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Loop-Seal Problems

The document discusses operation and maintenance issues that can occur when burning biomass fuels in boilers, including sintering, agglomeration, fouling, and loop seal problems. Sintering tendency is evaluated based on the potassium and sodium oxide content relative to the fuel heating value. Biomass with high potassium like straw has a higher risk of agglomeration. Methods to reduce agglomeration include adding dolomite, preprocessing fuel, alternative bed materials, and co-firing with coal. Fouling is caused by alkali salt evaporation reducing heat transfer and potentially increasing corrosion, which can be addressed through design or superheater placement. Loop seal issues can cause reduced generation or shutdown if not addressed.

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99 views1 page

Loop-Seal Problems

The document discusses operation and maintenance issues that can occur when burning biomass fuels in boilers, including sintering, agglomeration, fouling, and loop seal problems. Sintering tendency is evaluated based on the potassium and sodium oxide content relative to the fuel heating value. Biomass with high potassium like straw has a higher risk of agglomeration. Methods to reduce agglomeration include adding dolomite, preprocessing fuel, alternative bed materials, and co-firing with coal. Fouling is caused by alkali salt evaporation reducing heat transfer and potentially increasing corrosion, which can be addressed through design or superheater placement. Loop seal issues can cause reduced generation or shutdown if not addressed.

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334 11 Operation and Maintenance Issues

The sintering tendency of a fuel is indicated by the following two parameters,


and the sintering tendency is severe when these parameters of the fuel fired exceed
the following limits:

ðK2 O + Na2 OÞ
[1
SiO2
ð11:9Þ
ðK2 O + Na2 OÞ
[ 0:34
HHV

Potassium is a more potent alkali in forming eutectic than sodium. So, biomass with
higher potassium, straw for example, has higher potential for agglomeration.
Followings are some means of reducing the risk of agglomeration in a biomass-
fired boiler:
1. Use of additives like dolomite
2. Preprocessing of fuel to reduce alkali
3. Use of alternative bed materials like iron oxide, dolomite
4. Co-firing coal with biomass (Yrjas et al. 2005)
5. Use of lower combustion temperature.
More details are given in Basu (2006, pp. 128–130).
(iv) Fouling
Fouling is sticky deposition of ash constituents on boiler tubes. It reduces heat
transfer to the tubes reducing steam generation or steam temperature and could
accelerate the corrosion rate. The fouling of downstream tubes is due to evaporation
of alkali salts. Fouling could reduce the effective flow area of gas and therefore the
gas velocity. Therefore, the boilers can be either designed for low gas velocity in
the back pass or superheater are placed in EHE or placed in a cooler region.
Compared to a PC-fired boiler this problem is less severe as in a coal-fired CFB
boiler because its combustion temperature is not high enough to evaporate the alkali
salts.
(v) Loop-seal problems
Loop seal is considered the heart of a CFB boiler. Reduced performance of this
component would have reduced generation and higher furnace temperature. Failure
of the loop seal will force shutdown of the boiler because it would cause cyclone to
get chocked with solids. Common operating problems include; surging and
blocking, agglomeration of solids passing through, inadequate solid flow rate and
gas-bypass through loop seal. Details on how to avoid these problems are given in
Arjunwadkar et al. (2015).

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