Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Al-Mustaqbal University College
Computer Engineering Techniques Department
Subject: Digital Communications
Class: 3rd
Lecture Three
" Pulse Modulation"
By
Msc. DHIFAF TALAL SHAKIR
2019-2020
Digital Communications The Lecturer: DHIFAF TALAL SHAKIR
Lecture 3: Pulse Modulation
Introduction:
In pulse modulation some parameter of a pulse train is varied in
accordance with the massage signal.
Two families of pulse modulation may be distinguished: analog pulse
modulation and digital pulse modulation. In analog pulse modulation, a
periodic pulse train is used as the carrier wave, and some characteristics
features of each pulse (e.g. Amplitude, Position, and Width) is varied in a
continuous manner in accordance with the corresponding sample value of the
message signal. Thus in analog pulse modulation, information is transmitted
basically in analog form, but the transmission takes place at discrete times.
In digital pulse modulation, on the other hand, the massage signal is
represented in a form that is discrete in both time and amplitude; thereby
permitting its transmission in digital form as a sequence of coded pulses.
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Digital Communications The Lecturer: DHIFAF TALAL SHAKIR
The above two techniques can be further classified as,
Pulse modulation
Analog Digital
1. pulse amplitude modulation 1. Pulse code modulation
2. pulse position modulation 2. Delta modulation
3. pulse duration modulation 3. Adaptive delta modulation
4. Differential pulse code modulation
I n p u l s e amplitude modulation (PAM) the amplitude of the pulse change
according to amplitude of modulation signal at the sampling instant. An example of a
(PAM) signal is shown in Figure (1).
F (t)
(a)
PAM (t)
(b)
Figure (1) (a) Modulating signal. (b) PAM signal.
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Digital Communications The Lecturer: DHIFAF TALAL SHAKIR
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is dramatically different form PAM in that
it performs sampling in time whereas PAM provides sampling in amplitude.
Pulse duration modulation (PDM) also known as pulse width modulation
(PWM): in this technique the width of the pulse changes according to
amplitude of the modulating signal at sampling instant. Figure 2 shows such
signal.
Fig.2 input versus PWM output waveforms
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Digital Communications The Lecturer: DHIFAF TALAL SHAKIR
Pulse width modulation(PWM) encodes a signal into periodic pulses of
equal amplitude but varying width. The width of a pulse at a given point in
time is proportional to the amplitude of the message signal at the time. For
example, a large value of the message signal corresponds to a wide pulse, and
a small value of the message yields a narrow pulse. The width of the pulse
can be describe in terms of its duty cycle, which is defined as:
Where:
Fig.3 definition of duty cycle
Pulse position modulation(PPM):in this technique the position of the pulse
changes according to amplitude of the modulating signal of sampling instant.
Fig. 4 shows such signal
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Digital Communications The Lecturer: DHIFAF TALAL SHAKIR
Pulse position modulation(PPM) and pulse duration modulation (PDM or
PWM) both modulate the time parameter of the pulses. PPM has fixed width
pulses where as width of PDM pulses varies. Both the methods are of
constant amplitude.
Transmission Bandwidth of PAM signal
The pulse duration is supposed to be very very small compared to
time period between the two samples. If the maximum frequency in the
signal is then by sampling theorem, should be higher than Nyquist rate
or
or
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Digital Communications The Lecturer: DHIFAF TALAL SHAKIR
If ON and OFF time of the pulse is same, then frequency of the PAM pulse
becomes,
Thus fig. below shows that if ON and OFF times of PAM signal are same,
then maximum frequency of PAM signal is given by
Maximum frequency of PAM signal
bandwidth required for transmission of PAM signal will be equal to
maximum frequency . This bandwidth gives adequate pulse resolution,
Since
Transmission bandwidth of PAM signal:
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Digital Communications The Lecturer: DHIFAF TALAL SHAKIR
Thus the transmission bandwidth of PAM signal is very very large
compared to highest frequency in the signal x(t).
Transmission Bandwidth of PPM and PDM
In PPM and PDM, the amplitude of all the pulses is same. Therefore
nonlinear amplitude distortion as well as noise interference does not affect
the detection at the receiver. However both PPM and PDM needs a sharp rise
time and fall time for pulses in order to preserve the message information.
Rise time should be very very less than
And transmission bandwidth should be
Thus the transmission bandwidth of PPM and PDM is higher than PAM. The
power requirement of PPM is less than that of PDM because of short duration
pulses. It can be further reduced by transmitting only edges rather than
pulses.
Transmission bandwidth of PDM and PPM
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Digital Communications The Lecturer: DHIFAF TALAL SHAKIR
Example1: for a PAM transmission of voice signal with fm=3 kHz. Calculate
BT if fs=8 kHz and
Solution:
sec
sec
The transmission bandwidth is given as
Example2: for the signal given in example1, if the rise time is 1% of the
width of the pulse, find out the minimum transmission bandwidth needed for
PDM and PPM.
Solution:
In example 1 we obtained the pulse width
The rise time is given as 1% of width of pulse
We know that transmission bandwidth is given as,
