o 750 l 6 Sinha
2 88 M
Another Sol
E Il xD
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Chapter Problems
Problem 30 Page 920
A singly charged positive ion has a mass of
E
3.20x10-26 kg. After being accelerated from rest through
a potential difference of 833V, the ion enters a
magnetic field of 0.920T along a direction perpendicular
to the direction of the field. Calculate the radius of the
path of the ion in
the field
V v
566 1 Is
3.20 15 5.66 10
r
l 6 15 o 92
o o 177 m
