Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
Department of Civil Engineering
KKKH3353
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
(Joints - 2)
Dr. Ahmed Wadood Al Zand
PM Dr. Shahrizan Bin Baharom
Plate Tension Fracture
Bolt Shearing
Tension Fracture
Plate Bearing
Block Shear
Plate Tension Fracture
The tension capacity Pt of a member is determined as follows:
𝑷𝒕 = 𝒇𝒚 × 𝑨𝒆
where:
fy is the design strength of the steel plate
Ae is the sum of the effective net cross-section areas (An) of connected elements
⩽ (Ke x Total net area An)
Plate Tension Fracture
Staggered holes
Estimate the critical net cross-section area (An)
On line A
An = t.(b - do)
On line B
An = t.(b - 2.do)
b
On line C
An = t.(b – 3.do+2.(0.25.p12/p2))
On line D
An = t.(b – 2.do+ (0.25.p12/p2))
D A B C
do is the holes diameter
t is the plate thickness (take thinner plate)
b is the plate width
Plate Tension Fracture
Example 5- check the suitability of plate thickness 8 mm with number of holes
that subjected to factored tension force equal to 150 kN. Consider all holes are
with 22 mm diameter and the steel plate grade S275 (fy = 275 Mpa)
The critical net cross-section area (An)
On line A
An = t.(b - do) = 8x(140-22)= 944 mm2
On line B
An = t.(b - 2.do)= 8x(140-2x22) = 768 mm2
On line C
An = t.(b – 3.do+2.(0.25.p12/p2))
= 8x(140-3x22+2x(0.25x502/40))= 842 mm2
On line D
An = t.(b – 2.do+ (0.25.p12/p2))
= 8x(140-2x22+ (0.25x502/40))= 893 mm2
D A B C
Pt = fy.Ae= 275x(1.2x768) x 10-3= 253.4 kN > F (150 kN) then, OK
Welded Joints
Design of welded joints:
• Fillet welds
• Butt welds
Welded Joints
Butt welds
Strength of butt weld taken as that of parent metal (i.e. fy in
tension or compression or fy/ in shear) provided that suitable
electrodes are used.
Throat thickness taken as minimum depth of penetration,
reduced by 3 mm for most partial penetration butt welds.
Welded Joints
Two methods are permitted for the design of fillet welds:
• the directional method, in which the forces transmitted by a unit
length of weld are resolved into parallel and perpendicular
components.
• the simplified method, in which only longitudinal shear is
considered.
These approaches broadly mirror those used in BS5950: Part 1.
Welded Joints
Simplified approach L
Check Fw,Ed ≤ Fw,Rd
Fw,Ed is the weld force per unit length
Failure
Fw,Rd is the weld resistance per unit length Plane
The design resistance of the weld per unit length may be
calculated as follows:
Fw,Rd = fvw,d a
fvw,d is the design shear strength of the weld
a is the throat thickness of the weld (=0.71 leg length)
Note: the welding leg length, sometimes called (l), and sometimes (t)
Welded Joints
fu is the minimum ultimate tensile strength of the connected parts
βw is a correlation factor that depends on the material grade
γM2 is reduction factor may be taken as 1.25
Welded Joints
Values for correlation factor βw
Strength of Fillet Weld
Weld Size or S275 S355 S450
leg length Electrode Electrode Electrode
(mm) E-43 E-51 E-43 E51 E-51
5 0.75 0.75 0.89 0.89
6 0.9 0.9 1.07 1.07
8 1.2 1.2 1.42 1.42
10 1.5 1.5 1.78 1.78
12 1.8 1.8 2.14 2.14
Example 6- Welded Joints - Direct shear
?
400 kN
400 kN
20
20
P = 400/2 = 200 kN
Fw,Ed = P/length of weld = 200x1000/250 = 800 N/mm
410
f vw,d 222.8 N
(0.85)(1.25) 3 mm2
Fw,Rd = fvw,d a a Fw,Rd (Assume Fw,Ed = Fw,Rd)
fvw,d
800
a 3.59mm
222.8
3.59=0.71l, then l 5.12 6mma 0.71 x 6 = 4.26mm
Use 6mm , Resistance (Fw,Rd ) per mm= 222.8x4.26=949.1N/mm = 0.949kN/mm
Total resistance = 0.949 x 250 = 237.2kN > 200kN (OK)
Example 7- use the same details in Example1 and consider there
is a perpendicular welding lines that’s provided in addition to those
provided parallel to the shear force direction
?
16
20
Pw,Ed = 400 kN
Fw,Ed = P/length of weld = 400x1000/350 = 1142.8 N/mm
410
f vw,d 222.8 N
(0.85)(1.25) 3 mm2
Fw,Rd = fvw,d a a Fw,Rd (Assume Fw,Ed = Fw,Rd)
fvw,d
1142.8
a 5.13 mm
222.8
5.13=0.71l, then l 7.22 8mma 0.71 x 8 = 5.68mm
Use 8mm , Resistance (Fw,Rd ) per mm= 222.8x5.68=1265.5 N/mm = 1.265 kN/mm
Total resistance = 1.265x 350 = 442.75kN > 400kN (OK)
Design Strength of Welded
Connection - Shear and Tension
stresses due to torsion moment “M” is
P
fv u
A - Calculation shall be done for teff
M Pu .e - Or for teff = 1 mm
Mu . c
ft
Ix
Pu = ultimate (factored) applied force
A = total welding area (using teff)
e = eccentricity of load
Ix = total moment of inertia around x-axis of welding area (using teff)
c = distance from neutral axis of weld to the farthest weld point
fv = shear stress due to force (P)
ft = tension stress due to the eccentricity of force (P)
Exercise 8- Design Strength of Welded Connection – Shear and
Tension
An UA is used in a seated beam connection, as shown in the figure. Factored
design load is 110kN. Steel Grade used for UA is S275. What size fillet weld
are required for the connection to the column flange?
152
20 mm P
mm
20 mm 82 mm
t=10 mm
152 mm (high) x 1mm (width)
Slide # 64
A-Calculate the eccentricity of the reaction with respect to the weld is:
e = 20 + 82/ 2 = 61 mm
B-Calculate the momentof inertia for the weld configuration:
I = 2.b.h3/12= 2(1)(152)3 / 12 = 585300 mm4 c = 152/2 = 76 mm
C-Calculate the factored-load reaction is:
Pu = 110kN
2 welding lines Mu = Pu e = 110(61) = 6710 kN-mm
teff = 1 mm width
D-Calculatetheresultantforce:
Mu . c 6710x103 x( 76 )
ft 871 N/mm
I 585300
P 110x103
fv u 362 N/mm
A 2x (1)x(152)
fr f t 2 fv 2 (871 ) 2 ( 362 ) 2 943 N/mm f =F
r w,Rd
E-Therequired weld size a
410
f vw,d 222.8 N
(0.85)(1.25) 3 mm2
Fw,Rd = fvw,d a
943
a 4.23mm
222.8
4.23=0.71l, then l 5.95 Use 6 mm fillet weld leg length
Check Resistance (Fw,Rd ) per mm= 222.8x(0.71 x 6)=949.1N/mm = 0.949kN/mm
Total shear resistance = 0.949 x (2x152) = 288.5kN > 110kN (OK)
Elastic Analysis of Eccentric
Welded Connections
It is assumed here that the rotation of the weld at failure occur around the elastic
centre (EC) of the weld. The only difference from bolts is we are dealing with unit
length of weld instead of a bolt
M
F
r
e The shear stress in weld due to torsion moment
M is M r
fT
J
M is the moment, d is the distance from the centroid of the
weld to the weld point where we evaluate the stress, J is
the polar moment of inertia of the weld
Design Strength of Welded
Connection – Shear and Torsion
Shear due to torsion M r
FT
J
Combined with
Direct shear FS = P/length of weld
= P/[2(x+y)]
Design Strength of Welded
Connection – Shear and Torsion
stresses due to torsional moment “M” is
M F e
J Ix Iy - Calculation shall be done for teff
M r - Or for teff = 1 mm
fT
J
&
M y M x
f Tx f Ty
J J
Forces due to direct applied force is
Fx Fy
f Sx f Sy
A weld A weld
Total stress in the weld is
fx fSx fTx & fy f S y f Ty
fR fx fy FW , R D
2 2
68402/61420
Strength of Welded Connection
– Shear and Torsion
250 mm
Ultimate Load
Determine the size of weld =252 kN
required for the bracket connection
300
in the figure. The service dead load mm 15 mm PL
is 50 kN, and the service live load
is 120 kN. Use steel Grade S275 200
Thickness of column flange t = mm
12mm.
