Experiment 1- Acid/Base Titrations
Unit 1- Module 1- Objective 3.8
Aim: To standardize Hydrochloric acid
Apparatus and Materials
Solid sample of sodium carbonate, 250 cm 3 volumetric flask, 25 cm3 pipette, Balance, beakers, weighing
bottles, spatula, conical flask, stirring rod, hydrochloric acid, burette, filter funnel, methyl orange
indicator
Theory
One of the solutions used in a titration must be a standard solution. A standard solution is one in which
the concentration is accurately known. It is made by adding a known mass of solute to the solvent and
making up to the known volume.
Chemical manufacturers can supply some reagents of especially high purity for use in industry and in the
lab. These reagents are usually available at approximately 99.9% purity and are available in the solid
form. These are known as primary standards and can be weighed directly when making standard
solutions.
Primary standards can be used to determine the concentrations of other substances with a high degree
of accuracy, using the balanced equation- the substance is said to be standardized.
Procedure and Results
Procedure 1 - Weigh accurately 1.3g of Na2CO3 into a dry beaker. Dissolve it in the minimum volume
of distilled water and transfer this quantitatively to a 250cm 3 volumetric flask and make up to the mark
with distilled water.
Procedure 2- Pipette 25cm3 of the standard solution made in part 1 into a conical flask and add one
drop of methyl orange indicator. Titrate against the acid provided. Repeat the titration until you obtain
consecutive burette readings which differ by no more than
+
0.10cm3, note burette readings should be to two decimal places.
-
Treatment of Results
Present your results as follows:
Mass of beaker + sodium carbonate =
Mass of beaker =
Mass of sodium carbonate =
Burette readings/cm3 Rough 1 2
Final burette reading/ cm3
Initial burette reading/ cm3
Actual volume of HCl used/
cm3
Calculations:
1. Calculate the molar concentration of the sodium carbonate solution
2. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between sodium carbonate and HCl
3. Determine the number of moles of sodium carbonate used in the titration.
4. Determine the number of moles of HCl used in the titration
5. Calculate concentration of the HCl in mol dm 3.
EXPERIMENT 2
INSTRUCTIONS: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the value of x in the formula
Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.xH2O by titration against a standard solution of potassium permanganate.
Apparatus and Materials:
Procedure:
1. Pipette 25cm3 of ammonium iron(II)sulphate solution into a conical flask and add an equal
volume of dilute sulphuric acid.
2. Titrate with the standard potassium manganate (VII) solution provided until a permanent faint
pink colour appears.
3. Repeat the procedure as many times as possible to obtain accurate results.
Calculations
1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction
2. Determine the volume of manganate (VII) ions used.
3. Determine the mole ratio of manganate (VII) ions and iron (II) ions and thus the number of
moles of Fe2+ used in the reaction.
4. Calculate the molar concentration of the iron (II) solution.
5. Determine the mass concentrationof iron (II)ammonium sulphate
6. Given that the mass concentration of the hydrated salt is is 33.77gdm -3 determine the mass of
water present in the sample.
7. Thus determine the number of moles of water of crystallisation found in the hydrated salt
Experiment 3- REDOX REACTIONS (Video)
Unit 1- Module 1- Objective 4.3
Aim: To show simple displacement reactions.
Apparatus and Materials
Dilute HCl, solid samples of zinc, magnesium, copper and aqueous solutions of magnesium, zinc and
copper(II) sulphates, chlorine bleach, potassium iodide and potassium bromide.
Instructions
You are provided with the materials listed above. You are expected to carry out the tests outlined
below, record all relevant observations. In your lab report, the INFERENCE for each test should contain
any suitable deductions about the reactions occurring and relevant half-equations for ‘positive ‘ results.
Procedure and Results
TESTS OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
Reaction of the metals with
hydrochloric acid. (Test for
any possible gas evolved).
Reaction of zinc sulphate and
magnesium sulphate with
copper metal.
Reaction of copper sulphate
and magnesium sulphate with
zinc metal.
Reaction of zinc sulphate and
copper sulphate with
magnesium metal
Reaction of potassium iodide
and potassium bromide with
chlorine bleach.
EXPERIMENT # 4
TOPIC: ENTHALPY
Unit 1 Module 1- Objective 6.9
You are required to determine the temperature change for the following reaction.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) 🡪 Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
(a). Weigh accurately to two decimal places in an empty watch glass. Place between 2.90g and
3.00g of FA5, zinc powder, in the watch glass. Record your readings in Table 3.1.
Table 4.1 – Weighing of FA5
Mass of empty watch glass /g
Mass of watch glass + FA5 /g
Mass of watch glass + residual
FA5 /g
Mass of FA5 placed in plastic
cup /g
(b) From a burette, place 25.0cm3 of FA1 into a plastic cup. Stir gently with the thermometer, and
record the temperature of the solution every half minute for 2 1/2 minutes in Table 3.2.
At exactly 3minutes, add the FA5 from the weighing bottle to the plastic cup. Do not try to read
the temperature at this time. Stir the mixture thoroughly, and continue to record the
temperature every half minute from 31/2 minutes to 10 minutes.
(c) Reweigh the weighing bottle and record the mass in Table 4.2.
Time/min Temperature/oC Time/min Temperature/oC
0 51/2
½ 6
1 61/2
11/2 7
2 71/2
21/2 8
3 81/2
31/2 9
4 91/2
41/2 10
(d). Plot a graph of temperature against time.
(e). Extrapolate the graph to compensate for heat loss and use your graph to obtain the
temperature change in the reaction.
temperature change =………………. oC
Calculations
1. Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction.
2. Determine the limiting reagent.
3. Calculate the heat evolved in the experiment.
4. Calculate the ΔH for the reaction in kJmol-1.
Experiment# 5
Unit 1 Module 2- Objective 1.4
Topic: Kinetic studies involving the use of sodium thiosulphate
The reaction between sodium thiosulphate and dilute acids
S2O32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) 🡪 S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
can be followed by determining the time taken for the specific amount of sulphur to be formed. This is
done by placing the reaction mixture on a sheet of paper on which a cross has been marked, and noting
the time required for the precipitated sulphur to mask the appearance of the cross (i.e. for the cross to
‘disappear’).
Using this very simple approach one can determine the dependence of the rate on the concentrations of
thiosulphate and the acid. This is done by keeping the concentration of one of the reactant constant
while varying the concentration of the other.
Requirements
(i). A solution containing approximately 50g/dm3 sodium thiosulphate.
(ii). 0.5 moldm-3 nitric acid
(iii). Stop clocks/ clock with a second hand
(a) Rate dependence on the concentration of sodium thiosulphate
In this series of experiments, the volume of 0.5 moldm -3 nitric acid is kept constant, while the
concentration of the thiosulphate is varied, water is being added to maintain the same total volume of
the mixture. The time required for the sulphur to form depends only on the amount (and hence the
concentration) of the thiosulphate solution used.
Procedure
Using burettes, transfer 10.0cm3 of the thiosulphate solution and 40cm 3 of the water into a 100cm3
beaker placed on a white sheet on which a cross is marked. Using a pipette, transfer 10.0cm 3 of the 0.5
moldm-3 nitric acid into a test tube. Add the nitric acid quickly from the test tube to the contents of the
beaker starting a stop clock or noting the time during the addition, swirl, and note the time taken for the
cross to ‘disappear’.
Repeat the experiment using the same volume of nitric acid but varying the volumes of thiosulphate and
of water, as suggested in the table below.
Expt. 0.5 moldm-3 S2O32- Water/cm3 Time t/s 1/t/ s-1
HNO3(aq)/cm3 (aq)/cm3
1 10 10 40
2 10 15 35
3 10 20 30
4 10 25 25
5 10 30 20
6 10 40 10
7 10 50 0
Plot a graph of 1/t against the volume thiosulphate.
Deduce the order of the reaction with respect to the thiosulphate ions.
(b) Dependence of rate on the concentration of nitric acid
In this series of experiments, the volume of nitric acid is varied while keeping the volume of thiosulphate
constant.
PROCEDURE
Make the mixtures suggested in the table below and note the time taken for the cross to ‘disappear’.
The volumes of nitric acid and of water are measured using burettes, while 10.0cm 3 portions of the
thiosulphate solution are measured (into a test tube) using a pipette.
Expt. 0.5 moldm-3 S2O32- Water/cm3 Time t/s 1/t/ s-1
HNO3(aq)/cm3 (aq)/cm3
1 10 10 40
2 20 10 30
3 25 10 25
4 30 10 20
5 35 10 15
6 40 10 10
7 50 10 0
Plot graphs of 1/t against volume of nitric acid and deduce the order of the reaction with respect to
nitric acid.
Using the order determined for each of the substances write the rate equation for the reaction.
Calculate the value of k (at room temperature)
Planning and Designing
1. Dieticians refer to the energy content of foods in terms of their calorie value, expressed as calg -1
of food. The calorie and joule are both units of energy. Some persons believe that cashews
contain more energy than peanuts. Plan and design an experiment to test the truth of this
statement.
2. The pharmacist at your local pharmacy insists that Brand A antacid is more effective than Brand
B. Plan and design an experiment to determine the truth of this statement.
