JFE TECHNICAL REPORT

No. 18 (Mar. 2013)

Development of High Performance UOE Pipe

for Linepipe†
ARAKAWA Takekazu*1   NISHIMURA Kimihiro*2   YANO Koji *3   SUZUKI Nobuhisa *4

Abstract: thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP) equipment

JFE Steel manufactures high performance steels used for plates used as starting material for pipes, expanded
for energy development, transportation, and storage application of online heat treatment process equipment
applications. In this paper, high performance UOE pipes (HOPTM: Heat Treatment Online Process), and strength-
for linepipe manufactured from steel plates are intro- ening of the pipemaking plant, and has expanded its
duced. Keywords for development are high-strengh, menu of UOE linepipe products which are capable of
heavy wall thickness, high-deformability “HIPERTM,” meeting composite specifications. Figure 1 shows avail-
collapse-resistant for deep sea, sour resistance, and able size range of API X80 pipes (API: The American
low-temperature toughness. At present JFE Steel is Petroleum Institute).
capable of providing high-end UOE pipes in numerous This paper introduces high performance UOE pipe
sizes and for a wide range of conditions. especially for linepipe products capable of satisfying
composite specifications, including (1) concept of high-
strain linepipes which can be used under strain-based
1. Introduction
design (SBD) and line of high-strength and strain
In recent years, new customer requirements have linepipes, (2) ultra-heavy pipes for subsea use, (3) high
been applied to pipelines. In addition to severe service
conditions, i.e., high pressure operation and use under Outside
Wall thickness (mm)
diameter
low temperature environments/corrosive environments, (inch) 11.9 12.7 14.3 15.9 17.5 19.1 20.6 22.2 23.8 25.4 27.0 28.6 30.2 31.8 33.3 34.9 36.5 38.1 39.7 41.3 42.9 44.5 47.7 50.8

16
New pipe forming press
strain-based design has been adopted more widely, 18
20

assuming external forces accompanying construction of 21

22

long-distance pipelines in seismic areas and the sea bot- 24

26

tom. As a result, in the pipe performance requirements

28
30
32
demanded in pipelines, there is a heightened tendency 34
36 Current available size
toward addition of properties such as high strength, 38
40
range by UOE pipe

heavy wall thickness, low temperature toughness, high- 42

New available size
44
range
strain capacity, and resistance to sour environments as
46
48
50
composite specifications. 52
54

In response to this trend, JFE Steel has developed 56

products which consider these new customer require- Fig. 1 A

 PI X80 Available size range (API: The American
ments through process development by strengthening its Petroleum Institute)

†
Originally published in JFE GIHO No. 29 (Feb. 2012), p. 22–33

*1
Senior Staff General Manager, *3
Senior Researcher Manager,
Plate Business Planning Dept., Joining & Strength Res. Dept.,
JFE Steel Steel Res. Lab.,
JFE Steel

*2
Staff Deputy General Manager, *4
Senior Fellow,
Plate Business Planning Dept., Solution Div. (Kawasaki),
JFE Steel JFE Techno-Research

23
 Development of High Performance UOE Pipe for Linepipe

strength X80 heavy wall pipes, (4) high strength X70 increased in order to improve the strain capacity of the
steel pipes for sour service, and particularly, (5) high linepipe.
strength X70 heavy wall pipe with high heat affect zone
(HAZ) toughness, centering on the performance of these
steel pipes.

2. High-Strain Linepipe HIPERTM where, t: wall thickness, D: average pipe diameter. A:

constant, and m: index, and are values which are
2.1 Basic Concept of High-Strain Linepipes
obtained from test data.
HIPERTM is a high-strain linepipe which was devel- In contrast to Eq. (1), semi-empirical formulas which
oped to increase the safety of high strength pipelines to consider strain-hardening properties will be introduced
the same or a higher level than pipelines of conventional in the following. These are semi-empirical formulas that
strength1–3). With HIPERTM, it is possible to improve estimate the critical compressive local buckling strain
strain capacity without increasing pipe wall thick- and can express the strain capacity of linepipes as a
ness1–3). Application of HIPERTM to natural gas pipelines function of the strain hardening parameter of the mate-
makes it possible to improve pipeline integrity in seis- rial3).
mic zones and discontinuous permafrost areas while In round-house type stress-strain curves, if the rela-
minimizing increases in construction costs1–3). As fea- tionship of stress and total strain is expressed by the
tures of high strain pipes, since the pipe weight, trans- power-law function, the critical local buckling strain of
portation costs, and welding time and construction a pipe under axial compression can be expressed by Eq.
period can all be reduced, corresponding to the amount (2).
by which the pipe thickness is not increased, this is an
environment-friendly product with a large CO2 reduc-
tion effect.
Because an analytical solution predicting the critical
local buckling strain under bending deformation is not where, εcr: critical local buckling strain and n: strain-
required, a number of semi-empirical formulas have hardening exponent.
been proposed based on bending-buckling test data4). If the stress-strain curve is expressed by the
Figure 2 shows several critical local bending-buckling Ramberg-Osgood equation5) (R-O equation), the critical
strain curves calculated using representative semi- local buckling strain of a pipe under axial compression
empirical formulas. The range of application of these can be expressed by Eq. (3)6).
semi-empirical formulas is X65 grade line pipe and
higher. Although the semi-empirical formulas do not
display individual correspondence with the test data in
Fig. 2, the formulas are defined so that each of the data
falls within the envelop of the lower bound and can where, E: Young’s modulus, α, σ0, N: constants of the
therefore be generalized by Eq. (1). However, because R-O equation, and σcr: critical compressive stress.
Eq. (1) does not consider strain-hardening properties, it If the relationship between stress and plastic strain is
can be understood that the wall thickness must be expressed by the power-law function, the critical local
buckling total strain of a pipe under axial compression
8 can be expressed by Eq. (4), and the critical local buck-
Classical elastic
7 ling plastic strain can be expressed by Eq. (5)7).
Sherman (1976)
6 Murphey and Langner (1985)
Compressive strain (%)

5 Gresnigt (1986)
Stephens et al. (1991)
4
3
2
1
Japan Gas Assn. (35t/D) where, εcr: critical local buckling total strain, εpcr: critical
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 local buckling plastic strain, and E: Young’s modulus,
σ0: yield stress.
Diameter to thickness ratio, D/t
Eqs. (2)–(4) are analytical solutions which predict
Fig. 2  Bending test results and semi-empirical formulas 1, 4) the critical local buckling strain of a steel pipe under

24  JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 18 (Mar. 2013)

 Development of High Performance UOE Pipe for Linepipe

axial compressive deformation. Using these formulas, it

is possible to obtain the strain-hardening properties
which HIPERTM should satisfy for the strain demand in
the structural design of pipelines. Although several addi-
tional steps are necessary to predict the critical local ȝP ȝP

bending-buckling strain, Eqs. (2)–(4) are the basic for- D$3,;*UDGH-)(+,3(570 E$3,;*UDGH-)(+,3(570
mulas in the material design of high strain linepipe. $3,7KH$PHULFDQ3HWUROHXP $3,7KH$PHULFDQ3HWUROHXP
,QVWLWXWH ,QVWLWXWH
2.2 Properties of High Strain Linepipe Photo 1 
Examples of microstructure of high strain linepipe,
JFE Steel developed the high strain linepipe HIPERTM
HIPERTM with excellent resistance to buckling by con-
Table 1  ongitudinal tensile specification for API X80 (API:
L
trol of the dual-phase microstructure and optimization of The American Petroleum Institute) high strain
the stress-strain curve, and has completed commercial- linepipe
ization of grades from X52 to X100. Two types are used
YS (MPa) TS (MPa) YR* (%) σ1.5%/σ0.5%* uEL* (%)
in control of the dual-phase microstructure, namely, the
530–650 625–770 ≤85 ≤1.100 ≥7.0
ferrite-bainite type, which is applied to grades X60-X65,
and the bainite-MA type (MA: Martensite-austenite con- *Custumer specifications for high strain linepipe are added to API
specifications.
stituent), which is applied to high strength grades of YS: Yield strength   TS: Tensile strength   YR: Yield ratio
X70 and higher. Typical microstructures of JFE Steel’s σ1.5%/σ0.5%: Stress ratio   uEL: Uniform elongation
high strain linepipe are shown in Photo 1. X65 grade
high strain linepipe has a ferrite-bainite structure, while target values of tensile properties in longitudinal direc-
high strain linepipe of X80 grade displays a finer tion, which were decided through consultation with the
bainite-MA microstructure8). pipeline designer. These properties were calculated by
The anti-corrosion polymer coating is applied to the method described in the previous section based on
linepipes. As the aging effect of heating during coating the strain capacity required in the region where the pipe-
treatment increases the yield strength of the material lines were to be installed. The yield ratio (YR) and
compared to the as-UOE condition, there are cases in stress ratio were specified, and uniform elongation was
which mechanical properties after coating are required also specified. The stress ratio is the ratio of stress when
in high strain linepipe. With steel for bainite-MA type strain is 1.5% and stress when strain is 0.5%. The cir-
high strain linepipe, previous studies clarified the fact cumferential tensile specifications conform to API 5L
that the content of solute carbon is reduced by fine pre- PSL2.
cipitation of carbides during heating by HOPTM, and dis- HOPTM was applied in the plate manufacturing pro-
locations in the bainite are reduced by tempering; as a cess with the aim of achieving a bainite-MA dual-phase
result, strain aging hardening is slight, and there is little microstructure with the MA fraction controlled to 5% or
change in strain capacity after coating9). Therefore, the more in order to obtain the target stress ratio. Examples
bainite-MA microstructure is suitable for application to of the mechanical properties of the manufactured
high strength pipelines of X70 and higher when coating linepipes are shown in Table 2. As a coating simulation,
treatment is applied. the properties after heat treatment at 200°C × 5 min
The following presents an example of the production using a salt bath are also shown. Although the properties
of high strain X80 linepipe. Table 1 is an example of the change slightly due to the aging treatment, both pipes

Table 2  Examples of mechanical properties of API X80 (API: The American Petroleum Institute) high strain linepipes

Charpy
Longitudinal tensile properties 1)
API Dimension impact DWTT 2)
Condition
Grade OD (mm) WT (mm) test, SA at 0°C (%)
YS (MPa) TS (MPa) YR* (%) σ1.5%/σ0.5%* uEL* (%)
vE at −10°C (J)

As UOE 560 689 81 1.12 9.2 241 100

1 219 22.0
200°C Coated 586 705 83 1.11 7.8 — —
X80
As UOE 544 692 79 1.14 9.0 249 98
1 219 26.4
200°C Coated 552 691 80 1.12 8.6 — —
* Custumer specifications for high strain linepipe are added to API specifications.
1)
Rectangular specimen
2)
DWTT on 26.4 mm WT pipe was done by reduced t19 mm specimen at –11°C.
OD: Outside diameter   WT: Wall thickness   YS: Yield strength   TS: Tensile strength   YR: Yield ratio
σ1.5%/σ0.5%: Stress ratio   uEL: Uniform elongation    DWTT: Drop weight tear test   vE: Abscrbed energy   SA: Share area

JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 18 (Mar. 2013)  25

 Development of High Performance UOE Pipe for Linepipe

50 U-O-E process since the compressive yield strength is

Grade API X80, 1 219 mm OD × 26.4 mm WT
usually lower than tensile yield strength. Pre-straining
40 Strip specimen,
Longitudinal of pipe body during cold forming of pipe, such as expan-
sion process, considerably reduces yield strength in the
Frequency

30
compression test. This is because of the Bauschinger
20 effect. Therefore, prevention of the Bauschinger effect is
Spec.
an important issue for enhancing compressive strength
10
of pipes.
0 In addition to compressive strength, there are many
6 7 8 9 10 11 other stringent material requirements for the linepipes
Uniform elongation (%)
used for deepwater pipelines. Advanced technologies in
API: The American Petroleum Institute
OD: Outside diameter WT: Wall thickness TMCP in plate manufacturing process made it possible
to balance strength and toughness of heavy gauge
Fig. 3  Histograms of longitudinal uniform elongation
linepipe as well as compressive strength. This chapter
introduces a microstructure control for improving com-
50
Grade API X80, 1 219 mm OD × 26.4 mm WT pressive strength while balancing other material proper-
40 Strip specimen, ties. Production results of grade X65 linepipe with
Longitudinal 36.6 mm wall thickness for offshore pipeline were also
Frequency

30 introduced.

20 3.1 Microstractural Factors Governing

Spec. Compressive Strength of UOE Pipes
10
Circumferential compressive yield strength of UOE
0 pipe is usually lower than that of tensile yield strength
1.00 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15
because of the Bauschinger effect due to the mechanical
Stress ratio, σ1.5%/σ0.5%
expansion applied as a final manufacturing process.
API: The American Petroleum Institute Therefore, a simple way to reduce the Bauschinger
OD: Outside diameter WT: Wall thickness
effect is to reduce the expansion rate. However, a certain
Fig. 4  Histograms of stress ratio level of expansion is necessary for improving roundness
of the pipe. Pipe coating process, which requires heating
satisfy the specifications for high strain capacity. Fur- of the pipe up to around 200°C, is also an effective way
thermore, both Charpy toughness and drop weight tear to increase compressive yield strength by strain aging 10).
test (DWTT) properties are satisfactory. Nevertheless the most reliable measure to maximize the
Histograms of the longitudinal uniform elongation collapse resistance of pipe is to improve the material
and stress ratio of the manufactured pipes are shown in property itself without modifying the manufacturing
Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. As the target properties are process.
amply satisfied in mass production, stable production of To further increase compressive strength, it is neces-
high strain linepipe has been realized. sary to reduce the Bauschinger effect. Since the Bausch-
inger effect is caused by the back stress induced by dis-
3. Heavy Wall Linepipe for Deep Water Pipeline
location localization, obstacles against dislocation
Offshore gas pipeline development has been expand- movement can cause the Bauschinger effect. Hard sec-
ing toward deeper water region that requires pipes to ond phases in steel, such as cementite or martensite,
have strong resistance against collapse by external pres- increases the back stress.
sure. The DNV standard, DNV-OS-F101 (DNV: Det Bainitic microstructure design is widely used for
Norske Veritas), is the major guideline for the design of high strength linepipe steels, which is produced by
offshore pipelines, which requires thicker wall to applying controlled rolling and accelerated cooling.
increase collapse resistance. However, low carbon bainite often involves MA constit-
Other important material and structural parameters uent, which is formed during air cooling after acceler-
for controlling the collapse pressure of deepwater pipe- ated cooling. This hard second phase is considered to
lines are compressive yield strength and roundness of enhance the Bauschinger effect same as martensite or
the pipe. In the DNV standard, compressive yield cementite, and need to be removed for reducing the
strength is given by the tensile yield strength multiplied Bauschinger effect. One of the possible measures to
by the fabrication factor, αfab. Fabrication factor is speci- remove MA is to apply HOPTM process.
fied as αfab = 0.85 for the linepipes manufactured by In order to investigate the effect of MA on the Baus-

26  JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 18 (Mar. 2013)

 Development of High Performance UOE Pipe for Linepipe

6ODEUHKHDWLQJ 1.0
σ y (T)

Bauschinger effect factor, BF

BF=
$FFHOHUDWHGFRQWUROOHGFRROLQJ σ y (C) 0% MA
0.9
7HPSHUDWXUH

$&&
2QOLQHKHDWLQJ
0.8
E$&&+2370

0.7
D$V$&& 7LPH 3% MA

0.6
Fig. 5 Schematic
 illustration of thermo-mechanical control 0 1 2 3 4
process (TMCP) conditions in plate production Applied compressive strain (%)

Fig. 7 E
 ffect of martensite-austenite constituent (MA) volume
fraction on Bauschinger effect factor

Bauschinger effect factor is plotted vs. compressive

prestrain for both conventional and HOPTM steels in
Fig. 7. Bauschinger effect factor for HOPTM applied
0DUWHQVLWH
DXVWHQLWH ȝP steel is always higher than that of conventional steel.
FRQVWLWXHQW
Even with the small volume fraction of MA in the con-
D$V$&& E$&&+2370
ventional steel, MA has significant influence on the
Photo 2  Microstructure of steels Bauschinger effect. Therefore, reducing MA is an effec-
tive measure for preventing strength reduction by the
Stress Bauschinger effect.
Applied compressive
strain σ y (T) 3.2 Manufacturing Results
of Heavy Wall Linepipes
0.5%
Based on the above-mentioned study, mass-
0.5% Strain
production of DNV-L450 grade heavy wall linepipes
was carried out. The wall thickness was 36.6 mm, and
the steel plates were manufactured by applying the
σ y (C)
online heating device HOPTM.
Using these steel plates, linepipes with an outer
Fig. 6  Stress strain curve of Bauschinger test diameter of 773.2 mm were manufactured by the UOE
process.The chemical compositions of the base material
steel plates is shown in Table 3. An uniform bainitic
chinger effect, a cyclic loading test was conducted using microstructure was confirmed, and virtually no MA was
grade X65 plates with conventional and HOPTM process observed by microstructural observation. Table 4 shows
(Fig. 5). The chemical compositions of the steel were the typical mechanical properties of the pipe. The pipe
0.05C-0.3Si-1.3Mn-Ni-Mo-Nb, and the plate thickness possesses strength and toughness satisfying DNV-L450
was 33 mm. The microstructure of the steel plates in the requirement, and compressive yield stress also shows a
quarter thick region is shown in Photo 2. In the steel satisfactory value exceeding 90% of specified minimum
with the conventional process, it is seen that MA con- yield strength (SMYS). The results of compressive
stituents, marked by arrow in the picture, are formed in strength and out-of-roundness of the pipe ends are
the bainite matrix. On the other hand, it is clear that shown in histograms in Figs. 8 and 9, respectively. With
almost no MA was seen in the steel with the HOPTM pro- satisfactory higher compressive yield strength and excel-
cess11). lent out-of-roundness as well as tensile strength and
Round bar tensile test pieces were taken from the
plates, and cyclic loading test shown in Fig. 6 was per-  hemical compositions of steels for DNV-L450 linepipe
Table 3 C
formed. Initially, compressive pre-strain is applied, after (mass%)
which loading is removed and a tensile loading is Grade C Si Mn P S Others Ceq
applied DNV-
0.04 0.3 1.3 0.01 0.01 Cr, Mo, Nb 0.35
The steel with higher Bauschinger effect factor is L450
considered to have higher compressive strength and to DNV: Det Norske Veritas
be suitable for deepwater pipeline.

JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 18 (Mar. 2013)  27

 Development of High Performance UOE Pipe for Linepipe

Table 4  Typical mechanical properties of heavy wall DNV-L450 linepipe (DNV: Det Norske Veritas)

Dimension Tensile properties1) Charpy impact test

Compressive yield
vE (J) at −13°C DWTT test3)
Grade strength2) (MPa)
OD, D WT, t YS TS El SA at −20°C (%)
D/t Body  180° BM WM FL
(mm) (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (%)
DNV-L450 773.2 36.6 21.1 482 557 32 447 443 267 279 98
1)
Round bar specimen (φ12.5 mm) Trans. dorection  
2)
ASTM E9 (φ20 mm×L60 mm) specimen (ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials)
3)
t19 mm Reduced thickness specimen
OD: Outside diameter   WT: Wall thickness   YS: Yield strength   TS: Tensile strength   El: Elongation  
vE: Absorbed energy   BM: Base metal   WM: Weld metal   FL: Fusion line   DWTT: Drop weight tear test   SA: Share area

China, API 5L grade X80 linepipes with the maximum

530 Grade: DNV-L450
wall thickness of 26.4 mm were used in order to trans-
Conpressive yield strength (MPa)

Size: 773 mmOD×36.6 mmWT

510 Specimen: Φ20 mm×L60 mm port natural gas at an operating pressure of 12 MPa12). In
490 the design of pipelines for transportation of Alaskan nat-
470 ural gas to Canada and the United States, an ultra-high
450 operating pressure of 17.5 MPa is being studied, and it
SMYS=450 MPa
430 is generally thought that heavy wall pipes of X80 will be
410 necessary. With the trend toward heavier wall thickness
390 90% SMYS=405 MPa
products, simultaneously satisfying both strength and
370
toughness generally becomes a difficult problem with
0 10 20 steel materials, and the property requirements of these
Frequency heavy wall thickness linepipes cannot be attained with
DNV: Det Norske Veritas
the conventional chemical composition and manufactur-
OD: Outside diameter WT: Wall thickness ing technique. Therefore, a new alloy design and plate
SMYS: Specified minimum yield strength
manufacturing conditions different from the conven-
Fig. 8 C
 onpression test record of heavy wall thickness tional method of material property control were studied,
linepipes
particularly for high strength linepipes with heavy wall
thicknesses exceeding 30 mm. This chapter describes
the study on the new alloy design and introduces grade
8.0 Grade: DNV-L450
Size: 773 mmOD×36.6 mmWT X80 linepipes with a wall thickness of 38.1 mm which
7.0
was manufactured based on the results.
Out of roundness (mm)

6.0
5.0 4.1 Improvement of Strength and Toughness
4.0
in Heavy Thickness Steel Plate
3.0 Plates for linepipes are manufactured using TMCP.
2.0 In particular, accelerated cooling process is essential
1.0 with high strength materials. In accelerated cooling of
heavy plates, the cooling rate normally decreases as the
0 150 300 plate thickness increases. JFE Steel developed the
Frequency Super-OLACTM, which realizes the theoretical limit of
DNV: Det Norske Veritas the cooling rate by water flow control technology, and
OD: Outside diameter WT: Wall thickness
also realized the same cooling rate in heavy gauge steel
Fig. 9 R
 ecord of out-of roundness of heavy wall thickness plates as with thin plates produced by conventional
linepipes
equipment. Nevertheless, there are limits to the increase
in cooling capacity when producing heavy gauge steel
toughness of pipe body and weld, these heavy gauge plates exceeding 30 mm in thickness.
linepipes were proved to be suitable for subsea pipeline. Therefore, in the design of the chemical composition
of plates for linepipes, addition of boron (B) was studied
4. X80 Heavy Wall Linepipes
to improve the strength and toughness of steel plate with
Accompanying the trend toward long distance pipe- heavy thickness. Figure 10 shows the results of plate
lines, linepipes with higher strength and heavier wall rolling experiments using ingots in laboratory vacuum
thickness are now demanded from the viewpoint of high furnace when the amounts of various added alloying ele-
pressure operation. In the 2nd West-East Gas Pipeline in ments were changed, and with and without B addition.

28  JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 18 (Mar. 2013)

 Development of High Performance UOE Pipe for Linepipe

0
900 B Add.
Solid: B Added
Tensile strength (MPa) B Free −20 Open: B Free Rolling finishing
−40 Temp. : High
800

vTrs (°C)
−60

700 −80 Rolling finishing

−100 Temp. : Low

600 −120
0.18 0.20 0.22 −140
PCM (%) 600 700 800 900 1 000
Tensile strength (MPa)
Fig. 10  Effect of boron addition on strength of thick pipe body
Fig. 12  ffect of thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP)
E
condition on toughnessof thick pipe body
900 Heating temp.: 1 150㷄
Cooling start temp.: 750㷄 B Add.
B Free
Temperature (㷄)

700 Ferrite

Bainite
500 MA
Bs

300 Bainite MA
Bf

1 10 100 1 000 10 000 10 μm 10 μm

High rolling finishing temp. Low rolling finishing temp.
Time from 750㷄㩷(s)
MA: Volume fraction 7.5%, MA: Volume fraction 7.1%,
Bs: Bainite transformation start temp. Average size 3.0 μm Average size 1.5 μm
Bf: Bainite transformation finish temp.
Photo 3  omparison of martensite-austenite constituent
C
Fig. 11 C
 ontinuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams (MA) size in the thick pipe body between high rolling
of both B add. Steel and B free steel finish temp. and low one

The slabs were heated at 1 150°C and rolled. Plate roll- strength and the Charpy fracture appearance transition
ing was finished at 780°C, followed by accelerated cool- temperature (vTrs) of steel plates in a rolling experiment
ing, and finally, heating simulating the HOPTM process using B-added and B-free steels. Under the same rolling
was applied to the rolled plate13). With both the B-added conditions, no change can be recognized in the strength-
and B-free steel, the tensile strength of the plates toughness ballance, irrespective of whether B is added
increased as the weld crack parameter PCM increased. or not. On the other hand, at the same strength, vTrs
However, at the same PCM, higher tensile strength was improves to the low temperature side with the B-added
obtained with the B-added steel. In other words, when steels when the rolling finishing temperature is
the B-added composition design is used, it is possible to decreased. Photo 3 shows the results of observation of
adopt a lower PCM with the same strength grade. There- the microstructures of rolled plates in the cases of high
fore, it is not necessary to increase the pre-heating tem- and low rolling finishing temperatures. In both cases, the
perature for prevention of weld cold cracking calculated bainite structure formed by transformation during accel-
from the PCM value, and excellent field weldability can erated cooling is the main phase, and dispersed MA
also be realized. formed in subsequently heating by HOPTM is observed.
Figure 11 shows the continuous cooling transforma- Photo 3 also shows the results of image analysis focus-
tion diagrams (CCT diagrams) of the two types of steel, ing on the distribution of the MA. Although no differ-
i.e., B-added and B-free, when the PCM value was set at ence could be found in the volume fraction of MA due
0.21. It can be understood that the ferrite transformation to the difference in the rolling finishing temperature, the
in the low cooling rate range, which can be seen in the average particle size of the MA becomes smaller as the
B-free steel, is suppressed by B addition, and the bainite finishing rolling temperature decreases. From these
transformation start temperature (Bs point) and finish results, it is considered that toughness is improved
temperature (Bf) also shift to lower temperatures. This through refinement of MA.
shift to lower bainite transformation temperatures is
4.2 Manufacturing Results
considered to be the main factor in the increased
of Extra-Heavy Wall X80 Linepipes
strength of the B-added steel when ACC is applied.
Figure 12 shows the relationship between the tensile Based on the above-mentioned study results, the

JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 18 (Mar. 2013)  29

 Development of High Performance UOE Pipe for Linepipe

chemical composition design of the heavy thickness ity, i.e., L-direction YR 85% and uniform elonga-
steel plate and the plate manufacturing conditions were tion 5%. In addition, the Charpy toughness and
optimized, and grade X80 linepipes with a wall thick- DWTT toughness showed satisfactory values at −20°C.
ness of 38.1 mm were manufactured on a trial basis. The
5. Grade X70 Linepipe for Sour Service
chemical composition of the steel for the pipe is shown
in Table 5. The content of B was 0.000 7 mass%, and Linepipes used in the pipeline transporting sour gas
PCM value was adjusted to 0.21 by addition of Cu, Ni, containing H2S need to have strong resistance to hydro-
Mo, and other alloy elements. Slabs were manufactured gen induced cracking (HIC) In order to prevent HIC, it
by continuous casting and rolled to plates with a thick- is necessary to (1) reduce inclusions which act as crack
ness of 38.1 mm by the plate rolling-Super-OLACTM- initiation sites, (2) reduce center segregation which
HOPTM process, and formed into pipes with an outer increases hardness and enhances crack propagation14).
diameter of 1 216 mm by the new pipemaking equip- For these reasons the steel need to have higher level of
ment. The microstructure of the pipe body material is cleanliness with low P and S content and addition of
shown in Photo 4. The microstructure with fine dis- alloying elements such as C, Mn, and other elements are
persed MA in bainite was obtained at both the 1/4 thick- strictly controlled.
ness and 1/2 thickness positions, and both the strength On the other hand, for the purpose of cost reduction
and toughness of X80 grade requirement were achieved of pipeline construction and operation, higher grade
by the Super-OLACTM-HOPTM process after the low linepipes for sour service are expected. To achieve
rolling finishing temperature. Table 6 shows the higher strength over grade X65 steels need to have
mechanical properties of the pipe. The API 5L X80 stan- richer chemistries, but this invites the formation of hard
dard yield strength (YS) and tensile strength (TS) were second phase such as MA which in turn increases sus-
satisfied in both circumferential direction and longitudi- ceptibility to HIC15).
nal direction, and the pipe showed excellent deformabil- This chapter introduces the development of a new
TMCP technology for achieving high strength exceeding
X65 with a homogeneous microstructure without hard
Table 5  hemical compositions of steels for API X80 heavy
C
gauge high strain linepipe (API: The American
MA phase and trial production result of grade X70 UOE
Petroleum Institute) linepipe for heavy sour application by applying the state
(mass%) of the art technology
C Si Mn P S B Others PCM
5.1 Microstructure Control
0.06 0.04 1.9 0.01 0.001 0.000 7 Cu, Ni, Mo, Nb 0.21 for Improved HIC Resistance
In order to produce such a high strength and high
performance linepipe steels, JFE Steel developed the
online heat treatment process HOPTM. 16) Combination
with Super-OLACTM and HOPTM has enabled novel met-
allurgical controlling that cannot be achieved by the
conventional TMCP process. Material design concepts
10 μm 10 μm for sour resistant linepipe steel are: (1) transformation
strengthening by homogeneous and fine bainitic micro-
Quarter portion Center portion
structure obtained through higher cooling rate with
Photo 4  canning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs
S Super-OLACTM by accelerated cooling, (2) promoting
of 38.1 mm thick API X80 pipe body etched by two
precipitation of alloy carbides by rapid heating immedi-
stage electrical etching
ately after accelerated cooling, and (3) preventing MA

Table 6  Mechanical properties of 38.1mm thick API X80 linepipe (API: The American Petroleum Institute)

Dimensions Tensile properties1) Charpy impact test DWTT

Grade Y/T vE−20 SA at −20°C2)

OD WT YS, Y TS, T Elongation
Direction ratio Direction ave. ave.
(mm) (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (%)
(%) (J) (%)
Trans. 600 765 78 45
API X80 1 219 38.1 Trans. 131 85
Longi. 605 744 81 47
1)
Rectanglar specimen   2)Full thickness specimen
OD: Outside diameter   WT: Wall thickness   YS: Yield strength   TS: Tensile strength   vE−20: Absorbed energy at −20°C  
DWTT: Drop weight tear test   SA: Share area

30  JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 18 (Mar. 2013)

 Development of High Performance UOE Pipe for Linepipe

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+2370 
$VDFFHOHUDWHGFRQWUROOHG +2370
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Fig. 13 Schematic illustration of laboratory hot rolling conditions

Random precipitation Row precipitation

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(a) 100 nm (b) 100 nm

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Nb
Photo 5  canning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs
S V Nb
Ti Mo
of the steels etched by two stage electrical etching

(c) (d) 100 nm

formation by reducing carbon enrichment during bainitic
Fig. 15 T
 ransmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis
ferrite transformation. results of the steels ((a), (b): Micrograph of HOPTM,
Using a 0.05C-1.25Mn-0.1Mo-0.04Nb-0.045V-Ti (c) Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX)
steel, verification was performed by conducting a labo- profile of HOPTM, sprecipitates, (d) Micrograph of as
ratory experiment under the TMCP conditions shown in accelerated controlled cooling (ACC))
Fig. 13. Laboratory rolling was performed at two levels,
one under the conventional accelerated controlled cool- displayed only tiny amounts of coarse (Nb, Ti) and (C,
ing conditions (as-accelerated controlled cooling (ACC) N), which were not dissolved during slab heating and
material), and the other, under the above-mentioned con- hot rolling (Fig. 15(d)), and precipitation of finer alloy
ditions applying the HOPTM. carbides was not observed.
Photo 5 shows the microstructures of the respective Experimental results demonstrated that prevention of
laboratory rolled materials. In the as-ACC steel, the MA formation and precipitation strengthening can be
results of scanning electron microscope observation achieved by the new TMCP process using HOPTM.
after 2-stage electrical etching confirmed the existence which can be applied to higher grade linepipe steel for
of MA, which is visible as a white grain-like form in the sour service.
bainite matrix. In contrast, virtually no MA was
5.2 Manufacturing Results
observed in the HOPTM steel. Figure 14 shows the
of Grade X70 Linepipe for Sour Service
results of a tensile test of the laboratory-rolled steel. In
comparison with the as-ACC steel, the HOPTM steel Based on the results described above, API 5L grade
shows about 80 MPa higher YS and approximately X70 linepipes with sour resistance were manufactured
50 MPa higher TS. Figure 15 shows the results of trans- using steel plates by applying the technology for uni-
mission electron microscope observation. In the HOPTM form microstructure control in the plate thickness direc-
steel, a large number of precipitates were observed in tion to reduce susceptibility to HIC. The pipe wall thick-
two modes of precipitation, i.e., random precipitation ness was 19.1 mm. Plates were manufactured using the
(Fig. 15(a)) and row precipitation (Fig. 15(b)). From the online heating device HOPTM, and linepipes with an
results of composition measurement by energy disper- outer diameter of 914.4 mm were manufactured by the
sive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) shown in Fig. 15(c), the UOE process.
precipitates are considered to be complex carbides of The chemical composition of the steel plates is
Nb, Ti, Mo, and V. On the other hand, the as-ACC steel shown in Table 7. The contents of C, P, and Mn were

JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 18 (Mar. 2013)  31

 Development of High Performance UOE Pipe for Linepipe

the same as the conventional X65 steel for sour service, condition of 100% H2S gas saturation of solution A as
and a lower alloying design than the conventional non- specified in NACE TM0284 (NACE: The National Asso-
sour X70 linepipe was adopted, namely, a PCM value of ciation of Corrosion Engineers). The results showed
0.14. Microstructure observation confirmed that the base excellent HIC resistance, in which no cracking was
material had a homogeneous bainitic microstructure found in all cases.
without MA. Figure 16 shows the hardness distribution
in the width direction of the plate. From the edge to the 6. Heavy Wall Thickness X70 UOE Linepipe
center, hardness differences were extremely small, as the for Low Temperature Service
Vickers hardness at the plate surface and 1/4 thickness
6.1 Issues of Seam Welding of
position was 180–200 points. This demonstrates the
Heavy Wall Thickness UOE Pipes
homogeneous material properties throughout the plates.
Table 8 shows examples of the mechanical properties of Accompanying high pressure operation of pipelines
the pipe. The developed linepipe has enough strength and use in deep waters, pipes with high strength and
which satisfies the API 5L X70 standard, and satisfac- heavy wall thickness are being adopted. Under these
tory properties were also obtained in the Charpy impact conditions, pipes having high HAZ toughness are
test and the DWTT test. For the HIC property, a required, even in X70 heavy wall thickness pipes. There-
96-hours immersion experiment was performed under a fore, it is necessary to obtain both of high strength by
means of addition of alloying elements and high HAZ
Table 7  hemical compositions of sour resistant API X70
C toughness in the as-welded condition in thick wall
(API: The American Petroleum Institute) UOE pipe double-side submerged arc welded pipes (DSAW
(mass%)
Chemical compositions
Grade 25
PCM
Ave. Cooling rate from 800 to 500 (°C/s)
C Si Mn P S Others
API X70 0.05 0.28 1.13 0.014 0.000 5 Mo, Ni, Cr, Nb, Ca 0.14 20
PCM = C+Si/30+Mn/20+Cu/20+Ni/60+Cr/20+Mo/15+V/10+5B
15

260
API X70, 19.1 mmt 10
240 Surface SAW with
Tensile strength: 605 MPa Quarter thick.
Hardness, HV10

2.4 mmφ wire

220 5
200 Conventional SAW
180 0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
160 Heat input (kJ/mm)
140
0 500 1 000 1 500 SAW: Submerged arc welding
Distance from the edge (mm) Fig. 17  elationship between heat input and cooling rate
R
(Wall thickness: 33.0 mm, Ave. of inside weld and
Fig. 16  ardness distributions along the plate width of sour
H
outside weld)
API X70 (API: The American Petroleum Institute)
steel plate
−20
transition temperature, vTrs (°C)

Table 8  echanical and sour properties of sour API X70 (API:

M
The American Petroleum Institute) UOE pipes
Charpy fracture appearance

−30
Impact
Pipe Tensile properties1) DWTT HIC2)
property
num- −40
ber YS, Y TS, T EL Y/T vE (J) SA at 0°C CLR (%)
(MPa) (MPa) (%) (%) at −10°C (%) 90° 180°
1 531 613 23 87 373 100 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 −50
2 523 600 22 87 343 100 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0
1)
ISO lecutanglar specimen, trans. direction −60
2)
NACE TM0284-solution A (NACE: The National Association of 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Corrosion Engineers) Heat input (kJ/mm)
YS: Yield strength   TS: Tensile strength
El: Elongation   vE: Absorbed energy   Fig. 18  elationship between heat input and heat-affected
R
DWTT: Drop weight tear test   SA: Share area zone (HAZ) toughness (API X70, 4 Electrodes
HIC: Hydrogen-induced cracking   CLR: Crack length ratio Submerged arc welding (SAW))

32  JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 18 (Mar. 2013)

 Development of High Performance UOE Pipe for Linepipe

pipes)17). Preventing increase in heat input in seam weld- 600

ing is an effective means of improving HAZ toughness. 1.6 mmφ

500
Figure 17 shows the relationship between the heat input 2.4 mmφ

Deposition rate (g/min)

in welding of steel pipes with a wall thickness of 33 mm 400 3.2 mmφ
4.0 mmφ
and the weld cooling rate (800–500°C). Under the con-
300
ventional submerged arc welding (SAW) conditions, the
average heat input of the inside and outside welds is 200
8.8 kJ/mm, and the weld cooling rate is slow, at approxi-
100
mately 4.0°C/s.
Reduction of the cooling rate accompanying 0
increased welding heat input has negative effects on 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200 1 400
Welding current (A)
HAZ toughness18), as it expands the toughness deteriora-
tion region comprising the coarse grain heat affected Fig. 19 R
 elationship between wire diameter and deposition
zone (CGHAZ) and intercritically reheated coarse grain rate (Single electrode, Bead on plate, 35 V-60 cm/min)
heat affected zone (ICCGHAZ), and also causes coars-
ening of the prior austenite (γ) grain size19,20). Figure 18 20
shows the effect of welding heat input on HAZ tough-
ness of X70 welded joint (Thickness: 33.0 mm). As heat

Penetration depth (mm)

15
input decreases, vTrs decreases, and HAZ toughness
improves.
10
6.2 Low Heat Input SAW Technology
Applying Smaller Diameter Welding Wire 5
As a technique for reducing heat input, a low heat
input SAW technology using a smaller diameter welding 0
wire as the leading electrode was developed 21,22), 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
improving HAZ toughness in seam welds of heavy wall Wire diameter (mm)
thickness X70. Fig. 20  elationship between wire diameter and
R
The following may be mentioned as effects of using penetration depth (Single electrode, Bead on plate,
the smaller diameter welding wire as the leading elec- 800 A-35 V-60 cm/min)
trode: (1) a high deposition rate can be obtained as a
result of the increase in Joule heating accompanying the increasing the penetration depth and wire deposition
increased electrical resistance of the smaller diameter rate. This small-diameter wire SAW technology enables
wire23), and (2) arc energy density is increased by the welding with a smaller heat input than the conventional
higher current density, and simultaneously with this, the SAW technology. Moreover, the effect of heat input
arc is focused by the electromagnetic pinch force and a reduction becomes larger as the wall thickness increases.
deeper weld penetration depth can be obtained24). To clarify the effect of this small-diameter wire SAW
Figure 19 shows the effect of the wire diameter on technology in improving HAZ toughness, welded joints
the wire deposition rate with wires having diameters of of X70 (33.0 mmt) were prepared experimentally using
1.6 mm to 4.0 mm. In seam welding of UOE pipes, the small-diameter wire SAW technology, and the prop-
wires with diameter of 4.0 mm or 4.8 mm are generally erties of the welds were evaluated. Table 9 shows the
used. However, the wire deposition rate is greatly welding conditions. In comparison with the conventional
increased by using a smaller diameter welding wire, and method, the welding heat input was reduced by approxi-
the effect of the smaller diameter wire is remarkable on mately 30% as the total of the inside and outside welds.
the large current region. The cooling rate of the weld metal with the conven-
Figure 20 shows the effect of the wire diameter on tional method was approximately 4°C/s, but in contrast,
the penetration depth with wires of 1.6 mm to 4.8 mm in that increases to approximately 10°C with small-
diameter. Penetration increases when smaller diameter diameter wire SAW. Photo 6 shows the CGHAZ micro-
wires are used, and the deepest penetration is obtained structure around the fusion line at a depth of 7 mm
with a wire diameter of 2.4 mm or smaller. below the surface layer of the outside weld metal.
Based on the results described above, a 2.4 mm in Accompanying the reduction of heat input, the prior γ
diameter wire was adopted as the leading electrode grain size of the CGHAZ is refined. Table 10 shows the
because it is possible to use of the large current with this results of a HAZ Charpy test of the outside weld fusion
welding technology and this size has a large effect in line and the root fusion line (intersection of the inside

JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 18 (Mar. 2013)  33

 Development of High Performance UOE Pipe for Linepipe

Table 9  Welding condition of laboratory evaluation Table 11  Welding condition of trial production

Inside Wire diameter Travel Heat

Wire Diameter Travel Heat Inside weld/
weld/ of lead electrode speed input
of lead electrode speed input Outside weld
Outside (mm) (mm/min) (kJ/mm)
(mm ) (mm/min) (kJ/mm)
weld
IW 4.0 950 4.5
Conventional IW 4.0 1 050 8.2
OW 2.4 1 250 6.3
SAW OW 4.0 910 9.4

SAW with IW 2.4 1 670 5.0

2.4 mmφ wire OW 2.4 1 200 7.0
SAW: Submerged arc welding

100 μm
Photo 7  Penetration depth of 30.9 mmt
(a) Conventional SAW

Table 12 Mechanical property test results of trial production

of API X70 (30.9 mmt)

Pipe body
Tensile test DWTT vE−30°C
CTOD
C-direction −10°C (n=3)
−10°C
YS TS SA Ave. Min.
100 μm (mm)
(MPa) (MPa) (%) (J) (J)
(b) SAW with 2.4 mmφ wire 96
0.660
100
564 660 214 187 0.316
SAW: submerged arc welding 100
0.585
100
Photo 6 C
 oarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) microstructure
of API X70 (33.0 mmt)
Seam HAZ (Fusion line)
vE−30°C (n=6)
Table 10  Charpy impact test results CTOD
Outside weld Root Inside weld
−10°C
Absorbed energy at −30°C, vE−30 Ave. Min. Ave. Min. Ave. Min. (mm)
( J, Ave. of n=3) (J) (J) (J) (J) (J) (J)
Outside weld (OW) 0.431
Root fusion line
fusion line 173 141 151 101 230 227 0.268
Conventional 0.592
106 125 YS: Yield strength   TS: Tensile strength
SAW
DWTT: Drop weight tear test   SA: Share area
SAW with
191 205 vE−30°C: Absorbed energy at −30°C
2.4 mmφ wire
CTOD: Crack tip opening displacement  
SAW: Submerged arc welding HAZ: Heat-affected zone

and outside weld fusion lines). Improvement of HAZ of the weld cross section, and the results of mechanical
toughness by heat input reduction was confirmed with property tests are shown in Table 11, Photo 7, and
small-diameter SAW. Table 12, respectively. Sound welds with satisfactory
lap of the inside weld bead and outside weld bead were
6.3 Manufacturing Results of
obtained by application of the small-diameter wire SAW
Heavy Wall Thickness X70 UOE Linepipe
technology, and it was possible to manufacture pipes
Heavy wall thickness X70 UOE pipes (30.9 mmt) for having excellent HAZ toughness of vE−30 100 J in the
low temperature service were manufactured on a trial Charpy tests of the inside weld, outside weld, and root
basis applying the small-diameter wire SAW technology fusion lines.
to seam welding. The welding conditions, a macrograph

34  JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 18 (Mar. 2013)

 Development of High Performance UOE Pipe for Linepipe

7. Conclusion Conf. on OMAE. 2002, paper no. OMAE2002–28253.

  7) Suzuki, N.; Zhou, J.; Toyoda, M. Compressive Strain Limits of
High-Strength Linepipes. Proc. of the 7th Int. Pipeline Conf.,
This paper introduced products developed by JFE 2008, paper no. IPC2008-64526.
  8) Ishikawa, Nobuyuki; Endo, Shigeru; Kondo, Joe. High perfor-
Steel in response to new customer requirements for steel
mance UOE linepipes. JFE Technical Report. 2006, no. 7,
pipes for linepipes in recent years, using JFE Steel’s p. 20–26.
TMCP technology for steel plates used as materials for   9) Okatsu, Mitsuhiro; Shikanai, Nobuo; Kondo, Joe. Development
of a high-deformability linepipe with resistance to strain-aged
those pipes and steel pipe manufacturing technologies.
hardening by HOP (Heat-treatment On-line Process). JFE Techni-
Focusing on the keywords of high strength, heavy wall cal Report. 2008, no. 12, p. 8–14.
thickness, low temperature toughness, high deformabil- 10) DeGeer, D. et al. 2004, OMAE2004–51569.
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kanai, Nobuo. Effect of hard second-phase on bauschinger effect
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In the future, JFE Steel will continue to develop steel 12) Muraoka, R. et al. IPC2010–31556, 2010.
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JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 18 (Mar. 2013)  35