NAME: PAUL MIRACLE KELECHI

DEPARTMENT: COMPUTER/STATISTICS

REG NO: 2016/234928

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS IIOT?

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), sometimes called Industry 4.0, is the subset of the

IoT that involves manufacturing and distribution. The IIoT is all about connecting smart sensors

to the Internet and using the information they capture to make better business decisions. The IIoT

is growing at least as fast as the IoT as smart sensors and devices proliferate up and down the

manufacturing supply chain. A major difference between the IoT and the IIoT is that the IIoT is

designed to be a relatively closed environment focused on communicating within a company and

its partners while being closed to intrusions from the outside.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging concept that has revolutionized the use of new

technologies in everyday life. The economic impact of IoT becoming very important, and it

began to be used in the industrial environment under the name of the Industrial Internet of

Things (IIoT) concept, which is a sub-domain of IoT. The IIoT changes the way industrial

processes are controlled and monitored, increasing operating efficiency. However, with Industry

4.0, we’re seeing a significant shift in a variety of industrial sectors to the adaptation of IIOT.

This includes equipment and systems that offer automation, monitoring, cloud data storage,

predictive analytics, and more.

To handle critical machines in high stakes industries, IIoT devices must be sophisticated.

Sensors must be sensitive in order to provide the precision of data needed to enable the

automation, visibility, and analysis they offer to manufacturers. On the other hand, IoT products

are used in lower-risk situations, often as consumer products. Their benefits usually result in

convenience, and the consequences of a piece of equipment failing are less severe.

BENEFITS OF IIOT

The following are benefits of IIOT;

1. Increased Machine Utilization.

2. Predictive Maintenance.

3. Asset Tracking.

4. Facility Management.

5. Just in Time Manufacturing.

6. Connecting remote asset.

7. Easier-to-use Interface.

8. Sharing knowledge across plants.

9. Process and Behavior monitoring.

INCREASED MACHINE UTILIZATION

Industrial IoT enables manufacturers to connect their machines to the internet. Connected

machines give manufacturers insight into machine health, and important KPIs in real-time. These

can include overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) and overall process effectiveness (OPE). This
data helps manufacturers identify and fix causes of unplanned downtime. They can also increase

machine utilization by highlighting needs for preventive equipment maintenance.

PREDICTIVE MAINTENANACE

Real-time data from IIoT-connected systems can help predict defects in machinery. This allows

manufacturers to take preventative measures against the issues before they occur, ultimately

resulting in higher machine uptime and greater overall productivity. Preventing equipment

failures reduce process time, rework, scrap, and unplanned downtime. These improvements help

manufacturers save on associated costs.

ASSET TRACKING

Manufacturers can track products throughout the supply chain and alert stakeholders of

damage or possible damage to goods.

FACILITY MANAGEMENT

IoT-connected environmental sensors can monitor conditions such as vibrations, temperature,

humidity, and more. They can detect conditions that negatively impact operations or cause

excessive wear and tear to equipment.

JUST IN TIME MANUFACTURING

Real-time data reporting makes Just in Time manufacturing possible. Processes can be

adjusted in real time to eliminate waste and allow for production to finish on time and in sync

with materials in process and raw materials. This helps bring planned production closer to actual

production.

CONNECTING REMOTE ACCESS

location. These assets can be monitored and controlled remotely, allowing for a greater degree of

control.

EASIER-TO-USE INTERFACE

Connected software allows operators, engineers, and managers to monitor data through HMIs

(human machine interfaces). HMIs are much more intuitive, especially for personnel without a

high level of IT proficiency. These interfaces also centralize data from different sources. As a

result, personnel can master tools without extensive training or needing to rely on IT staff.

SHARING KNOWLEDGE ACROSS PLANT

Institutionalizing knowledge keeps critical knowledge within the workforce over time.

Centralized knowledge can also help standardize processes. This is critical to continuous

improvement efforts within an organization. Finally, having standardized, centralized knowledge

allows experts to respond to issues no matter where they are. Data silos and tribal knowledge,

(knowledge that is gained over years of experience and passed down orally but not standardized

or documented), are a significant cause of inefficiency for manufacturers. Sharing knowledge is

more critical for manufacturers now than ever, as baby boomers are retiring from the workforce

at a rate of 10,000 a day. If the retiring workforce’s knowledge is not preserved, it will need to be

re-learned by later generations.

PROCESS AND BEHAVIOUR MONITORING

The data collected from IoT enabled devices and software allows managers to gain insight into

employees’ performance. With this data they can identify bottlenecks and areas for
improvement. For example, they could learn that employees consistently make mistakes or

produce defects during a given step. Using this information, process engineers can perform root

cause analysis to determine what improvements can be made (and use this data as a benchmark

to measure improvement). These benefits translate to significant business impacts based on cost

savings, quality improvement, and increased efficiency.

THE ADAPTATION OF IIOT IN AN IDEAL COMPUTER PROCESS

CONTROL SYSTEM (AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS).

AUTOMATION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

As the number of end devices and sensors increases in the IoT, these will be utilized to

reduce operating costs or to increase process efficiency. A reduction of manual processes and an

increase in automated processes will be a significant benefit to the consumer and to industrial

IoT. A goal is for the industrial IoT be “self-organizing, self-configuring, self-healing, scalable

to large sizes, with very low energy consumption, low cost, simple to install and based on global

standards. In this vision, vendors will work together so that addition of new sensors or new

software or networks will be handled automatically, with no manual effort required. The current

lack of hardware and communication interoperability presents a significant challenge to

overcome before such advanced automation can be realized. Increased automated feedback from

the increased number of sensors and higher fidelity of those sensor readings can provide great

value in an industrial setting. Automatic analysis of the data and dynamic adjustments in the

process can lead to major reductions in waste, energy costs, and human intervention. In a

consumer setting, home gas, electric, and solar energy usage and production can be monitored
and adjusted automatically for significant energy and cost savings, for example to avoid peak gas

and electric rates. HVAC, lights, and refrigeration units can be set for lower power usage or

turned off when no human presence is detected or expected. Electric vehicles can be charged

when electric power is most cheaply available. The efficiency of automatic braking or collision

avoidance systems in automobiles can be improved as sensors and feedback become more

advanced. The most demanding use of the IoT involves rapid, real-time sensing of unpredictable

conditions and instantaneous responses guided by automated systems mimicking human

reactions. For comparison, one might consider the rate of data the human eye sensors record

(perhaps megabits per second), transmission of an appropriately reduced amount of optical

information to the human brain, and the complex function and processing utility of the human

brain in this automated process. All aspects (sensing, data reduction, process, archival storage) of

the complex process of the human process of seeing will need to be better understood in the new

era of the future IoT. Advances in robotics and artificial intelligence will be as important as

efficient interoperability needed for a self-organizing IoT. With automation comes the necessity

of minimizing manual interventions, which is a security issue. How can one monitor all of these

automated processes if they are being performed automatically without human intervention? The

amount of software that will be needed to accomplish these security goals is exponentially larger

than presently, also implying an exponential increase in software vulnerabilities. Will all

automated systems be tested fully before they are released for public use? Since the systems will

likely be dynamically created by a plant operator or home user, the answer is probably negative.

Systems for highly critical processes may be better tested for vulnerabilities, but the general

mode of vendors has been to release when functional requirements of a product are met, and

worry about security later. This implies that our original automated IoT will be severely insecure.
ROBOTICS

Industrial robots have the potential to change production processes as much as computers

have changed the office work environment. Robots can be designed for performing operations

quickly, repeatedly, and accurately. They have applicability across many different domains in the

manufacturing industry and have added tremendous value to various manufacturing processes.

Petro chemical industry, for example, has used robotic systems to improve safety and efficiency,

and to reduce environmental impact. In regions where it is difficult or dangerous for humans to

work, robots may be enabled to carry out such tasks as maintenance, inspection and repairs. As

robots are introduced to these types of environments, however, issues of trust and accountability

come into consideration. One must also consider how the robots will fit into the organizational

structure. Finally, any distributed system introduces vulnerabilities in the network layer. These

vulnerabilities can be compromised in such a way as to sever or corrupt communications. They

are also susceptible to all the D5 effects noted in the previous section. Some robots are built to

operate autonomously, with little to no human intervention, and some are remotely controlled. In

order for the next generations of users and operators to trust autonomy, however, it must be

predictable enough to operate under complex and dynamic conditions with high confidence

levels and still be able to be tightly controlled or potentially instantly interrupted by the human

operator. Maintaining this flexibility in future system will allow for sufficient levels of

confidence in the actions performed by our robotic counterparts. The human response to

increased levels of autonomy also needs to be considered. If robots have too little autonomy,
human operators will waste time attending to robots instead of attending to their work tasks.

Also, a new skill set will need to evolve for future human operators if they are going to be skilled

enough to fix or maintain robots in their manufacturing environments. The main benefits of

autonomous capabilities are to extend and complement human performance, not provide a direct

replacement of humans. If robots are highly autonomous, situational awareness of plant activity

may start to diminish. Robots can augment human perception, action, speed, persistence,

resistance to fatigue. They can permit delegation and reduction of cognitive load. Some robots

will be equipped with the ability to perform inspection and sample taking, while others will carry

out more sophisticated operations like maintenance and repairs. Together, they can enable

operation in areas too hazardous for humans to work in. Some experts advocate that no matter

how much we depend on robots and autonomy, we should ensure humans have ultimate control.

Humans need to oversee, and have the ability to modify behavior as needed. As our trust in

robots and autonomous systems increases, the range of levels of autonomy available can shift

over time as needed in situations where the work space is dangerous for humans, robots can be

used to improve safety in the workplace. Robots are not as vulnerable to workplace hazards

including high temperatures, hazardous chemicals, radiation, and reaching difficult physical

access points in manufacturing environments. Mobile robots including unmanned aerial vehicles

have been developed to work in disaster response, inspections of infrastructure and

decommissioning of nuclear plants. A key technology for the robots is teleoperation that enables

humans to control robots remotely. Autonomously guided vehicles have been widely used for

manufacturing, mainly for carrying parts in factories, and in other applications of robotics for

logistics. Robots are also used in manufacturing facilities today to unload and move parts from

trucks to the plant supply rooms while simultaneously maintaining inventory accountability and
control. This role of robot systems is likely to increase in years to come. There are other

noteworthy types of robotic systems that are gaining popularity in manufacturing; robotic human

augmentation and nano-bots. These are two areas are worth discussing because there are being

extensively researched in the defense and security fields today.

NANOBOT

Nanobots are a type of microscopic robot. A nanorobot is any artificial machine with overall

size on the order of a few micrometers or less in all spatial directions and constituted by

nanoscopic components with individual dimensions in the interval between 1 and 100 nm. A

nanobot device has shown to have the capability to move quite freely through the entire human

body circulatory system. One can envision a future where these nanobot technologies could be

used in a manufacturing process, for example, to provide a microscopic view into the process

conditions critical to certain bio-pharmaceutical or nuclear facilities.

The idea of surveying the state of fluid suspension with swarms of nanobots could be

demonstrated in the bloodstream. A nanobot in a capillary has demonstrated the ability to feel the

metabolic pattern of the family of cells fed by the capillary itself, thus surveying the cells

contained within a given length of the tube. Each nanobot is a self-propelled machine, obtaining

energy from the environment, and is able to recognize and dock to the components within their

process. They can sense membranes and subsequently recognize the state of health of its

environment. They also may be used to store the information, to transfer it to the central unit, and

eventually take actions which may have an effect on the overall process conditions. Within a

swarm of nanobots, each bot stores specific chemicals to be released for detection by other

nanobots. This could also be used in a manufacturing setting to transfer information from one
location in the process to the other. Ensuring that nanobots and nantobot swarms are operating

securely is a complicated matter Nanobots are by definition extremely small and are therefore

very difficult to monitor for individual malicious behaviors, especially if a large swarm of

nanobots is deployed. If individual nanobots are programmed with software, how might one scan

the nanobot operating code for infections? If nanobot swarms are programmed with chemical

means, would there be a means to ensure that the function and control of the swarm not be

overtaken by a malicious actor, in the same manner that viri and bacteria affect human biological

receptors? How will the health monitoring and maintenance of the nanobot swarm be performed?

When nanobots reach the end of life, how are they disposed? As with other aspects of innovative

IoT devices, nanobot systems offer incredible utility but have not been yet designed or analyzed

for safety and security.

CONCLUSION

IT and control systems manufacturers are seizing the opportunity of having new novel

hardware devices as the “Internet of Things” begins to scale up. As the number of devices

continues to increase, more automation will be required for both the consumer (e.g. home and

car) and industrial environments. As automation increases in IoT control systems, software and

hardware vulnerabilities will also increase. In the near term, data from IoT hardware sensors and

devices will be handled by proxy network servers (such as a cellphone) since current end devices

and wearables have little or no built-in security. The security of that proxy device will be critical

if sensor information needs to be safeguarded. The number of sensors per proxy will eventually

become large enough so that it will be inconvenient for users to manage using one separate app

per sensor. This implies single app ls with control many things, creating a data management (and
vendor collaboration) problem that may be difficult to resolve. An exponentially larger volume

of software will be needed to support the future IoT. The average number of software bugs per

line of code has not changed, which means there will also be an exponentially larger volume of

exploitable bugs for adversaries.