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Cleanroom
The Cleanroom process model, introduced by IBM in the late 1980s, pairs develop-
‘ment with V&V activities and stresses analysis over testing in the early phases, Testing,
cettfication. The Cleanroom process involves two cooperating. te
and the quality teams, and five major activities: specification, plan-
‘erifcation, quality certification, and feedback
Conor Requteren
|
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wrt Sais
In the specication activity, the development team defines the required behavioe
of the system, while the quality. team defings usage scenario that ae later used for
deciving system test suites. The planniigaétvity identifies incremental development
‘and certification phises, ae
‘Afterplaning, al activities are iterated wo produce incremental releases of the S93.
tern, Eich system increment i fully deployés and certified befor the following step.
Design and code undergo formal inspedtion (*Corréciness verification”) before Felease, ~
One ofthe key premises ndespinning the Cleanroom proces model is that sigorous
‘design and fonma inspection produce “nearly fault-free softwere”
Usage profiles generated during specification are applied in the statistical resting
activity to gauge quality of each release. Anotier key assumption of the Cleanrouen’
pices models that usage profiles are sufficiently accurate that statistical testing will
" provide an accurate measure of quality as perceived by users.° Reli
“in terms of mean time between failures (MTBF) and is constantly controlled aft
release. Failures are reported to the development team for correction, and if re
“falls below an aceptable range, failure data is used for process improvement Be
the net ineremental release S
Caer 22 for moe deal om tatstical testing id sage
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vocumENT OF ARADHYA TUTORIAL!
: : STB
~ Extreme Programming (XP)
The extreme programming methodology (XP) emphasizes
ity, global vision and communication over structured c
over big releases, continuous (esting and analysis overs
sie, and coninvows Feedback over sratonl pai
aly developing and rote Pai
‘work in pis incre
tively conflate a review activity with cong. Each ress is
‘the tests devised up to that point of development, thus essentially
‘with integration and system testing, A filed acceptance testis viewed a nication
that addivona unit fests are needed
Tok & Analyt Man
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‘Asiaff members lost (becomes il, changesem-
Ployer, ec) 0¢ is underlie for task (the
project pan assumed a level of skill fami
ity thatthe ssigned member did not have)
‘Technology Risks
Miny faults are introduced interfacing to an un-
familiar commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) com-
ponent
‘pst and analysis automation tools do not meet
expectations,
COTS components do not meet quality expecta
“Tndeguate uit testing leads to unanticipated x
esse and delays in integration testing
Dificulty of schodling meetings makes inspec:
ton a botleneck in development
DOCUMENT OF ARADHYA TUTORIALS ® RIGHTS RESERVED
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Risk Management in the Quality Plan: Risks Generic to Process Management
‘The quality plan must identify potential risks and define appropriate control tactics. Some risks
and contol actics are generic to process management, while others are specitic tothe quality process
‘Here we provide a brief overview of some risks generic to process management. Risks specific to the
rized in the sidebar on page 391
| mon errors and correct idioms; introduce new
| Example Conirol Tactics
page wo:16(2.6)
but they fon be Qnomd
‘Example Control Tactics
CCrois train to avoid overdependence on individ:
ualt; encourage and schedule continuous educa:
tion; provide open communication with oppor: *
tunities for staf self-assessment and identifica.
tion of skills gaps early in the project: provide
competitive cGmpensation and promotion pok-
cies and a rewarding work environment t0 fe
tain staff; include training time in the project
schedule
‘unfamiliar interfaces; iayest training time for
COTS components and for training with: new.
tools; monitor, document, and publicize com-
tools in lowerrisk pilot projects or prototyping
exercises
Include COTS component qu
‘early in project plat; introduce new COTS com-
‘ponents in lower-risk pilot projects or prototyp-
ing exercises,
Track and reward quality ‘unit testing as evi-
‘enced by tow fault densities in integration,
Set aside times in a weekly schedule in which
inspections ake precedence over other meetings
and other work; try distributed and asynchronous
inspection techniques, with a lower frequency of
face-to-face inspection meetings,
9849642144 (MALLESHWARAM)
9972731111 GAYANAGAR) 9972851111 (VIJAVANAGAR) 9901942144INDIRANAGAR)YOCUMENT OF ARADHVA TUTORIALS ® RIGHTS RESERVED.
Fisk Management in the Quality Plan: Risks Speciic to Quality Manaigemeal-=
Here we provide a brief overview of some rhs specific to the quality process. Risks genenc to”
we summarized i the sidebar a page 399,
Poor giality software delivered to testing group
Provide early warming. and feedback; schedule
“.orinadequate onit test and analysis before com
of design, code and test suites: con
ease training through i
Sth seat
Conipace planed testing elfor with former
Projects with similar criticality level to. avoid
underestimating testing effort; balance test and
‘nalysis, isolate critical paris, concems anid
Properties
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ODC Classification of Triggers Listed by Activity
Design Review and Code Inspection
Design Conformance A discrepancy between the reviewed artifact and a protstage artifact
hat serves ast specification,
Legion Aalst or og Da
ee pny A aemct Mt eetrcinctannes
that coal be perceived by she customer ata failure
Internal Document An internal inconsistency in the artifact (eg inconsistency betwee code
snd coments), ae
Lateral Compatibility An incompatibility between the artfacc and some oer safe or ti00-
ule with which should interoperate ‘ 3
‘Concurrency A fs in nteracton of concurtent processes oF threads
Language Dependency A violation of language-spocific rules, standards, best pactces
‘Side Betects Apcnisl undesired interaction between
of the sytem
‘Rare Situation An inappropriate response toa situation that is notancpated inthe artifact.
(Error handling a speciid in a prior anifiet design conformance, wt raze station)
re roviewed atic a.
shor pat
Structural (White-Box) Test
‘Simple Path The fut is detected bya testcase derived To cower a single program element.
‘Complex Path “The fants detected by a test ease derived to cover 8 combination of program
clement.
Functional (Black-Box) Test
Coverage The fas detected by atest case derived for testing 2 single procedure. fone
‘ion o ava method), without considering combination of values for possible parameters
“The fu ie detected by a testcase derived to exercise a particular combination of
parameter fo a single procedure
Sequencing The faults detected by a testcase derived for testing a sequence of procedure calls.
Anteraction The fltis detected by a testcase derived for testing procedure interactions
Vari
Systom Test
Workload/Stres: The otis detect during workload or stress esting
Recovery/Bxcptim The fais detected while esting exceptions and eine rears
upstart The fo is dtced whi testing initialization condos ding Start wp OF
fer posity ny shadows. :
THacdware Coagurai Te fais dees while testing spi hava confgoratons
‘Software Configuration The fault is detected while testing specific software configurations.
corel cg ol et scar
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Jan-2014 to Dec-2014
9845682144 (MALLESHWARAM) 9972731111 (SAYANAGAR) 9972851111 (VVAYANAGAR) 9901942144(INDIRANAGAR)intl software
| ial cost.
terruption or failure.
software system.
documented system
actually meets caste
Assignment Iaialization
Function/Clasto6ject A
Many
0
aw dootid ue
ODC Classification of Customer Impact
Installsbiity Ability of he exstomer fo place the software into actual ase. (Usibility of the
Intern, Pacino roam nda fom ier cin mes |
ion or alteration, and from unauthorized disclosure,
Performance The perceived and actual impact of the software on the time rege! forthe
customer ad customer end sers to complete their tasks.
| Maintenance The silty tocorect, adapt, or enhance the software system quickly and at mi
Servceabity Tne deteton nd diagnosis of les, with minima aston impact
Migration Ease of uperading to new system release with minimal srysion wesiig = .
tomer data and operations.
Documentation Degree to which provided document
pletely and conetly describe the stricture and intended uses of the sotwars.
Usability The detest which the software ant accompnying documents cane unstood
and effectively employed by the end user. Y
Standards The degree to which the software complies with applicable standards
Reliability ‘The ability ofthe software to perform its intends function without upland in
‘Accessibility The degree to which persons with disabilities can obtain the Tall Benefit of the
Capability The degree to which the software performs its intended functions coasistently with
Requirements ‘The de 1 which the system, in complying with document iene
ODC Classification of Defect Types for Targets Design and Code Code
‘signed ing inital vate
‘Checkiiig, Peocedve parameters or variables weve not properly validated before we
‘torial 4 ome or efi plan tt can be Bae poneting
‘ingle procedure oral data structure, without a design change.
‘requirements o inerfae specifications
Timing/Synchronizaton The implementation omits»
sources, or violates the presribed synchronization protocol :
Interface/Object-Oriented Messages Module interfaces are incompatible; this can include
‘puacticaly compa inte tt fer in semantic cretion of mated
Relationship. Poretly prebemat
pow the, Polen;
Paocon & covetopment flaws
eye Mekal doign Hat clu nel hove b
Gualo Qilount Anowe Allotarion Con Load to Cee
allocation foxette :
ot ince.)
oasis en) com
requirements
er expectations
‘A variable was not assigned the correct initial value of was not as
change to the documented design is required to cif to product
sary sytem of si
interactions amon procedures, possibly infulving
ng imterfaceincompati
claws 4) fe en)
foke
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cannot be sed, and there
is no workaround,
version ofthe program,
sre i no way 10 conver files
in the old format tothe new one.
Moderate Some product features re- The fault inhibits exporting in
quire workarounds to use, be
and reduce efficiency, re
liability, or convenience
and usability documented (loss. of sai
requires extra steps loss of ef
Cosmetic Minor inconvenience The fault limits the choice of colors
Tabi Soul ae ri foulls Using "Rca
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_ The 80720 or Pareto Rule
ation in rot cause analysis is justified by the so: callEd $0/20 or Pareto -
4
Fault cl
rule. The Pareto rule is named for the Italian economist Vilftedo Parcto, who in the
«arly nineteenth century proposed a mathematical power law formula to describe the
‘unequal distribution of wealth in his country, observing that 20% of the people owned
80% of the wealth,
Pareto observed that in many popelations, afew (20%):
\uividl. In fantt analysis, the Pareto rule postulates that 20% of
40° 80% of the faults. Although propoitions may vary, the ru
facts:
any (80%) are
1. Faults tend to accumulate in a few modules, 30 i
‘modules can improve the cost effectiveness of fault d
2. Sor
lasses of faults predominate, so removing the causes of a predominant
‘of faults can have a major impact on the quality of the process and of the
ing product
‘The predominance of few classes of faults justifies focusing on one class ata time.
FO% Golen Preto Lute.
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An Excerpt of the Chipmunk Analysis and Test Strategy
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