ON) SURFACES > 3.1 INTRODUCTION ‘This chapter deals with the fluids (ce., liquids and gases) at rest. This means that there will be no relative motion between adjacent or neighbouring fluid layers. The velocity gradient, which is equal to the change of velocity between two adjacent fluid layers divided by the distance between the layers, will be zero or “ 0. The shear stress which is equal top = will also be zero. Then the forces acting ‘on the fluid particles will be : 1, due to pressure of fluid normal to the surface, 2. due to gravity (or self-weight of fluid particles). > 3.2 TOTAL PRESSURE AND CENTRE OF PRESSURE ‘Total pressure is defined as the force exerted by a static fluid on a surface either plane or curved when the fluid comes in contact with the surfaces. This force always acts normal to the surface. Centre of pressure is defined as the point of application of the total pressure on the surface. There are four cases of submerged surfaces on which the total pressure force and centre of pressure is to be determined. The submerged surfaces may be : 1. Vertical plane surface, 2. Horizontal plane suifave, 3. Inclined plane surface, and 4. Curved surface. >» 3.3. VERTICAL PLANE SURFACE SUBMERGED IN LIQUID Consider a plane vertical surface of arbitrary shape immersed in aliquid as shown in Fig. 3.1 Let A= Total area ofthe surface T= Distance of C.G. ofthe area from free surface of liquid G = Centre of gravity of plane surface P= Centre of pressure fv = Distance of centre of pressure from free surface of liquid. 6970 Fluid Mechanics (@) Total Pressure (F). The total pressure on the surface _ FREE SURFACE OF LIQUID ‘may be determined by dividing the entire surface into a number of small parallel strips. The force on small strip is then calcu- lated and the toral pressure force on the whole area is calculated by integrating the force on small strip. Consider a strip of thickness dh and width 6 at a depth of ft from free surface of liquid as shown in Fig. 3.1 Pressure intensity on the strip, p= pght (See equation 2.5) ‘Area of the strip, dA=bxdh Total pressure force on strip, dF = px Area = pgh x bx dh Total pressure force on the whole surface, F=Jar= foghxoxan=pg [onan bu Jor nvedh= fia ‘Moment of surface area about the free surface of liquid = Area of surface X Distance of C.G. from free surface =Axh F = pgah Ga) For water the value of 1000 kg/m? and g = 9.81 m/s”. The force will be in Newton, (b) Centre of Pressure (h*). Centre of pressure is calculated by using the “Principle of Moments”, Which states that the moment ofthe resultant force about an ais fs equal tothe sum of moments ofthe components about the same axis The resultant force Fis acting at P, ata distance h* from fre surface of the Higuid as shown in Fig. 3.1. Hence moment ofthe force F about free surface ofthe liquid = F x h* (32) ‘Moment of force dF, acting on a strip about free surface of liquid aFxh (dF =pgh xbxah) gh x bx dh xh ‘Sum of moments of all such forces about free surface of liquid Jock xox dhich=ps fox hxhah pg J bh? dh 9g Ji da (cr bdh = dA) Bat fora Moment ot inertia of the surtae about fee surtace of liquid hy ‘Sum of moments about free surface Palo 83)Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces 71 Equating (3.2) and (3.3), we get FPxh = pgly Ba F=pedh peak x h* = pgly or G4) By the theorem of parallel axis, we have y= lgt AX Where Jg, = Moment of Inertia of area about an axis passing through the C.G. ofthe area and parallel to the free surface of liquid. Substituting /y in equation (3.4), we get [ot AlP lo 7 = lot Ah ole 5 ne = et ee G5) In equation (3.5), 7 is the distance of C.G. of the area of the vertical surface from free surface of the liquid. Hence from equation (3.5), itis clear that : (i) Centre of pressure (i.e., h*) lies below the centre of gravity of the vertical surface. i) The distance of centre of pressure from free surface of liquid is independent of the density of the liquid. ‘Table 3.1 The moments of inertia and other geometric properties of some Important plane surfaces Contd...72_ Fluid Mechanics Problem 3.1. A rectangular plane surface is 2 m wide and 3m deep. It lies in vertical plane in water. Determine the total pressure and position of centre of pressure on the plane surface when its upper edge is horizontal and (a) coincides with water surface, (b) 2.5 m below the free water surface. Solution. Given : Width of plane surface, 6 =2m Depth of plane surface, d= 3m (a) Upper edge coincides with water surface (Fig. 3.2). Total pressure is given by equation (3.1) as F=eah where p= 1000 kg/m*, g = 9.81 m/s? = 6m? h= 5 @)= 15m, P= 1000981 «6x15 fot | = 88290 N. Ans. Pe Depth of centre of pressure is given by equation (3.5) as Pen wn toe an” banal where /g = M.OLL about C.G. of the area of surface — bd? _ 2x3? 4 “24Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces 73 * ad +15 = 05+ 15 = 2.0m. Ans. exis (©) Upper edge ie 2.5 m below water surface (Fig. 33) Total pressure (F) is given by (3.1) F= peak where i= Distance of C.G. from free surface of water 3 =25+2=40m F = 1000x981 x 6x40 = 238440 N. Ans. Centre of pressure is given by = 42 4% where [o=4.5,A= 60, h = 4.0 = nr= 45 4 40 Fig. 33 * 60x40 * 1875 + 4.0 = 4.1875 = 4.1875 m. Ans. Problem 3.2 Determine the total pressure on a circular plate of diameter 1.5 m which is placed vertically in water in such a way that the centre of the plate is 3 m below the free surface of water. Find the position of centre of pressure also. FREE SURFACE Solution. Given : Dia. of plate, d= 1.5 m Area, Total pressure is given by equation (3.1), F= ped A = 1000 x 9.81 x 1.767 x3.0.N a 2002.81 N. Ans. Position of centre of pressure (i*) is given by equation (3.5), jo} in 34 here fp AIS gags at om ne = 07885. 5.9 = 0.0468 + 3.0 176730 3.0468 m. Ans.74. Fluid Mechanics Problem 3.3 A rectangular sluice gate is situated on the vertical wall of a lock. The vertical side of the sluice is ‘° metres in length and depth of centroid of the area is ‘p’ m below the water surface. a FREE SURFACE Prove that the depth of pressure is equal to | p+———). 2p Solution. Given : Depth of vertical gate =dm Let the width of gate =bm Area, Azbxdm? Depth of C.G. from free surface Fig. 3.5 h=pm. Let h* is the depth of centre of pressure from free surface, which is given by equation (3.5) as bd* (0 e 2 Problem 3.4 A circular opening, 3 m diameter, in a vertical side of a tank is closed by a dise of 3m diameter which can rotate about a horizontal diameter. Calculat (i) the force on the disc, and (ii) the torque required to maintain the disc in equilibrium in the vertical position when the head of water above the horizontal diameter is 4 m. Solution. Given : Dia. of opening, a=3m Area, B x3? = 7.0685 m? 4 Depth of CG. eam (@ Force on the dise is given by equation (3.1) as = peal = 1000 x 9.81 x 7.0685 x 4.0 277368 N = 277.368 KN. Ans. (i To find the torque required to maintain the disc in equilibrium, first calculate the point of application of foree acting on the disc, ic., centre of pressure of the force P. The depth of centre of pressure (/i*) is given by equation (3.5) as “ wtote4h=—4 440 {: Io Za} an** Rig om gt 40a 014+ 40= 414mHydrostatic Forces on Surfaces 75 ‘The force F is acting at a distance of 4.14 m from free surface. Moment of this force about horizontal diameter X-X = Fx (lf) = 277368 (4.14 - 4.0) = 38831 Nm. Ans. Hence a torque of 38831 Nm must be applied on the disc in the clockwise direction Problem 3.5. A pipe line which is 4 m in diameter contains a gate valve. The pressure atthe centre of the pipe is 19.6 Nem’. If the pipe is filed with oil of sp. gr. 0.87, find the force exerted by the oil upon the gate and position of centre of pressure. Solution. Given : Dia. of pipe, «jam | Area, Sp. gt of oil, $= 0.87 Density of oil, Pp = 0.87 1000 = 870 kg/m? Weight density of oil, w= ppg = 870 x9.81 Nim? Pressure at the centre of pipe, p = 19.6 N/m? = 19.6 x 10* Nim? Pressure head at the centre = 2. = 19.6% 10" wp 870%9.8 The height of equivalent free oil surface from the centre of pipe = 22.988 m. 22.988 m, 22.988 m ‘The depth of C.G. ofthe gate valve from free ol surface ( Now the force exerted by the oll onthe gate is given by F=pgAk = 870 kg/m? F = 810x981 x4x x 22.988 = 2465500 N = 2.465 MN. Ans. (Zi) Position of centre of pressure (h*) is given by (3.5) as where p= density of ol76 Fluid Mechanics pepe * +h= Sti Ah! yg 16h” 16x 22.988 4 + 22.988 0.043 + 22.988 = 23.031 m. Ans. Or centre of pressure is below the centre of the pipe by a distance of 0.043 m. Ans. Problem 3.6 Determine the total pressure and centre of pressure on an isosceles triangular plate oftase 4m and altitude 4 m when itis immersed vertically in an vil of sp. gr. 0.9. The buse of the plate coincides with the free surface of ol. Solution. cen Seger Base of plate, Height of plate, Area, Sp. gr. of oil, Density of oil, The distance of C.G. from free surface of oil, 1! txh 3 Fig. 48 x4 = 133m, Total pressure (F) is given by F = ps 900 x 9.81 x8.0 x 1.33 N = 9597.6. Ans. Centre of pressure (h) from free surface of cl is given by I. ne i Al where Jo = M.O1L. of triangular scetion about its C.G. om 4M gs TL 4 1.33 = 0.6667 + 1.33 = 1.99 m. Aus. 80x13 Problem 3.7. Avertical sluice gate is used fo cover an opening in a dam. The opening is 2 m wide and 1.2 m high. On the upstream of the gate, the liquid of sp. gr. 145, lies upto a height of 1.5 m ‘above the top of the gate, whereas on the downstream side the water is available upto a height touch. ing the top of the gate, Find the resultant force acting on the gate and position of centre of pressure. Find also the force acting horizontally at the top of the gate which is capable of opening it. Assume that the gate is hinged at the bottom. Solution. Given : Width of gate, Depth of gate, Area, Sp. gr. of liquidHydrostatic Forces on Surfaces _77 Density of liquid, py = 1-45 x 1000 = 1450 kg/m? Force exerted by the fluid of sp. gr. 1.45 on gate Let Force exerted by water on the gate. The force Fis piven by Fy = pyeXA% hi where p in 45 x 1000 = 1450 kg/m? Depth of C.G. of gate from free surface of liquid 12 215+ =21m, 2 FREE SURFACE OF LIQUID FREE SURFACE TN ae uPsrmen ' 12 iD & Nee Fig.39 F\= 1450. 9.81 x 24 x2 = T1691 N F,=pygAiz 000 kg/m }epth of C.G. of gate from free surface of water x12=0.6m ea F, = 1000 x 9.81 x 2.4 x 0.6 = 14126 N (Resultant farce on the gate = F, — F, = 71691 — 14126 = $7565 N. Ans. (ii) Position of centre of pressure of resultant force. The force F will be acting at a depth of ‘h,* from free surface of liquid, given by the relation to si ne Ah, x12? a where Ig= = 0.288 ee DB = nyt = 7884 2.1 = 00571 2.1 = 2.1571 m 2ax2 Distance of F, from hinge (1541.2) —hy* = 2.7 ~ 2.1571 = 0.5429 m ‘The force F, will be acting at a depth of h* from free surface of water and is given by78 Fluid Mechanics where fe = 0.288 m', Fz 0.288 +06 =02+0.6=0.8m 24x06 Distance of F; from hinge = 1.20.8 = 0.4 m ‘The resultant force 57565 N will be acting at a distance given by T1691 x.5429 ~ 14126 x04 57565 _ 38921-56504 * 37565 = 0.578 m above the hinge. Ans. (ui) Force at the top of gate which Is capable of opening the gate. Let F is the force required ‘on the top of the gate to open it as shown in Fig. 3.9. Taking the moments of F, F, and F, about the hhinge, we get F124 F, x0. m above hinge =F, x 5429 F, x.5429 - F, x04 12 _ 11691 x.5429 - 14126 x04 _ 38921— 5650.4 - 12 BR = 277285 N. Ans. Problem 3.8 A caisson for closing the entrance to a dry dock is of trapezoidal form 16 m wide at the top and 10 m wide at the bottom and 6 m deep. Find the total pressure and centre of pressure on the caisson if the water on the outside is just level with the top and dock is empty. or Solution, Given: 6 WATER SURFACE i at top D on ‘Wi boom Ziom -—_ en \ Denth, om . ‘Area of trapezoidal ABCD, for tn (BC+ AD) ,, nomad L (1016) X6= 78m? Fig. 3.10 Depth of C.G. of trapezoidal area ABCD from free surface of water, (16-10) ot 10631 ox hs 3 7 = 18036 «2.79 fom water ste (i Total Pressure (F). Total pressure, F is given byHydrostatic Forces on Surfaces 79 = peal = 1000 x 9.81 x 78 x 2.769 N 2118783 N = 2.118783 MN. Ans. (id) Contre of Pressure (ht). Centre of pressure is given hy equation (3.5) a8 lea ne ‘Ah where /, = M.O.L of trapezoidal ABCD about its C.G. Let Jo, = M.O.L of rectangle FBCE about its C.G. Ig, = M.O.L of two As ABF and ECD about its C.G. bd? _10x6° 4 Then ov wm eT 80 [,, is the M.OL. of the rectangle about the axis passing through G,, M.OLL of the rectangle about the axis passing through the C.G. of the trapezoidal fg, + Arca of rectangle x? where x; is distance between the C.G. of rectangle and C.G. of trapezoidal 3.0 ~ 2.769) = 0.231 m M.OLL of PBCE passing through C.G. of trapezoidal = 180 + 10 x 6 x (0.231)? = 180 + 3.20 = 183.20 m* Now Mo.LofABDin i. 3:11 sou Gy = (16-10) x6" _ 46 ~ 36, a ‘The distance between the C. of triangle and C.G. of trapezoidal 2.769 — 2.0) = 0.769 M.O.L of the two As about an axis passing through C.G. of trapezoidal = Ig, + Area of triangles x (.769) = 3600 + 8 s¢.769)° A Fe D = 36.0 + 10.64 = 46.64 M.0.L. of trapezoidal about its C.G. MOL af etagle abou the C6 of wapezsial om Deceit et eee me ee Pers cerca }83.20 + 46.64 = 229.84 m* wee legh Be a ig. 3.11 where A= 78, i = 2.769 = 9769 = 1.068 +2769 = 3885 Ans F218 Alternate Method ‘The distance of the C.G. of the trapezoidal channel from surface AD is given by (refer to Table 3.1 oon page 71)80 Fluid Mechanics (a+) (a+) _ (210416) (0+16) h xt 3 $ (+ a= 10, 16 and h=6) 36 5 _ = 8 x2=2169m This is also equal to the distance of the C.G. of the trapezoidal from free surface of water. i= 2.769 m ‘Total pressure, F=pgAh A= 78) 1000 x 9.81 x 78 x 2.769 N = 2118783 N. Ans. Centre of Pressure, = 64h an Now J, from Table 3.1 is given by, (@+4ap40?) (10 +4x10%16+167) (cis .ba) sen meet 10.4165)) 36(a+b) 36 (10 + 16) (100 + 640 +256) 36x26 229.846 782769 3.833 m. Ans. Problem 3.9 A trapezoidal channel 2 m wide at the bottom and I m deep has side slopes I: Determine : (i) the total pressure, and (ii) the centre of pressure on the vertical gate closing the channel when it is full of water. Solution. Given : Width at bottom x6 x 216 = 229.846 m* + 2.769 Ce A=78m?) Depth, tn Side slopes A WATER SURED Top with, 4D ee ‘Area of ectansle FBEC, a, FE eterna eoNa t\ 2m ‘Arca of trapezoidal ABCD, A= Ay + Ap=2+1=3m? Depth of C.G. of rectangle FBEC from water surface, Fig. 3.2Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces 81 Depth of C.G. of two triangles ABF and ECD from water surface, xtetm 313 Depth of C.G. of trapezoidal ABCD from free surface of water Ie Ay xT + Ay hia _ 205+ 1033333, (A+ A) +) () Total Pressure (F). Total pressure F is given by peak 1000 x 9.81 x 3.0°x 0.44444 = 13079.9 N. Ans. (Gi) Centre of Pressure (h). M.O.L of rectangle FBCE about its C.G., ba? _2xP 1g 1p, = Am 2126 ‘M.O.L of FBCE about an axis passing through the C.G. of trapezoidal or Io,* = Io, +A) X [Distance between C.G. of rectangle and C.G. of trapezoidal]? 42x (0.5 4444]? = 1666 + 006182 = 0.1727 MOL. of the two triangles ABF and ECD about theit C.G., 7, be Ge DxP 2 36 36 36 18 ‘MOL of the two triangles about the C.G. of trapezoidal, Io,8 = Io, + Aa X (Distance between C.G. of tia les and C.G. of trapezoidal]? 0.0555 + (1111)? = 0555 + 0.01234 = 0.06789 m* ‘M.OLL of the trapezoidal about its C.G. Ig Ig, *+ Ig, #= A727 + 06789 = 0.24059 m* ‘Then centre of pressure (h) on the vertical trapezoidal, Jo. 4 = 024059 Ah” |” 3x.4446 = 0.625 m. Ans. + 4444 = 0.18046 + 4444 = 0.624882. Fluid Mechanics Alternate Method ‘The distance of the C.G. of the trapezoidal channel from surface AD is given by (refer to Table 3.1 oon page 7). (ath) h_2x2+4) (a+b) 3 (2#4) 0.444 m 444m “+ Total pressure, peAh = 1000 x 9.81 x 3.0 x 444 A= 3.0) = 13079 N. Ans. Contre of pressure, ht = 24 where Ig from Table 3.1 i given by (a* + dab +b” (2? +4x2xd44" fyn eee) po BeePKde 4), 82 goat 36(a+8) 362A) 36x6 Ae oa + 444 = 0.625 m. Ans. 30x.444 Problem 3.10 A square aperture in the vertical side of a tank has one diagonal vertical and is completely covered by a plane plate hinged along one of the upper sides of the aperture. The diagonals of the aperture are 2 m long and the tank contains a liquid of specific gravity 1.15. The centre of aperture is 1.5 m below the free surface. Calculate the thrust exerted on the plate by the liquid and position ofits centre of pressure. Solution. Given : Diagonals of aperture, AC = BD = 2m «+ Area of square aperture, A = Area of ACB + Area of AACD ACK BO 2 Sp. gt of liquid 15 Density of liquid, p= 1.15 x 1000= Depth of centre of aperture from free surface, 150 kg/m? 15m SQUARE tN VY #—2m Fig. 3.3Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces 83 (@ The thrust on the plate is given by peal (Gi) Centre of pressure (h") is given by 190 «9.81 x 2x 1.5 = 3384.5. Ans. Al M.OL of ABCD about diagonal AC M.O\L of triangle ABC about AC + M.OLL of triangle ACD about AC = ACHOR’ , AC OD" M.0.Lofatriangleaboutitshase = R 2 2 2xP 2x1 R12 a 352 4 1.521.611 mam. DAs 3x2x15 Problem 3.11 A tank contains water upto a height of 0.5 m above the base. An immiscible liquid of Sp. gr. 0.8 is filled on the top of water upto I m height. Calculate : i) total pressure on one side of the tank, (ii) the position of centre of pressure for one side of the tank, which is 2 m wide. Solution. Given : Depth of water 15m Depth of Hiquid m Sp. gr. of liquid 18 Density of liquid, £8 x 1000 = 800 kg/m’ Density of water, (000 kg/m? Width of tank m () Total pressure on one side is calculated by drawing pressure diagram, which is shown in Fig. 3.14. Intensity of pressure on top, Intensity of pressure on D (or DE), pp = pys-y = 800 x 9.81 x 1.0 = 7848 Nim? eae | 4905.6 oR Fig. 3.14 Intensity of pressure on base (or BC),py = Pgh, + Pag x 0.5 848 + 1000 x 9.81 x 0.5 = 7848 + 4905 = 12753 Nim? Now force F, = Area of AADE x Width of tank X AD x DEX 2.0 = + x 1x 7848 x 2.0 = 7848 N