Computer
Programming 4
Chrysler Panaguiton
DBMS MODEL AND SCHEMA
LESSON 3
DATA MODELS
Data models define how the logical structure of a
database is modeled. Data Models are fundamental entities to
introduce abstraction in a DBMS. Data models define how
data is connected to each other and how they are processed
and stored inside the system.
The very first data model could be flat data-models,
where all the data used are to be kept in the same plane.
Earlier data models were not so scientific; hence they were
prone to introduce lots of duplication and update anomalies.
Entity-Relationship (ER) Model is based on
the notion of real-world entities and
relationships among them. While
formulating real-world scenario into the
database model, the ER Model creates entity
Entity- set, relationship set, general attributes and
constraints.
Relationship ER Model is best used for the conceptual
Model design of a database.
ER Model is based on:
➢Entities and their attributes
➢Relationships among entities.
• Entity − An entity in an ER Model is a real-world entity having properties
called attributes. Every attribute is defined by its set of values called
Entity- domain. For example, in a school database, a student is considered as an
entity. Student has various attributes like name, age, class, etc.
Relationship
Model • Relationship − The logical association among entities is called relationship.
Relationships are mapped with entities in various ways. Mapping
cardinalities define the number of associations between two entities.
Mapping cardinalities:
• one to one
• one to many
• many to one
• many to many
Relational Model
Relational Model
The most popular data model in
DBMS is the Relational Model. It is more
scientific a model than others. This model is
based on first-order predicate logic and
defines a table as an n-array relation.
Relational Model highlights
• data is stored in tables called relations
• relations can be normalized
• in normalized relations, values saved are atomic
values
• each row in a relation contains a unique value
• each column in a relation contains values from a
same domain.
Database Schema
A database schema is the skeleton structure that
represents the logical view of the entire database. It defines
how the data is organized and how the relations among them
are associated. It formulates all the constraints that are to be
applied on the data.
A database schema defines its entities and the
relationship among them. It contains a descriptive detail of
the database, which can be depicted by means of schema
diagrams. It’s the database designers who design the schema
to help programmers understand the database and make it
useful
Database Schema
• A database schema can be divided broadly
into two categories:
•
• Physical Database Schema – This schema
pertains to the actual storage of data and its
form of storage like files, indices, etc. It defines
how the data will be stored in a secondary
storage.
•
• Logical Database Schema – This schema
defines all the logical constraints that need to be
applied on the data stored. It defines tables,
views, and integrity constraints.
Database Instance
It is important that we distinguish these two terms individually.
Database schema is the skeleton of database. It is designed when
the database doesn't exist at all. Once the database is operational,
it is very difficult to make any changes to it. A database schema
does not contain any data or information.
A database instance is a state of operational database with data at
any given time. It contains a snapshot of the database. Database
instances tend to change with time. A DBMS ensures that its every
instance (state) is in a valid state, by diligently following all the
validations, constraints, and conditions that the database designers
have imposed.
