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Ratios
4
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
Unit Overview
In this unit you will study ratios, rates, proportions, and percents Why is it important to
as you explore applications and use them to solve problems. understand calculations with
ratios, rates, and percents?
Key Terms Why are proportional
As you study this unit, add these and other terms to your math relationships important in
notebook. Include in your notes your prior knowledge of each mathematics?
word, as well as your experiences in using the word in different
mathematical examples. If needed, ask for help in pronouncing
new words and add information on pronunciation to your math
notebook. It is important that you learn new terms and use them EMBEDDED ASSESSMENTS
correctly in your class discussions and in your problem solutions.
These assessments, following
activities 19 and 21, will give you an
Academic Vocabulary opportunity to demonstrate your
• benchmark ability to work with ratios, rates, and
percents to solve mathematical and
Math Terms real-world problems involving
• ratio proportional relationships.
• equivalent ratios Embedded Assessment 1:
• rate
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

Ratios and Rates p. 245

• dimensional analysis
• conversion factor Embedded Assessment 2:
• unit rate Understanding and
• unit price Applying Percents p. 273
• proportion
• percent
• average

213
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UNIT 4

Getting Ready
1. Label the scale on each number line as 5. Place the following numbers in a Venn
indicated. diagram to create a visual representation.
a. A: Whole numbers less than 12
3 6 18
B: Prime numbers less than 15
b. 1 to 2
A B
1 2
2. Identify each pair of fractions that are equal.
a. 2 and 4
3 5
b. 5 and 10
8 16
c. 3 and 7
7 15
d. 2 and 5
5 10
e. and 9
3 6. Find the value of each of the following.
5 15
a. $3.68 ÷ 4
3. Use division to find an equivalent decimal. b. $8.94 ÷ 6
Round quotients to the nearest hundredth. c. $10.32 ÷ 8
a. 3 7. a. Shade 1 of the figure.
8 3
b. 6
11
c. 6
9
d. 5
7
b. Shade 2 of the figure.
5
4. Complete each of the following:
a. 1 foot = inches
b. 1 yard = inches
c. 1 hour = minutes

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

d. 1 hour = seconds 8. Solve each of the following for x.
e. 1 cup = ounces a. 7x = 21
f. 1 pound = ounces b. 4x = 10
g. 1 dime = pennies c. 1.2x = 24
d. 2.5x = 6

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Understanding Ratios ACTIVITY 17

All About Pets
Lesson 17-1 Understanding Ratios
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language.
• Represent ratios with concrete models, fractions, and decimals.
• Give examples of ratios as multiplicative comparisons of two
quantities describing the same attribute.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Interactive Word Wall,
Visualization, Create Representations, Look for a Pattern
MATH TERMS
A ratio is a comparison of two quantities. Ratios can represent a
comparison of part-to-part, part-to-whole, or whole-to-part. Ratios can Each part of a ratio is called a term.
be written as fractions, or using the word “to” or a colon. Terms can be:
• Numbers, such as 4 and 8: 48 ,
4 to 8, 4:8
Example A • Variables, such as x and y: xy ,
x to y, x:y
Use the tags below. Find each of these ratios: • The product of a number and a
a. stars to bones variable, such as 3x and 9y:
b. stars to total number of tags 3 x , 3x to 9y, 3x:9y
9y
c. total number of tags to bones
Write each ratio three different ways. State whether the ratio is a part-
to-part, part-to-whole, or whole-to-part.

Solution:
a. stars to bones
number of stars = 4
part-to-part: ; 4 to 8, 4:8
number of bones 8 MATH TIP
b. stars to total number of tags
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

number of stars = 4 Like fractions, ratios can

part-to-whole: ; 4 to 12; 4:12 sometimes be rewritten in lowest
number of tags 12
c. total number of tags to bones terms.
number of tags 4 = 1 , 1 to 2, or 1:2
whole-to-part: = 12 ; 12 to 8; 12:8 8 2
number of bones 8
4 = 1 , 1 to 3, or 1:3
12 3
Try These A 12 = 3 , 3 to 2, or 3:2
Use ratios to compare the pet toys shown. Write each ratio three 8 2
different ways. State whether the ratio is a part-to-part, part-to-whole,
or whole-to-part.

a. balls of yarn to mice

b. white balls of yarn to total number of toys

c. gray mice to white mice

Activity 17 • Understanding Ratios 215

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ACTIVITY 17 Lesson 17-1

continued Understanding Ratios

My Notes
A ratio is also a multiplicative comparison of two quantities.
The ratio of circles to the total number of shapes below is 2 .
5

This means 2 of all the shapes are circles and that for every 2 circles
5
added, a total of 5 shapes will be added.
Suppose a set of shapes with the pattern above includes 8 circles. You
MATH TIP know that 2 × 4 = 8, so multiply the number of shapes in the repeating
Like fractions, ratios can be written part of the set (2 circles + 3 squares = 5 shapes) by 4 to find the total
as decimals. The ratio 3 is the number of shapes when there are 8 circles: 5 × 4 = 20 total shapes.
4
quotient of 3 ÷ 4 or 0.75.

Example B
Make sense of problems. In January, for every 3 cats adopted, 4 dogs
were adopted. A total of 16 dogs were adopted. How many cats were
adopted?
Step 1: Write a ratio comparing the number of cats to the number of
dogs adopted.
number of cats = 3
number of dogs 4
The number of cats adopted is 3 times the number of dogs
4
adopted.
Step 2: Multiply the ratio times the number needed to create an
equivalent ratio showing 16 dogs.
3 × 4 = 12 cats
4 4 16 dogs

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

Solution: 12 cats were adopted.
Check: Does the ratio of 12 cats to 16 dogs equal 3 ?
4
12 = 12 ÷ 4 = 3
16 16 ÷ 4 4

Try These B
At the dog park on Monday, 2 dogs out of every 5 were terriers. A total
of 20 dogs were at the park.
a. How many terriers were there? Explain how you got your answer.

b. The ratio of Irish terriers to the total number of terriers was 1:4.
How many of the terriers were Irish terriers? Explain how you got
your answer.

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Lesson 17-1 ACTIVITY 17

Understanding Ratios continued

My Notes
Check Your Understanding

1. For a given ratio, how many equivalent ratios can be written?

Explain your reasoning.
2. How can you check to see if the ratio 1:2 is equivalent to another
ratio?
3. Find as many whole-number ratios equal to 50:100 as you can,
using division.

LESSON 17-1 PRACTICE

4. Use ratios to compare the dog bowls shown. Write each ratio three
different ways. State whether the ratio is a part-to-part, part-to-
whole, or whole-to-part.

a. white bowls to total number of bowls

b. black bowls to gray bowls
c. all bowls to bowls that are not gray
5. At the veterinarian’s office, 4 animals out of every 5 seen were cats.
A total of 35 animals were seen.
a. How many cats were seen?
b. The ratio of male cats to all cats seen was 6:7. How many of the
cats seen were males?
6. There are twelve rabbits in a cage. The ratio of white rabbits to all
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

rabbits is 3:4. How many white rabbits are in the cage?

7. Make sense of problems. Each veterinarian has seen 40 animals
today. Two out of every 5 animals Vet A has seen have been dogs.
Three out of every 8 animals Vet B has seen have been dogs. Which
vet saw more dogs today? Explain your reasoning.
8. Reason abstractly. The ratio of red collars to black collars sold at
one store is 9 to 10. In one month 30 black collars are sold. Is 57 a
reasonable number for the total number of red and black collars sold
that month? Explain your reasoning.
9. There are 15 black mice in a cage. The ratio of all mice to black mice
is 5:1. How many mice are in the cage?

Activity 17 • Understanding Ratios 217

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ACTIVITY 17 Lesson 17-2

continued Ratios in Proportional Relationships

My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Make tables of equivalent ratios relating quantities.
• Use tables to compare ratios.
• Plot the pairs of values on the coordinate plane and describe the
relationship.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Interactive Word Wall,
Visualization, Create Representations, Identify a Subtask
Relationships that have equivalent ratios are called proportional
MATH TERMS relationships. All the columns in a ratio table show equivalent ratios.
Equivalent ratios are ratios that
name the same number, just as
equivalent fractions do.
Example A
Equivalent ratios are found by
Reason quantitatively. A recipe for a homemade dog treat calls for
multiplying or dividing both terms
of a ratio by the same number. a mixture of 8 ounces of oats to 12 ounces of finely chopped liver.
Complete the ratio table.

8÷4 8÷2 8×2 8 × 10

Oats (oz) 8 16
Liver (oz) 3 6 12 120
12 ÷ 4 12 ÷ 2 12 × 2 12 × 10

a. How many ounces of liver are needed with 16 oz of oats?

Solution: 24 oz of liver are needed with 16 oz of oats.

b. How many ounces of oats are needed with 120 oz of liver?

Solution: 80 oz of oats are needed with 120 oz of liver.

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

c. Use the table to name four ratios equivalent to 8 .
12
Solution: The ratios 2 , 4 , 16 , and 80 are equivalent to 8 .
3 6 24 120 12
Try These A
a. In one recipe for dog biscuits, the ratio of cups of water to cups of
flour used is 3:9. Complete the ratio table.

3÷3 3×2 3×4 3×6 3×9

Water (c) 3 6 12
Flour (c) 3 9 54 81
9÷3 9×2 9×4 9×6 9×9

b. How many cups of water are needed with 81 cups of flour?

c. How many cups of flour are needed with 12 cups of water?
d. Use the table to name five ratios equivalent to 3:9.

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Lesson 17-2 ACTIVITY 17

Ratios in Proportional Relationships continued

My Notes
A relationship is proportional if the graph of the relationship is a set of
points through which a straight line can be drawn and the straight line
passes through the point (0, 0).

Example B
At the animal food store, 20 dog biscuits cost $6. Is the relationship
between the number of biscuits and the cost proportional?
Step 1: Make a ratio table.

Number of Biscuits, x 10 20 40 60
Total Cost ($), y 3 6 12 18

Step 2: Graph the relationship between the number of biscuits x and

the cost y.
Plot the ordered pairs Cost of Dog Biscuits
(x, y) from the table: y
18
(10, 3), (20, 6), (40, 12),
15
and (60, 18). 12
Cost ($)

9
6
3
0 x
0 20 40 60 80
Number of Biscuits

Solution: A line passes through all the points and through (0, 0). This
means that the relationship is proportional.
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

Try These B
Graph each relationship in the My Notes section to the right. Determine
if the relationship is proportional or not proportional. Explain your
reasoning
a.
Number of Hours, x 2 4 6 8 9
Total Cost ($), y 15 25 35 45 50
b.
Number of Hours, x 2 4 6 8 9
Total Cost ($), y 6 12 18 24 27

Activity 17 • Understanding Ratios 219

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ACTIVITY 17 Lesson 17-2

continued Ratios in Proportional Relationships

My Notes
Check Your Understanding

1. How can you use a ratio table to find the value of x in the ratio x:20
if the ratio is equivalent to 5:2? Explain your reasoning.
2. Name two ways to determine if the x- and y-values in a table have a
proportional relationship.

LESSON 17-2 PRACTICE

3. Reason quantitatively. The recipe for a homemade dog treat calls
for a mixture of 2 eggs for every 8 cups of flour.
a. Complete the ratio table.

Number of Eggs 1 2 6
Cups of Flour 8 40 64

b. How many eggs are needed with 40 cups of flour?

c. How many cups of flour are needed with 6 eggs?
2
d. Use the table to name four ratios equivalent to 8 .
e. Which ratio is equivalent to 2:8 in lowest terms?
4. Model with mathematics. For every 4 days of dog sitting Julie
charges $20.
a. Complete the table to find the amount Julie should
charge for 1, 2, and 8 days of dog sitting.

Number of Days, x 1 2 4 8

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

Total Cost ($), y 20

b. Graph the relationship between the number of days x and the

cost y.
c. Is the relationship between the number of days and the cost
proportional? Justify your answer.
d. Use your graph to determine how much Julie should charge for 6
days of dog sitting.
e. Is 4:20 equivalent to 10:50? Explain using the graph.
5. Are 2 and 5 equivalent ratios? Justify your answer.
3 6
6. Are and 6 equivalent ratios? Justify your answer.
2
7 21
2 3
7. Are and equivalent ratios? Justify your answer.
4 6

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Understanding Ratios ACTIVITY 17

All About Pets continued

ACTIVITY 17 PRACTICE 6. Which of the following expressions is not a

Write your answers on notebook paper. ratio?
Show your work. 2
A. 3 B. 2:3
Lesson 17-1 C. 2 to 3 D. 2 + 3
1. Write a ratio in three different ways to represent 7. Which of the following compares the number
the number of boys to the number of girls in of stars to the number of circles?
the class.

Girls Boys A. 6 B. 4:3

8
12 15 C. 3:4 D. 8 to 14
8. How does a ratio comparing the number of
2. Write a ratio for each situation. squares to the total number of shapes compare
a. 310 heartbeats per 5 minutes to a ratio comparing the number of arrows to
b. $68 for 8 hours of work the total number of shapes?
c. Work 40 hours in 5 days
3. A recent study shows that out of 100 pieces of a
popular multicolored snack, there will usually
be the following number of pieces of each 9. There are three types of animals in the pictures
color. in Mica’s album: horses, cows, and sheep. The
ratio of horses to total number of animals in
Brown Yellow Red Blue Orange Green the pictures is 2:8. The ratio of cows to total
13 14 13 24 20 16 number of animals in the pictures is 1:4.
a. What can you conclude about the number of
a. The numbers for two colors form a ratio horses and the number of cows in the
that is equal to 7 . What are the colors? pictures?
12
What is their ratio? b. There are 40 animals pictured in Mica’s
b. If there were 500 pieces, about how many album. How many are either horses or cows?
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

would be red? 10. Write a ratio in lowest terms for each type of
4. Katie is making lemonade from a powder mix. relationship for the following shapes.
The ratio of scoops of powder mix to water is
4 scoops to 1 gallon.
a. How much water should Katie mix if she a. part-to-whole
uses 12 scoops of mix? b. part-to-part
b. How much powder mix should Katie use if c. whole-to-part
she plans to use 5 gallons of water?
5. There are a total of 60 plastic blocks. Three out
of every 5 blocks are red. Is it reasonable for
Briana to think there are enough red blocks to
make a design that uses 32 red blocks? Explain
your reasoning.

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ACTIVITY 17 Understanding Ratios

continued All About Pets

Lesson 17-2 14. The following is a graph of the number of

11. Complete the ratio table to show ratios hours driven versus the number of miles
equivalent to 9:33. traveled. Use the graph to answer parts a–c.
y
45 3 63
300
330 132
250
12. Which of the following ratios is not equivalent

Number of Miles
to 9:33? 200

18
A. 54 B. 150
198 66
C. 1 D. 6 100
25 22
50
13. The ratios 4:5 and x:80 have a proportional
x
relationship. What is the value of x? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A. 79 B. 100 Hours
C. 81 D. 64
a. Is the relationship between the number of
hours driven and the number of miles
traveled proportional? Explain your
reasoning.
b. After 3 hours of driving, how many miles
would be traveled?
c. Find the value of x.
2 = x
100 250

MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES
Construct Viable Arguments

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

15. Graph the following relationship. Determine if
the relationship is proportional or not
proportional. Explain your reasoning

Number of Pens, y 2 4 8 12
Total Cost ($), x 10 12 16 20

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Solve Problems Using Ratios ACTIVITY 18

A Picture Is Worth . . .
Lesson 18-1 Solve Problems Using Ratios
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve problems.
• Use ratio reasoning to convert measurement units.
• Apply quantitative reasoning, including predicting and comparing, to
solve real-world problems involving ratios and rates.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Close Reading, Construct
Arguments, Create Representations, Identify a Subtask
Everyone tells Chris that his stories and drawings are great. Career Week
is coming at his school and Chris is very excited to meet someone who MATH TERMS
has worked with movies and video game design. Chris decided to do A rate is a ratio that compares two
some research before Career Week and was surprised to find out how quantities with different units.
much math is involved in filming and animation. rate: miles 
→ 110 miles
hour 2 hours
Animation is a series of pictures that flip by quickly in order, making
something look like it is moving. A rate is a ratio that compares two rate: cost  → $3.18
ounces 12 ounces
quantities having different units. So, for animation, the number of
pictures that go by in a second is called the frame rate, or “fps.” Two
different frame rates are shown below.

= 60 pictures
1 second MATH TIP
60 fps
One second Rates written with a 1 as the
second term are called unit rates.
= 24 pictures
1 second
24 fps

Example A
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

a. Reason quantitatively. If a swimming fish is filmed at 120 frames

in one second, there are 120 photos of the fish. If you played the film
at 10 frames per second, how long would the film play?
Write and solve an equation using the play rate and s, the length of
the film in seconds.
number of photos
= play rate× number of seconds
1 second
120 = 10 ×s
1 sec 1 sec
120 = 10s
120 = 10s
10 10
12 = s
Solution: The film would play for 12 seconds.

Activity 18 • Solve Problems Using Ratios 223

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ACTIVITY 18 Lesson 18-1

continued Solve Problems Using Ratios

My Notes
b. If Chris films the swimming fish at four times the initial speed of 120
frames in 1 second, he will have more photos of the fish. How many
photos will he have with the faster filming?
Multiply the frame rate times the speed.
Number of photos = frame rate × new speed
120 photos
= ×4
1 second
= 480
Solution: Chris will have 480 photos at the new speed.

Try These A
If a swimming fish is filmed at 100 frames in one second, there are
100 photos of the fish.
a. If you played the film at 20 frames every second, how long would
the film play?

b. If Chris films the swimming fish at three times the initial speed, he
MATH TERMS will have more photos of the fish. How many photos will he have
Dimensional analysis is a with the faster filming?
problem-solving method that uses
the multiplicative identity property You can use dimensional analysis to solve problems that require one
of one. It states that any number or
expression can be multiplied by
unit to be converted to another. In Example B, the conversion factor is
one without changing its value. found first.
A conversion factor is a form of
the value “1” used to change from
one unit to another. Example B
Make sense of problems. How many frames would be needed for a

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

1-minute film if it is filmed at 1,000 frames every second?
Step 1: Determine the number of seconds in 1 minute. This is the
MATH TIP conversion factor.
Make sure you keep track of the 1 minute = 60 seconds
units by writing them as you solve
the problem. Then cross out the Step 2: Multiply 1,000 frames per second by 60 seconds per minute.
units that are the same in the 1, 000 frames 60 seconds 60, 000 frames seconds
numerator and denominator. × =
second 1 minute 1 second minute
60, 000 frames
=
1 minute
Solution: There are 60,000 frames in a 1-minute movie.

Try These B
How many frames would be needed for a 1-minute film if it is filmed at
2,500 frames every second?

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Lesson 18-1 ACTIVITY 18

Solve Problems Using Ratios continued

My Notes
Example C
A bean seed is filmed as it grows. It is being filmed at a rate of 1 frame
per minute. Predict how many hours of the bean’s growth will be shown
in 2,910 frames.

Step 1: Determine the number of frames in 1 hour to be used as the

conversion factor.
1 hour = 60 minutes, or 60 frames in 1 hour
The conversion factor is 1 hour .
60 frames
Step 2: Multiply and cross out the units that are the same in the
MATH TIP
numerator and denominator.
2, 910 frames 2, 910 frames hours When finding the conversion
× 1 hour = factor, think about multiplying by
film 60 frames 60 frames film
one.
2, 910 hours
=
60 films
Step 3: Divide 2,910 by 60 and label the solution.
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

2, 910 hours
= 48.5 hours per film
60 film
Solution: 2,910 frames will produce a 48.5-hour movie of the bean’s
growth.

Try These C
A rock candy crystal is filmed as it grows from a sugar solution. It is
being filmed at a rate of 1 frame per hour. Predict how many days of
the candy’s growth will be shown in 840 frames.

Activity 18 • Solve Problems Using Ratios 225

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ACTIVITY 18 Lesson 18-1

continued Solve Problems Using Ratios

My Notes
Check Your Understanding

1. Construct viable arguments. Explain how determining the

solution for Try These C was different from determining the
solution for Try These B.
2. Explain the process you use to determine how many centimeters of
film are in 7 meters of film.
3. A package of film weighs 28 4 ounces. What is the weight of the
5
package in pounds?

LESSON 18-1 PRACTICE

4. Chris found out that animators earn an average salary of $46,885 per
year. He wondered how much an animator earns per month.
a. What is the conversion factor to convert dollars per year to dollars
per month? (Hint: Think about your final answer. Should it be
smaller or larger than the yearly amount?)
b. What is the average monthly salary for an animator? Show your
work.
5. Chris is wondering how many hours are left until Career Week starts.
It is in 2 1 days.
2
a. What is the conversion factor that will be used to convert days to
hours?
b. How many hours are in 2 1 days? Show your work.
2
6. Make sense of problems. Do conversion factors always,
sometimes, or never have a numerator and denominator that are

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

equivalent? Explain your choice.
7. A flower is filmed as it goes from slowly opening in the morning to
closing up at night. It is being filmed at a rate of 1 frame per
30 seconds. Predict how many frames of the flower’s blooming will
be shown during 14 hours of daylight.

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Lesson 18-2 ACTIVITY 18

Convert Between Measurements Using Ratios continued

My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve problems by reasoning about
double number line diagrams and equations.
• Use ratio reasoning to convert measurement units.
• Represent mathematical and real-world problems involving ratios and
rates using scale factors and proportions.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Visualization, Self
Revision/Peer Revision, Discussion Groups, Sharing and Responding,
Create Representations
You can use double number line diagrams to help you solve some rate
problems.

Example A
Reason quantitatively. Chris may take some new photos at the beach
before Career Week. Film should be stored at temperatures below 55ºF.
When Chris leaves for the beach, the outside temperature is 37ºF. The
temperature is predicted to rise 4º every hour.
a. Predict how many hours Chris will be able to shoot photos at the
beach before the temperature is too warm to store his film in the car.
Use a double number line showing temperature and hours.

°F outside temperature
37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
hours at the beach
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

Since 55°F is halfway between 53°F and 57°F, the number of hours
should be halfway between 4 and 5 hours, or 4.5 hours.
Solution: Prediction: 4.5 hours
b. Confirm your prediction using dimensional analysis.
18 degrees 1 hour
55° − 37° = 18° and × = 18 = 4.5 hours
1 4 degrees 4
Solution: Chris will be able to shoot photos for
18° ÷ 4° per hour = 4.5 hours.

Try These A
a. Chris often sells his photos to the local newspaper for $3 each,
up to a limit of $40. Use a double number line to predict how many
photos Chris can sell before the limit is reached.
b. Confirm your prediction using dimensional analysis.

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Activity 18 Lesson 18-2

continued Convert Between Measurements Using Ratios

My Notes
Chris has to think about the sizes of photos as he converts between
sizes. Sizes are measured in inches in the United States and in the metric
system internationally. For instance, an 8˝ by 10˝ photo in the United
States is considered to be a 203 mm by 254 mm photo in other
countries.

Example B
The U.S. Department of State requires that a passport photo be sized so
that it is a square 2 inches by 2 inches.
a. What is the size of the photo in millimeters?
Step 1: Find the conversion factor.
There are approximately 2.54 centimeters per inch and 10
millimeters per centimeter.
2.54 cm × 10 mm = 2.54 cm × 10 mm
1 in. 1 cm 1 in. 1 cm
= 25 . 4 mm
1 in.
There are 25.4 millimeters per inch. This is the conversion
factor.
Step 2: Convert the dimension in inches to millimeters.
25.4 mm × 2 in. = 25.4 mm × 2 in.
1 in. side 1 in. side
= 50 . 8 mm
side
Solution: Each side of the photo must be about 51 millimeters.
b. In the passport photo, the head must be between 25 and 35

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

millimeters from the bottom of the chin to the top of the head. If the
head is also a square, what is the minimum and maximum amount
of area the person’s head must take up?
Step 1: Find the area of the photo in square millimeters.
Since each side of the photo is about 51 millimeters, the area
is 51 mm ×51 mm = 2,601 mm 2 .
Step 2: Find the area of the head in square millimeters.
mimimum area: 25 mm × 25 mm = 625 mm 2
maximum area: 35 mm × 35 mm = 1,225 mm 2
Solution: The person’s head must take up from 625 mm2 to 1,225 mm2
of the photo.

Try These B
Chris resized a 5 in. by 7 in. photo into a passport photo. What is the
original size of the photo in millimeters?

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Lesson 18-2 ACTIVITY 18

Convert Between Measurements Using Ratios continued

My Notes
You can resize a figure by any scale factor so that the new figure is the exact
same shape as the original figure.

Example C
Chris wants to resize an 8-inch by 10-inch photo by the scale factor 3 .
4
What will be the dimensions of the new photo?
Step 1: Convert the 8-inch side using x, the width of the new photo.
3 = x in. Write a proportion using x.
4 8 in.
4 x = 24 Cross-multiply.
4 x = 24 Divide each side by 4.
4 4
x =6 Simplify.
Step 2: Convert the 10-inch side using y, the length of the new photo.
3 = y in. Write a proportion using y.
4 10 in.
4 y = 30 Cross-multiply.
4 y 30
= Divide each side by 4.
4 4
y = 7. 5 Simplify.
Solution: The new photo will be 6 inches by 7.5 inches.

Try These C
Chris wants to resize a 12-inch by 14-inch photo by the scale factor 2 .
3
What will be the dimensions of the new photo?
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

Activity 18 • Solve Problems Using Ratios 229

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ACTIVITY 18 Lesson 18-2

continued Convert Between Measurements Using Ratios

My Notes
Check Your Understanding

1. Chris may sell some photos of the beach online for $2 each.
Use a double number line to predict how many photos he needs to
sell to earn at least $21.
2. Chris wants to resize a 4-inch by 6-inch photo by a factor of 4 .
3
What are the dimensions of the new photo?

LESSON 18-2 PRACTICE

3. Reason quantitatively. Chris’s work was a hit during Career
Week. The filmmaker told Chris that she would pay him to illustrate
some of her story lines on her next project at the rate of $120 per
8-hour day.
a. How much did Chris earn by working on the project for 20 hours?
b. Make a graph of the relationship between the number of hours
Chris worked and the amount he earned.
c. Look at your graph. How much does Chris earn for 6 hours of
work?
4. For the project, Chris included resized pictures of Career Week. He
resized his 5-inch by 7-inch pictures by a factor of 1 . What are the
dimensions of the new photos? 2

5. Chris noticed that 3 of his flash drive contained photos he took

4
during the week. His flash drive holds 16 GB. If 1 GB = 1,024 MB
(megabytes), and 1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes, how many bytes were
photos taken during Career Week?

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

6. Chris found out that 7 of the students in his school attended Career
8
Day. If his school has 928 students, how many students attended that
day?
7. The temperature outside school at noon on Career Day was 48°F,
and it dropped 2°F each hour. If Career Day lasted 6 hours, what was
the temperature outside at the end of Career Day?

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Solve Problems Using Ratios Activity 18

A Picture Is Worth . . . continued

ACTIVITY 18 PRACTICE
Write your answers on notebook paper.
Show your work.
Lesson 18-1
1. If a horse is filmed during a race at 100 frames 7. One yard of film is how many inches?
in one second, there are 100 photos of the horse. A. 12 B. 24
a. If you played the film at 10 frames every C. 36 D. 48
second, how long would the film play? 8. The filmmaker took 66 inches of film during
b. If you tripled the speed of filming, how Career Week.
many photos would you have with the faster a. How many feet of film did she take?
filming? b. If she filmed at a rate of 400 frames per
2. How many frames would be needed for a second and it took 1 minute to film 1 inch of
1-minute film if it is filmed at 500 frames every film, how many photos did she take? Justify
second? your answer.
3. A rubber ball is filmed as it bounces on a 9. There are two grades of students at Career Day:
sidewalk at 25 frames every second. Predict sixth and seventh. The sixth graders spent an
how many seconds of film will be shown in average of 1.5 minutes at each booth, while the
1,750 frames. Justify your answer. seventh graders spent an average of 2.5 minutes
4. How many seconds of film is in 120 minutes of at each booth. Each student visited every booth
video? and checked it off a list.
A. 2 B. 720 a. How many sixth graders visited the first
C. 120 D. 7,200 booth in 3 hours?
b. What is the total number of hours spent by
5. How many ounces are in 2.5 pounds of seeds 400 seventh graders visiting 10 booths?
bought to film one scene of a movie?
5 10. A typical scanning format for high-definition
A. B. 30 television is 25 frames per second, with each
32 frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

C. 40 D. 400
high. How many pixels are displayed in a
6. The average salary for a photographer in minute?
Chris’s town is $54,800 per year. A. 48,000 B. 2,880,000
a. What is the conversion factor to convert C. 2,073,600 D. 3,110,400,000
dollars per year to dollars per week?
b. What is the average weekly salary for a
photographer?

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ACTIVITY 18 Solve Problems Using Ratios

continued A Picture Is Worth . . .

Lesson 18-2
11. An online seller is offering photo images for 16. Your teacher taught you how to enlarge a
$0.99 each. Use a double number line to predict diagram by drawing squares on the diagrams
how many images can be bought with $17.50. and then copying the image within each square
A. 8 B. 17 to a larger square that has each dimension
C. 18 D. 175 equal to 4 times the corresponding dimension
12. Suppose you earn $7.80 per hour. How much of the smaller square. If the area of the original
will you earn if you work a 20-hour week? image is 32 square inches, what is the area of
the enlarged image?
13. The filmmaker drove her car a distance of 250 A. 32 in.2 B. 64 in.2
miles to get to Chris’s school. She traveled the C. 128 in.2 D. 512 in.2
first 200 miles in 4 hours. At this rate, how long
will it take her to make the complete trip? 17. Chris saved some of his photos on his
A. 1 hr B. 4 hr computer tablet. The height of his tablet is 9.5
C. 5 hr D. 5.5 hr inches, and the width is 7.31 inches. What are
the dimensions of the tablet in millimeters?
14. Howard made a poster for the school
advertising Career Week. He first sketched his
MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES
design on an 8.5 in. by 11 in. sheet of notebook
Attend to Precision
paper. Then he expanded his design using a
scale factor of 4. 18. A store is advertising a new, smaller computer
a. What are the dimensions of the poster? tablet with a height of 7.87 inches and a width
b. What is the area of the poster? of 5.3 inches. What is the area of the face of the
c. What is the ratio of the area of the poster to smaller tablet in square centimeters?
the area of the sketch?
15. Suppose you resized an 8-inch by 10-inch
photo to be an 11-inch by 14-inch photo. Did
you use the same scale factor for each of the
dimensions? Explain.

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

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Understanding Rates and Unit Rate ACTIVITY 19

Zooming!
Lesson 19-1 Understanding Rates and Unit Rates
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Understand the concept of a unit rate a associated with the ratio a : b
b
with b ≠ 0.
• Use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship.
• Give examples of rates as the comparison by division of two quantities
having different attributes.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Marking the Text,
Interactive Word Wall, Graphic Organizer, Self Revision/Peer Revision
For the last 28 years, students have participated in the Science Olympiad.
The 2012 Science Olympiad drew 6,200 teams from 50 states. In this
activity, you will use ratios and rates to describe some Science
Olympiad events.
One Science Olympiad event requires teams to build a mousetrap car that
both is fast and can go certain distances.
Several teams of students have decided to compete in the Mousetrap Car
event. They will use mousetraps to act as the motor of their car. Seven of
the students want to use wooden mousetraps, and 9 of the students want
to use plastic mousetraps.
1. Write a ratio in fraction form that shows the relationship of the
number of team members who want wooden traps to the number of
team members who want plastic traps.

When wooden traps are compared to plastic traps, you compare different
types of traps (wooden and plastic), but they have the same unit (traps).
This is a ratio because the units are the same.
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

2. The coaches know that the students will need extra traps. These are
needed so that the students can practice. Write a ratio equivalent to
the one you wrote in Item 1 that shows the relationship of wooden
traps to plastic traps, assuming each member will need 8 traps.

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ACTIVITY 19 Lesson 19-1

continued Understanding Rates and Unit Rates

My Notes
3. Use this ratio to determine:
a. How many of each type of trap to buy.

b. The total number of traps needed. Show your work.

Another way to figure out the total number of traps needed is to write a
ratio comparing traps to people.
4. Write the average number of traps per 1 person as a ratio in
fraction form.

You have just written is a special type of ratio known as a rate. This rate
MATH TERMS shows a relationship between quantities measured with different units
A rate is a comparison of two (traps and people).
different units, such as miles per
When the rate is per 1 unit, such as traps per 1 person, it is called a
hour, or two different things
measured with the same unit, unit rate. Unit rates are easy to spot because they are often written with
such as cups of concentrate per the word per or with a slash (/) (for example, traps per team member or
cups of water. traps/team member).
Rates are called unit rates when 5. Name at least 2 other rates expressed with the word per.
they are expressed in terms of
1 unit.
Examples of unit rates are 60 miles
6. Describe a situation that uses a unit rate.
per hour and 12 words per second.

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

Check Your Understanding

7. A factory can produce small wheels for the mousetrap cars at a rate
of 18,000 wheels in 3 hours. What is the unit rate per hour?
8. Use the unit rate you found in Item 4 to find the total number
of traps needed for the Mousetrap Car event. Fill in the values
you know.

Unit Rate Rate for Total

Traps/1 Person Total Traps/Total People

traps traps
=
person 16 people

9. How does this compare to your answer in Item 3b? Explain.

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Lesson 19-1 ACTIVITY 19

Understanding Rates and Unit Rates continued

My Notes
10. Use the Venn diagram below to compare and contrast ratios, rates,
and unit rates. Give an example of each in the diagram.
MATH TIP
Remember that the regions of the
Venn diagram that are outside the
common regions should be
information that is unique to
that topic.

LESSON 19-1 PRACTICE

11. Find the missing value. $40 =
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

8 mousetraps 1 mousetrap
12. The science teacher bought 20 mousetraps for $59.99. What was the
unit cost for each mousetrap?
48 mousetraps x mousetraps
13. Solve: = .
6 people 1 person
14. Students spent an average of $5.50 to buy materials for the Science
Olympiad. If they each built 3 mousetrap cars, what was their unit
cost per car?
15. Give an example of a rate that is not a unit rate. Explain your choice.
16. Make sense of problems. Do rates always have to be expressed as
a quotient? Explain how you know.
17. A recipe has a ratio of 2 cups of flour to 3 cups of sugar. How much
flour is there for each cup of sugar?
18. A punch recipe has a ratio of 3 pints of sparkling water to 5 pints of
fruit juice. How much sparkling water is there for each pint of fruit
juice?

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ACTIVITY 19 Lesson 19-2

continued Calculating Unit Rates

My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Solve unit rate problems.
• Convert units within a measurement system, including the use of
proportions and unit rates.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Marking the Text,
Interactive Word Wall, Visualization, Identify a Subtask, Create a Plan
Another Science Olympiad event is Bottle Rockets. To compete in this
MATH TERMS event, a team must have a large supply of plastic bottles. The coaches and
When a problem involves working students decide to take advantage of specials on bottled drinks at two
with money, the unit rate is called local stores. They will drink the contents of the bottles at their practices
the unit price. The unit price tells and meetings and use the bottles themselves to make the rockets.
you the cost of one item, in this
case the price of 1 bottle.

Kro ke r’s Ma rke t: Sla nn ’s Su pe rst ore :

2 bo ttl es for $2 .98 3 bo ttl es for $4 .35
$1 .59 ea ch $1 .59 ea ch

1. From the advertisements above, predict which store has the less
nose cone expensive bottled drinks.

compressed air 2. How can finding the unit rate for the drinks help you to determine
plastic soda bottle
which store to order the bottled drinks from?
water

fins

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

3. Use the price chart for Kroker’s Market.
nozzle a. Determine the unit price per bottle if you buy the drinks using
expelled water
Kroker’s 2-bottle deal.

b. How much do the students save by using the 2-bottle deal instead
of buying 2 bottled drinks at the regular price?

4. Use the price chart for Slann’s Superstore.

a. Determine the unit price per bottle if you buy the drinks using
Slann’s 3-bottle deal.

b. How much do the students save by using the 3-bottle deal instead
of buying 3 bottled drinks at the regular price?

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Lesson 19-2 ACTIVITY 19

Calculating Unit Rates continued

My Notes
5. Reason quantitatively. To decide where they will get the better
deal, the students cannot simply compare unit rates. Since they need
a specific number of bottled drinks, the better deal may depend on
how many bottled drinks they are buying.
a. Determine how much it would cost to buy 7 bottles from Kroker’s
Market. (Hint: The students can use the deal for every 2 bottled
drinks they buy, but the seventh bottle will be at regular price.)
Show your work.

b. Determine how much it would cost to buy 7 bottled drinks from

Slann’s Superstore. Show your work.

c. Where should the students buy their drinks if they want to buy
7 bottles? Explain.

The students now have all of the bottles that they need. They have just a
few more supplies to purchase. READING MATH
One needed supply is 1 -inch PVC pipe to build bottle launchers for Symbols are sometimes used to
2 represent units in a measurement.
practice and competition. They do not need a specific amount of pipe, For example, ˝ is used for inches,
because they will use the extra pipe in the future. They want to find the i.e., 9˝ = 9 inches. Similarly,
best deals on this pipe by the foot. ´ is used for feet, i.e., 8´ = 8 feet.
6. The table shows rates for the cost of 1 -inch PVC pipe at three
2
different wholesalers.

Big S Supplies Build It Again, Sam Building Stuff

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

$1.45/2 feet $3.98/5 feet $1.77/2 feet

$28.77/50 feet

a. Find the unit rate for each of the prices at each of the suppliers
above. Show all of your work.

Big S Supplies Build It Again, Sam Building Stuff

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ACTIVITY 19 Lesson 19-2

continued Calculating Unit Rates

My Notes
b. Where should the PVC pipe be purchased? Explain why.

c. Explain why the numbers in the table make it easier to use unit
rates to compare prices than using equivalent ratios.

MATH TERMS Now, look at just the two pipe prices at Big S Supplies. When trying to
Proportions are two ratios that are decide which PVC pipe to buy at Big S Supplies, a proportion can also
equal to each other. be used.
3 = 9 is a proportion because the In this case, let c represent the unknown cost of the pipe for 50 feet.
5 15
two ratios are equal.
$1.45 = c
2 feet 50 feet
To determine a rule that can be used to solve for c, think about what you
already know about solving equations.
7. Write the steps you would use in solving this proportion.
$1.45 = c
2 feet 50 feet

8. Construct viable arguments. How can you use this proportion to

determine which is the less expensive PVC pipe at Big S Supplies?

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

Explain your reasoning.

9. The length of a car measures 20 feet. What is the length of a model

of the car if the scale factor is 1 inch:2.5 feet?

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Lesson 19-2 ACTIVITY 19

Calculating Unit Rates continued

My Notes
Check Your Understanding

10. The table shows rates for the cost of buying toy rocket packages.
The packages cannot be broken up. What is the unit rate for each of
the prices shown?

ABC Toys Z Science Supply K Museum Store

$49.95/5 rockets $29.99/2 rockets $34.95/3 rockets

11. Where should the teacher buy the toy rockets? Explain why.
12. Suppose the teacher wanted to buy exactly 6 toy rockets.
Where should she buy them? Explain.
13. Explain why unit rates may be used to compare prices.

LESSON 19-2 PRACTICE

14. Gordon read 18 pages of a book about rockets in 40 minutes. What
was the unit rate per minute? Per hour?
15. Renaldo earned $45 organizing the science section of the library. If
he worked for 6 hours, what was his hourly rate of pay?
16. Make sense of problems. The price of jet fuel in North America
during the last week of 2012 was recorded as $3,062 for 1,000 gallons.
What was the unit price of the jet fuel?
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

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ACTIVITY 19 Lesson 19-3

continued Calculating Rates of Speed

My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve problems.
• Represent mathematical and real-world problems involving ratios and
rates using scale factors and proportions.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Marking the Text, Predict
and Confirm, Look for a Pattern
Some contestants in the Mousetrap Car event try to build the fastest car.
Below are some Mousetrap Car record holders:
• One car raced 5 meters in 1.25 seconds.
• Another car raced 10 meters in 4.30 seconds.
• Another car raced 7 meters in 2.81 seconds.
1. Work with your group. Predict which of these mousetrap cars is
the fastest.

2. What is the average speed of the mousetrap car that covered 5 meters
in 1.25 seconds?
To determine this, you must find the number of meters for one
second. Find the meters per second by finding an equivalent ratio.
Divide by 1 in the form of 1.25 .
1.25
5 meters
÷ 1.25 = meters
1.25 seconds 1.25 second
3. Express regularity in repeated reasoning. Another way to find
the speed of each mousetrap car is to reason this way: “If 5 meters is

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

the distance the car travels in 1.25 seconds, then how many meters
does the car travel in 1 second?”
a. Explain why a proportion can be used to find the speed of the
mousetrap car. Then write and solve the proportion.

b. Write this unit rate using the word per.

4. Confirm your prediction from Item 1 by finding the average speed as

a unit rate for the other two mousetrap cars. Use one of the methods
above. Round to the nearest hundredth.

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Lesson 19-3 ACTIVITY 19

Calculating Rates of Speed continued

My Notes
5. Reason quantitatively. Michela used the tape diagram below to
help her predict the speed of her mousetrap car. She knew that the
length of the track is 15 feet, and that her car traveled one-fifth of the
length of the track in 0.5 seconds.
15 feet

track
3 feet 3 feet
sec 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

a. What was the unit speed of Michela’s mousetrap car?

b. How can you use the tape diagram to write Michela’s mousetrap
car as a unit rate?

Check Your Understanding

6. Another car in the Mousetrap Car event raced 12 meters in

5.2 seconds. Is it faster than Michela’s car? Explain. Note:
1 ft = 0.305 m.
7. What is the average speed of a mousetrap car that covers 4 meters
in 2.5 seconds?

LESSON 19-3 PRACTICE

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

8. What is the average speed of a mousetrap car that covers 5.25 meters
in 1.75 seconds?
9. How can finding the unit rate help you determine the fastest car in
the Mousetrap Car event?
10. Reason quantitatively. Michela experimented with filming her
toy car as it ran through the racecourse. Her film was made up of
150 photo frames taken in 5 seconds.
a. What is the unit rate for the frame speed?
b. If all contestants in the race filmed their cars, how can you use the
frame speed to determine which car was the fastest?

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ACTIVITY 19 Lesson 19-3

continued Calculating Rates of Speed

My Notes
11. Solve the proportion. Show your work.
7.375 meters = x meters
1.475 seconds 1 second
12. How can you use a proportion to show which mousetrap car is
the fastest?
13. Caroline was in charge of buying the mousetraps for the event.
She had to choose whether to buy 12 mousetraps in a package that
costs $39.99 or 15 mousetraps in a package that costs $45.99.
a. What is the unit rate for each of the packages of mousetraps?
b. Which package was a better buy? Explain.
c. Describe a situation for which Caroline should buy mousetraps in
packages of 15.
14. Suppose Caroline needs to buy only 10 mousetraps. Which package
should she purchase? Explain.
15. Use appropriate tools strategically. Describe how Caroline
could use a tape diagram to help her decide which package to buy in
Item 13.

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

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Understanding Rates and Unit Rate ACTIVITY 19

Zooming! continued

ACTIVITY 19 PRACTICE Lesson 19-2

Write your answers on notebook paper. 8. The table shows rates for the cost of buying
Show your work. model rocket packages. What is the unit rate
Lesson 19-1 for each of the models shown?
1. A factory can produce mousetraps at a rate of XYZ Toys AAA Science Supply
1,500 traps in 3 hours. What is the unit rate
per hour? $69.95/5 models $59.95/4 models
2. A factory that produces toy wheels finds that 9. PVC pipe used to make the toy rockets is
they must discard 3 out of every 100 wheels sold by the foot. If 8 feet cost $16.89, what is
because they are defective. How many wheels the cost for 30 feet of pipe sold at the same
would they expect to discard every day if the unit rate?
factory produces 1,200 wheels per hour in each A. $2.11 B. $4.50
8-hour day? C. $63.34 D. $506.70
3. A mousetrap car is filmed as it runs the 10. Write the steps you would use in solving the
racecourse. The film includes 1,200 photo proportion.
frames taken in 8 seconds. How many frames
were taken in one second? Justify your answer. $12.50 = c
4 feet 24 feet
4. Last year, one science teacher spent $65.50 to
buy materials for the Mousetrap Car event. If 11. The height of the Atlas V rocket used for
12 students participated in the event, what was space lifts was 205 feet. What is the height of
the teacher’s unit cost per student? a model of the Atlas V rocket if the scale factor
A. $2.98 B. $6.55 is 1 ft : 32 ft?
C. $5.46 D. $7.86 A. 6.4 ft B. 12.8 ft
C. 102.5 ft D. 6,560 ft
5. Mr. Walker, the contest sponsor, bought toy
wheels in a package of 6 dozen for $81.00.
What was the unit cost of each wheel?
A. $1.125 B. $1.50
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C. $6.75 D. $13.50
6. Mr. Walker wrote notes about the event that
would help him plan for the following year. If
he will still purchase 8 traps per person, how
many traps will he need to purchase for 25
people in the Mousetrap Car race?
A. 4 B. 8
C. 200 D. 400
7. A meatball recipe has a ratio of 2 cups of
breadcrumb mixture to 3 pounds of ground
meat. How much breadcrumb mixture is there
for 1 pound of ground meat?

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ACTIVITY 19 Understanding Rates and Unit Rate

continued Zooming!

Lesson 19-3
12. An online seller is offering 30 photo images of 17. Bryce, a previous winner of the contest, made a
mousetraps for $24. Use a tape diagram to trip of 360 miles in 6.5 hours. At this same
predict the unit cost of each image. average rate of speed, how long will it take
a. $0.72 b. $0.80 Bryce to travel an additional 300 miles so that
c. $1.20 d. $1.25 he can judge the contest? Explain your
13. Mr. Walker, a runner, asked students to find the reasoning.
unit rate of the winner of the first Boston 18. It is about 2,508 miles from a Science
Marathon in 1897. John J. McDermott ran the Olympiad in Orange County, California, to a
marathon in 175 minutes. The length of the Science Olympiad in Orange County, Florida.
course was only 24.5 miles instead of 26 miles With an average speed of 70 miles per hour,
as it is today. What was the unit rate? about how long will it take to drive from one to
14. Mr. Walker used proportions and the following the other? Use a proportion in determining
example to teach students how to calculate your answer.
speeds: An F-15 Eagle travels at a speed of 19. One Mousetrap Car contestant researched the
1,875 miles per hour for 3.5 hours. Which speed of actual race cars. He found that when
distance solves the proportion he used? NASCAR drivers race on the Phoenix
A. 535.7 mi B. 3,750 mi International Raceway, they make 312 laps. In
C. 4,687.5 mi D. 6,562.5 mi April 2009, the race that was held there lasted
15. Jackie made a poster for the school advertising for about 3 hours. What was the approximate
the Science Olympiad. She included sample rate the racers were traveling?
statistics on the speed of the mousetrap cars
from the previous years. MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES
a. If one car raced 8 meters in 1.5 seconds, Reason Quantitatively
what was its speed? 20. On the way to the Mousetrap Car contest,
b. How does this compare to the record time of the judge drove from Exit 32 on the highway
10 meters in 2.32 seconds? to Exit 170 in 2 hours. Exits 32 and 170 are

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

16. Mr. Walker drove 20 miles to pick up supplies 138 miles apart. Did the judge follow the speed
for the Science Olympiad. If the trip to the limit of 65 mph? Explain how you know using
supply store took 0.75 hours, what was his unit a proportion.
speed for one hour?

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Ratios and Rates Embedded Assessment 1

A SUMMER JOB Use after Activity 19

Write your answers on notebook paper. Show your work.

Wendy has a summer job working 5 days per week. She is surprised how
many decisions she has to make. Her decisions are shown in the questions
below.
1. The two different pay options she may choose from are either
$62 per day or $304 per week. Which is the better deal for Wendy?
Use unit rates to explain your decision.
2. Using the option you chose in Item 1, determine how much money
Wendy will earn by working 4 weeks.
3. To get the right color to paint the house, Wendy must mix 1 gallon
of green paint with 3 gallons of white paint.
a. Write a ratio in 3 different ways to show the relationship between
green paint and white paint.
b. How many gallons of paint will her mixture make?
4. Wendy is told ahead of time that she will need to purchase about
12 gallons of paint in order to cover the entire house.
a. Write equivalent ratios to determine the amount of green and
white paint she will need to purchase.
b. If there are 4 quarts in 1 gallon, how many quarts of paint does
she need to purchase?
5. How many gallons of green paint would be needed if Wendy had
10 gallons of white paint? Explain your reasoning.
6. How many gallons of white paint would Wendy need to mix with
0.5 gallon of green paint? Explain your answer.
7. Suppose that Wendy accidentally mixed 2 gallons of green paint
with 3 gallons of white paint.
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

a. How would her color change? Would it be darker or lighter?

Explain.
b. Without starting over, how could she fix her mistake to get the
right color to paint the house?

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Embedded Assessment 1 Ratios and Rates

Use after Activity 19 A SUMMER JOB

Scoring Exemplary Proficient Emerging Incomplete

Guide The solution demonstrates these characteristics:
Mathematics • Clear and accurate • An understanding of ratios, • An understanding of ratios, • Incorrect or incomplete
Knowledge and understanding of ratios, unit rates, and solving unit rates, and solving understanding of ratios,
Thinking unit rates, and solving proportions that usually proportions that sometimes unit rates, and solving
(Items 1, 2, 3a-b, 4a-b, proportions. results in correct answers. results in correct answers. proportions.
5, 6, 7a-b) • Effective understanding and • Mostly correct conversion • Difficulty converting • Incorrect conversion
accuracy in converting between measurements. between measurements. between measurements.
between measurements.
Problem Solving • An appropriate and efficient • A strategy that may include • A strategy that results in • No clear strategy when
(Items 1, 2, 3, 4b, 5, strategy that results in a unnecessary steps but some incorrect answers. solving problems.
6, 7b) correct answer. results in a correct answer. • Difficulty interpreting the • Incorrect or incomplete
• Accurate interpretation of • Interpretation of the solution of a proportion to interpretation of the
the solution of a proportion solution of a proportion to solve a problem. solution of a proportion to
to solve a problem. solve a problem. solve a problem.
Mathematical • Accurately representing a • A mostly correct • Difficulty representing a • An incorrect or incomplete
Modeling / problem situation with representation of a problem problem situation with representation of a problem
Representations a ratio, proportion, or situation with a ratio, a ratio, proportion, or situation with a ratio,
(Items 1, 3a, 4a, 5, 6, 7b) unit rate. proportion, or unit rate. unit rate. proportion, or unit rate.

Reasoning and • Precise use of appropriate • An adequate explanation of • A misleading or confusing • An incomplete or inaccurate
Communication math terms and language solutions using ratios and explanation of solutions description of solutions
(Items 1, 5, 6, 7a-b) to explain solutions using proportions. using ratios and using ratios and
ratios and proportions. proportions. proportions.

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

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Using Models to Understand Percents ACTIVITY 20

A “Cent” for Your Thoughts
Lesson 20-1 Using Models to Understand Percents
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Find a percent of a quantity as a rate per 100.
• Represent ratios and percents with concrete models and decimals.
• Represent benchmark fractions and percents.
• Generate equivalent forms of decimals and percents.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Interactive Word Wall,
Marking the Text, Visualization, Quickwrite, Create Representations,
Simplify the Problem
Another way to represent a part-to-whole relationship is by using another
MATH TERMS
type of ratio called a percent. A percent is a ratio that is always a number
compared to 100. The symbol % is used to represent the term percent. Percent means parts per hundred.
A percent can be expressed as a
1. Consider the words century, cent, centavo, and centimeter. What do
fraction, such as 87 , or with a
these words have in common? 100
percent sign, 87%.

2. What other words do you know that have the base word cent in
them?

3. Consider the parts of the word percent. Why do you think a number
out of 100 is called a percent?

4. Reason quantitatively. Since you know that there are 100 cents in
a dollar and percents are parts of 100, write each of these dollar
amounts as a percent.
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

a. a penny
b. 10 cents
c. $0.25
d. 5 cents
e. a dollar
f. $1.50

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ACTIVITY 20 Lesson 20-1

continued Using Models to Understand Percents

My Notes
5. Use the grid to answer the following questions.

a. How many squares out of 100 are shaded? out of

b. Replace out of 100 with the word percent:

c. Replace percent with its symbol:

6. Since percents are parts of 100, they can be modeled on a 10-by-10 grid.
a. Create a design using red, orange, yellow, green, and blue. Be sure
to color in all of the squares.

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

b. In the table below, write the percent of the grid that is covered by
each color.

Red Orange Yellow Green Blue

Percent
of Grid

c. Represent the percent for each color using a strip diagram.

d. Add together the percents from the table above. What do you
notice about the sum?

e. How is your answer to part c related to what you know about

percents?

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Lesson 20-1 ACTIVITY 20

Using Models to Understand Percents continued

My Notes
7. There are some important benchmark percents that will be seen
often in math class and in everyday life. Use the grids to determine
the percent that represents each fraction. MATH TIP
A benchmark fraction may have a
a. 1 = b. 1 = 1 in the numerator. Other
2 4
benchmark fractions are 1, 1,
1 , and 3 . 3 6
8 4

ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
c. 1 = d. 1 = A benchmark is a standard or
10 5 reference point for comparing or
evaluating against.

Equivalent forms of decimals and percents can sometimes be used to

represent real-world problems.
8. Make sense of problems. Out of 100 students in the cafeteria,
42 wanted chicken fingers and 24 wanted salad. Explain how you
can represent the number of students who did not want either
choice as a decimal and as a percent.
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

9. A common tip for a restaurant bill is 15%. Explain how much money
that adds to the amount you pay.

10. Write a description of a math context that involves money that can
be expressed using decimals or percents. Be sure to use appropriate
vocabulary, both real-world and mathematical, to describe the
situation. Refer to the Word Wall as needed to help you choose
words for your description.

Activity 20 • Using Models to Understand Percents 249

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ACTIVITY 20 Lesson 20-1

continued Using Models to Understand Percents

My Notes
Check Your Understanding

11. Write the shaded part of each figure as a percent.

a. b.

MATH TIP
Other ratios equivalent to 80 out of 12. Write each amount as a percent.
100 are 4 out of 5, 16 out of 20, and
so on. a. 12 b. 79 out of 100
100
13. Abby received an 80% on her spelling test. Tell what this means.

LESSON 20-1 PRACTICE

14. Copy and complete the table below by filling in missing percents or
shading figures to represent given percents.

Model

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Percent 100% 10%

15. Describe how you should write a percent for the shaded part of a
figure that has 20 equal squares with 8 squares shaded and
12 squares unshaded.

Use a grid to help you write each benchmark fraction as a percent.

16. 1 17. 1 18. 3 19. 1
5 4 4 8

20. Model with mathematics. A typical professional basketball player

may make 64 out of 100 free throws. Draw a model to show this
ratio. Then write the ratio as a percent.

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Lesson 20-2 ACTIVITY 20

Percents, Fractions, and Decimals continued

My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Represent ratios and percents with fractions and decimals.
• Represent benchmark percents such as 1%, 10%, 25%, 33 1 %, and
3
multiples of these values using number lines and numbers.
• Use percents, fractions, and decimals to show parts of the same whole.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Marking the Text,
Visualization, Note Taking, Sharing and Responding, Create
Representations
MATH TIP
1. Color the grid. The table at the right tells how many squares to fill
with each color. Make any design you want. Recall that one way to convert a
fraction to a decimal is by division.
Color Squares For example, 3 is 3 divided by 4,
Red 40 4
which gives a quotient of 0.75.
Orange 8 This can be written as a percent,
75%.
Yellow 13
Green 17 This gives the same answer as
using equivalent fractions:
Blue 22 3 = 75 = 0.75 = 75% .
4 100

2. For each color, write a ratio of the number of squares of that color to
the total number of squares using a colon. Then write each ratio in
fraction, decimal, and word form and as a percent.

Red Orange Yellow Green Blue

Ratio (:)
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Fraction

Decimal
Word Form

Percent

3. Reason quantitatively. Use the table from Item 2 to answer each

question.
a. What is the sum of the percents?

b. What is the sum of the fractions?

c. What is the sum of the decimals?

d. What relationships do you see among your answers to parts a–c?

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ACTIVITY 20 Lesson 20-2

continued Percents, Fractions, and Decimals

My Notes
4. Look at the table showing the colors you used in the grid.
a. List the colors and percents from Items 1 and 2 in order from the
color most used to the color least used.

b. What representations other than the percents could you have used
to order the colors?

5. What about the grid in Item 1 made it easy to find the percent?

6. How many tiles make up the message Hi! as shown?

7. To find the percent of the tiles in Hi! that are in the H, first find
either the fraction or the decimal that represents the number of tiles
in the H out of the total number of tiles.
a. Which is easier to find in this situation, a decimal or a fraction?
Explain.

b. Find the equivalent fraction to your answer in hundredths, since

percent is a number out of 100. Then convert the hundredths to
a percent.

c. Write this percent as a decimal.

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

8. Think about the tiles in the letter i.
a. What percent of the tiles in Hi! are in the i?

b. Write this percent as a decimal.

9. Use your answers to Items 7 and 8 to determine what percent of the

tiles in Hi! are in the ! without counting them. Explain how you
found your answer.

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Lesson 20-2 ACTIVITY 20

Percents, Fractions, and Decimals continued

My Notes
10. Write the percent from Item 9 as a decimal and as a fraction.

11. You just learned to write percents using a ratio or a decimal written
in hundredths. Convert each fraction, decimal, or ratio below to a
percent. If not already in hundredths, first convert to hundredths
and then write as a percent.
a. 0. 45 b. 34 c. 0.9
100
d. 7 e. 11 f. 0.30
10 25
In the last activity you learned that there are some fraction, decimal, and
percent conversions that are commonly used and are called benchmarks.
Solving problems will be easier if you learn and remember them.
12. a. Express regularity in repeated reasoning. Complete the
table below with the fraction, decimal, and percent forms of these
commonly used numbers.

Fraction Decimal Percent

1%
1
4
1
3
0.5

75%
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

0.1

20%
1

b. Place the fractions, decimals, and percents on this triple

number line.
1 1
Fractions 4 3 1

Decimals 0.1 0.5

Percents 1% 20% 75%

c. What patterns do you notice in the table and the number line that
can help you to remember the different forms of these numbers?

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ACTIVITY 20 Lesson 20-2

continued Percents, Fractions, and Decimals

My Notes
13. Work with your group. Use the grid below. When answering
parts a–c below, do not use more than one color in a box.
Assign each group member a region to color from parts a–c.

a. Color 36% of the grid blue. Write the fraction and the decimal
that represent the amount of the grid that is now blue.

b. Color 2 of the grid red. Write a decimal and the percent to

5
represent the number of red boxes.

c. Color 0.16 of the grid yellow. Write this amount as a fraction and
convert your fraction to a percent.

d. What percent of the grid is now shaded? Write this percent as a

decimal and a fraction.

14. Use the squares you colored in on the grid to order 36%, 2 , and 0.16
from least to greatest. 5

15. If you did not have a shaded model to look at, you could use a
number line to compare percents, fractions, and decimals. Place
36%, 2 , and 0.16 on the number line below.
5

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

0 1

16. Use this figure:

a. What percent of the figure is shaded? Explain how you
determined your answer.

b. How is this percent different from the other percents you have
found in this activity?

c. How would you read this percent? Write your answer in words
below.

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Lesson 20-2 ACTIVITY 20

Percents, Fractions, and Decimals continued

My Notes
Check Your Understanding

17. Write 55% as a decimal and as a fraction.

18. Kate kicked 25 goal shots at soccer practice and scored on 13 of
them. What percent of shots did she make?
19. Explain why fractions may represent a quantity better than a
percent.

LESSON 20-2 PRACTICE

Replace each bold number in the facts below with a percent.
20. 1 of all the bones in your body are in your feet.
4
21. About 0.18 of people let their pets sleep in their beds.
22. About 8 of America is wilderness.
20
23. Pizzerias make up about 1 of all restaurants.
2
24. Reason abstractly. Copy and complete the table below by filling in
missing amounts and shading figures. Write ratios using a colon (:)
to represent part-to-whole relationships.

Figure Ratio Fraction Decimal Percent

3:5

1
4
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

0.3

7:10

100%

25. Write each number as a percent.

a. 2 b. 0.23 c. 73
3 100

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ACTIVITY 20 Lesson 20-3

continued More Percents, Decimals, and Fractions

My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Find a percent of a quantity as a rate per 100.
• Generate equivalent forms of fractions, decimals, and percents using
real-world problems.
• Represent percents with concrete models, fractions, and decimals.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Marking the Text, Note
Taking, Think-Pair-Share, Critique Reasoning, Sharing and
Responding, Create a Plan, Construct an Argument
To convert percents that include tenths to fractions, the decimal point
must be moved within the fraction so that there is no decimal point in
either the numerator or the denominator.
1. a. Explain how you write a percent as a fraction. What is 51.2%
written as a fraction?

b. Fractions should not have decimal points in the numerator. How

can the decimal point be eliminated while still keeping this an
equivalent fraction?

c. What fraction is equivalent to 51.2%?

2. Percents are commonly used in trivia or fun facts. Convert each

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

percentage in the facts below to decimals and fractions.
a. About 50.8% of the U.S. population is female.

b. In the U.S., 32.4% of households own a cat.

3. Find four examples of percents used in real life. You may use
newspapers, signs, pictures, or another source. Create a poster showing
the percents, giving their equivalent decimal and ratio forms, and
telling what the percents mean in the situation. Share your poster with
your class, and describe how you organized its contents.

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Lesson 20-3 ACTIVITY 20

More Percents, Decimals, and Fractions continued

My Notes
4. Reason quantitatively. A factory produces stickers at a rate of
4,000 sheets per minute. They know that 1.52% of the sheets of
stickers are rejected because at least one sticker is loose on the sheet.
a. Express the percent rejected as a rate per 100.

b. Write and solve a proportion to find how many sheets are rejected
each minute during production.

c. How many whole sheets are rejected? Write your answer as a ratio.

5. Make sense of problems. In 2012, 40.1% of the population of

China, about 1,343,000,000 people, were Internet users.
a. Express the percent as a rate per 100 people in China.

b. About how many people in China use the Internet?

c. If the number in part b represents 22.4% of the Internet users in

the world, predict the number of Internet users there were in the
world in 2012. Justify your reasoning.
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

Check Your Understanding

6. Use what you have learned about converting percents, decimals,

and fractions to each of the different forms. Then compare each
amount.
a. 5 71% b. 0.5625 56.4%
7
c. 27% 0.3 d. 10% 0.01
7. Write 89.6% as a decimal and as a fraction.
8. Put the following amounts in order from greatest to least: 60%, 2 ,
3
0.599. Show the form you choose to convert the numbers in order
to compare them.

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ACTIVITY 20 Lesson 20-3

continued More Percents, Decimals, and Fractions

My Notes
LESSON 20-3 PRACTICE
9. Order from greatest to least: 43%, 3 , 0.453.
7
10. What fraction is equivalent to 123.5%?
11. Carlos has $10 more than Jeremy. Jeremy has $5 more than Michele.
Altogether they have $80. What part of 100 does Michele have?
12. Explain how you would write 7 as a rate per 100.
8
13. Reason quantitatively. A factory produces bottled water at a
rate of 2,000 cases per hour. They know that 1.14% of the cases
must be rejected because at least one bottle was damaged in the
production line.
a. Express the percent as a rate per 100.
b. Write and solve a proportion to find how many cases are rejected
each hour during production.
14. Model with mathematics. In 2012, a survey found that 92% of
people in the 18–29 age group used social networking sites.
a. Express the percent as a rate per 100 people.
b. What is this percent written as a fraction?
15. Model with mathematics. In 2012, there were about 620,000,000
websites in the world. About 2 of these websites were inactive for
3
various reasons. What percent of the websites were inactive?

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

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Using Models to Understand Percents ACTIVITY 20

A “Cent” for Your Thoughts continued

ACTIVITY 20 PRACTICE
Write your answers on notebook paper.
Show your work.
Lesson 20-1 Lesson 20-2
1. Write the shaded part of each figure as a percent. 7. Convert each fraction, decimal, or ratio below
a. b. to a percent. If not already in hundredths, first
convert to hundredths and then write as a
percent.
a. 7 b. 91:100 c. 0.34
20
8. Which letter on the triple number line below
corresponds to 1 ?
2. Write each amount as a percent. 2
a. 17 b. 23 out of 100 A B C D
100 Fractions:
1
1
3. Marco’s mother told him that she would add 4
25% to his allowance if he saved it all. What Decimals: 0.1 0.5
fraction is this? Percents: 20% 75%
4. In 2012, 75% of the population of India had
A. A B. B
mobile phones in use. Draw a model to show
C. C D. D
this percent. Then write the percent as a ratio.
9. Order 68%, 3 , and 0.72 from least to greatest.
5
10. What fraction of each figure below is shaded?
Explain how your determined your answer.
Then give the percent for each fraction.
a. b.

11. In 2011, over 82% of the population of Mexico

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used a mobile phone. What fraction is

5. A dairy that produces milk cartons for schools
equivalent to 82%?
finds that they must discard 4 out of every
100 cartons because they are not sealed A. 18 B. 19
100 50
properly. What percent of the cartons of
milk are not discarded? C. 41 D. 83
50 100
A. 2% B. 40%
C. 4% D. 96%
6. Three-fourths of the students in sixth grade
participate in after-school activities. What
percent is this?
A. 3% B. 25%
C. 50% D. 75%

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ACTIVITY 20 Using Models to Understand Percents

continued A “Cent” for Your Thoughts

Lesson 20-3
12. What is 68.2% written as a fraction in lowest 17. In 2012, the number of mobile phones in the
terms? United States was 103.9% of the population.
A. 8 B. 159 a. Explain how you write the percent as a
25 500
fraction.
C. 17 D. 341 b. Give a reason for why this percent can be
25 500
13. About 78.6% of the population of North over 100.
America used the Internet in 2012. Convert the 18. Gina traveled 48% of the distance from her
percent to a decimal and a fraction in lowest home in Maryland to Chicago in one day.
terms. Represent the percent using the model below.
14. Put the following amounts in order from
greatest to least.
54%, 4 , 0.525
7
A. 4 , 54%, 0.525 B. 4 , 0.525, 54% 19. The surface of the Earth is about 70% water.
7 7
a. What does the percent 30% represent?
C. 0.525, 54%, 4 D. 0.525, 4 , 54% b. Write 30% as a fraction.
7 7
15. A factory produces toy dolls at the rate of 400
per hour and has to recycle 3% of them because MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES
the clothes are torn. Model with Mathematics
a. Express the recycle percent as a rate per 100.
20. Shade in 70% of the counters below. What
b. How many dolls are recycled each hour
fraction of the counters are shaded?
during production?
16. The number of websites in 2012 represented an
increase of 28% over 2011. Explain how you write
28% as a rate per 100.

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Applying Percents ACTIVITY 21

Feel the Beat
Lesson 21-1 Using Models to Understand Percents
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Solve real-world problems to find the percent given the part and the
whole.
• Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical
problems.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Marking the Text, Note
Taking, Quickwrite, Identify a Subtask
Isaac and his older brother, Nate, both need to find part-time jobs. Nate is
considering starting a deejay business and wants Isaac to be his partner.
They could share the deejay jobs, advertising, scheduling, and billing.
The brothers did some research and found prices for startup equipment.
The items they needed for their business and the cost for each item are
shown in the table below.

Item Cost
Fog machine $150.00
Controller for MP3 and $280.00
computer
Speakers $1,000.00
Mirrored ball and light $70.00
Wireless microphone $250.00
Lights $750.00

1. How much money will be needed to start the deejay business? Show
your work. CONNECT TO BUSINESS

A business plan tells potential

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investors, people who loan you

money to start your business, what
The boys asked their parents for a loan to start the business. Their you plan to do and how much this
parents told them that they would consider loaning them the money will cost.
if they put together a business plan showing their costs and their
expected income.
The first step for the boys is to determine what percent each item
above is of their total budget. Nate had already learned how to
determine percents in school, but Isaac had not learned yet. Nate
explained to his brother the process they could use to find these MATH TIP
percents. Recall that proportions are
A proportion can be used to find a percent of a number. When using “equivalent ratios.” One example
a proportion to find a percent, information from the problem is used of a proportion is 1 = 50 .
2 100
to set up the two ratios that form the proportion.

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ACTIVITY 21 Lesson 21-1

continued Using Models to Understand Percents

My Notes
This is the example that he showed Isaac.

Example A
25 is what percent of 80?
Step 1: Set up the proportion.

25 is the numerator
because it is part of
the amount you are
working with.
x = 25
100 80
The percent is always
over a denominator
of 100 since percents 80 is the denominator
are out of 100. because it is the
whole amount you
are working with.

Step 2: Solve the proportion.

80 x = 25 100⋅
80 x = 2,500
80 x = 2,500
80 80
x = 31.25
Solution: When rounded to the nearest whole percent, 25 is 31% of 80.

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Try These A
Find the percent the fog machine is of the total budget. Write the
proportion used to solve the problem and show any work needed to
solve the proportion. Round to the nearest whole percent.

2. Find the percents the other items are of the total budget. Round to
the nearest whole percent. What is the sum of the percents?

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Lesson 21-1 ACTIVITY 21

Using Models to Understand Percents continued

My Notes
3. When finding percents, can the answer ever be greater than 100%?
Give an example illustrating why or why not.

Check Your Understanding

4. 18 is what percent of 96?

5. Isaac wanted to earn $200 of the startup equipment cost for the
deejay business. What percent of $2,500 is this?
6. The boys’ aunt wanted to contribute $2,100 toward the cost. What
percent of $2,500 is this?

LESSON 21-1 PRACTICE

7. $300 is what percent of $3,200?
8. Construct arguments. Suppose Nate and Isaac wanted to add
another item to their list of startup equipment. Use an example to
describe how you would find the percent this item’s cost is of the
total budget.
9. Nate and Isaac decided they also needed a work schedule to
accommodate their deejay business. They planned to spend 12 out of
20 work hours per week performing as deejays. What percent is this?
10. Isaac predicted that advertising their business would add an
additional $400 out of the $900 the brothers were adding to the
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equipment cost. What percent is $400 out of the additional amount

they were adding?
11. Isaac’s parents paid $3,200 per month to rent an office space for their
own business. Of this amount, $352 was for utilities. What percent of
their rental cost was for utilities?
12. Use a proportion to determine what percent $1,800 of the $2,500
startup cost is.
13. Reason quantitatively. Nate found sound amplifiers online for
$150 off the price of $990, although he did not buy them. About
what percent would he have saved on the speakers if he had bought
them?

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ACTIVITY 21 Lesson 21-2

continued Find the Part Given a Percent and the Whole

My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Solve real-world problems to find the part, given the whole and the
percent.
• Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical
problems.

CONNECT TO FINANCE SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Marking the Text,

Summarizing, Create a Plan, Identify a Subtask
Interest is the amount of money
paid for letting another person or The boys’ parents decided the business would be a good investment and
business use your money. Interest loaned them the money. However, Nate and Isaac would have to pay
can be paid to you or you can pay
interest when they paid the loan back in one year.
interest depending on the
situation. 1. When dealing with interest, how can you determine if the interest is
An interest rate is a percent used going to be paid to you or if it will be paid to someone else?
to compute interest.

Simple interest on a loan for one year can be determined using a

proportion. If you know the percent and the total, you can find the part.
Remember to set up the proportion using the information you know
from the problem.

Example A
CONNECT TO BANKING
Find the interest for a 2% interest rate loan of $3,000 for 1 year.
To find interest for periods longer
Step 1: Set up a proportion.
or shorter than one year, time has
to be considered as part of the
problem’s solution. The part is the variable because

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we do not know the interest
amount for the loan.

This time we know 2 x

the percent. It is 2%. 100 = 3, 000
The percent is always
the numerator over $3,000 is in the denominator
100 since percents are because it is the whole
out of 100. amount of the loan.

Step 2: Solve the proportion.

100 x = 2 3,000⋅
100 x = 6,000
100 x = 6,000
100 100
x = 60
Solution: The interest is $60 on a $3,000 loan at a rate of 2% for 1 year.

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Lesson 21-2 ACTIVITY 21

Find the Part Given a Percent and the Whole continued

My Notes
Try These A
a. How much will the interest be for a $500 loan at 6% interest for one
year?
b. If 40% of 240 minutes of music are slow songs, how many minutes
of slow songs will there be?
c. The future deejays know that they cannot expect that all customers
will give them a top rating. If 85% of the customers are extremely
happy with their work, how many customers out of 120 should they
expect to be extremely happy?
d. The loan that Nate and Isaac got from their parents was at 2%
interest for one year. How much will the boys pay in interest on
their loan of $2,500? Show your work.

Nate and Isaac have now picked out and purchased equipment. Next, they
need to set their prices. To do this, they decide to look at advertisements
for other deejay businesses and find an average price. They decide to
charge $649 for 4 hours of service. In addition, they are going to charge
$200 for each hour that they work beyond 4 hours.
2. How much would an event that lasted 6 hours cost the customer?
MATH TERMS
Show your work.
The average price is the mean
price. The mean is determined by
After the first month, the brothers found that they were not getting as adding the prices found and
dividing this total by the number
many jobs as they thought they would. They decided to offer a summer
of prices found.
discount to get more business.
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

Summer Discount
15% off

Let Us Deejay Your Next Event!

3. a. Construct viable arguments. Is a discount added to or subtracted

from the total? Explain your thinking and give a real-life example.

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ACTIVITY 21 Lesson 21-2

continued Find the Part Given a Percent and the Whole

My Notes
b. What is the difference between a $25 discount and a 25%
discount?

4. Use a proportion to determine what 15% of the $649 base rate is.

5. Explain how to find the discounted amount they will offer their
customers. What is the discounted amount?

Nate and Isaac have gotten quite a few jobs using their discounted price.
In fact, with the holiday season approaching, they feel they can raise their
price above the original price of $649 for 4 hours.
6. They decide to mark up the price of $649 by 10%.
a. What is a markup?

b. Give an example of a markup that you have seen on clothing or

other items.

c. Use a proportion to find the amount that the price will be

marked up.

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d. Using the original amount and the markup you just found,
MATH TIP determine their new price for 4 hours of work.
Some graphic organizers you may
be familiar with are Venn diagrams,
t-charts, and web organizers. You
may use any of these or another 7. How are markups and discounts the same and different? You may
you like to answer Item 7. use a graphic organizer to help show your thinking.

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Lesson 21-2 ACTIVITY 21

Find the Part Given a Percent and the Whole continued

My Notes
Check Your Understanding

8. Find 45% of $649.

9. Isaac found a wireless microphone online at a sale price of 32% off.
a. What is 32% of $250.00?
b. What is the final price after the discount?
c. Describe another way you could calculate the final price using a
different percent.
10. Nate’s mother wanted to buy some jewelry until she found out it
was marked up 400%. If the original jewelry cost $100, what was
the final price of the jewelry?
11. Explain why markup is necessary for retail sales.

LESSON 21-2 PRACTICE

12. What is 108% of 112?
13. Draw a group of 15 identical music CDs or other simple figures.
Shade 60% of the figures. Explain how you know that you shaded
60%.
14. Isaac played a video game 20 times and won about 70% of the games.
How many games did he win?
15. Nate tells his mom that he took a test with 60 questions and scored
85%. How many questions did he answer correctly? Show how you
know.
16. Reason abstractly. In a survey of 398 students, 52% said they
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

loved music. Use estimation to explain about how many students

loved music.
17. Make sense of problems. Which costs less to buy, a $1,000
computer that is discounted 20% and then offered at an additional
10% off, or a $1,000 computer that is discounted 30%? Explain.

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ACTIVITY 21 Lesson 21-3

continued Find the Whole Given a Part and the Percent

My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Solve problems to find the whole given a part and the percent.
• Represent ratios and percents with fractions and decimals.
• Represent benchmark percents such as 1%, 10%, 25%, and 33 1 %,
3
and multiples of these values using number lines and numbers.
• Use equivalent percents, fractions, and decimals to show parts of the
same whole.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Marking the Text, Graphic
Organizer, Note Taking, Identify a Subtask
Nate and Isaac need to have access to thousands of songs. They both have
MP3 players and are using them to create playlists for the business. Nate’s
MP3 player shows that he has used 53% of the memory. He can’t quite
remember how much his MP3 player holds, but knows that he can find
out using a proportion.

53%

Example A
There are 9.4 hours of music left on Nate’s playlist, and this is 47% of the
total memory. How much memory does Nate’s MP3 player have?
Step 1: Set up a proportion.

The part is 9.4 because

that is the part of the

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memory remaining.

47 = 9.4
100 x

The variable is in the denominator

because we do not know the whole
(total) amount of memory of the
MP3 player.

Step 2: Solve the proportion.

47 x = 9.4 100 ⋅
47 x = 940
47 x = 940
47 47
x = 20
Solution: Nate’s MP3 player can hold 20 hours worth of playlists.

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Lesson 21-3 ACTIVITY 21

Find the Whole Given a Part and the Percent continued

My Notes
Try These A
Make sense of problems. Using a decimal equivalent to the percent,
write another equation you could have solved to find the total memory
of Nate’s MP3 player.

1. Set up and solve a proportion.

a. Nate worked for 28 hours last week. This is 40% of the total hours CONNECT TO SOCIAL STUDIES
he worked this month. How much did he work this month? Sales tax is collected by the local or
state government to help pay for
services to people who live in the
b. Isaac’s part of the check at dinner was $18.00 and he was paying city or state that collects the tax.
25% of the total bill. How much was the total bill?

c. The brothers’ music project at school was worth 44 points. This is

88% of the total number of points possible. Using a decimal
equivalent to the percent, write an equation to find the total
number of points possible on the project. Then solve the equation.

Check Your Understanding

2. Are tips added or subtracted from the total bill? Explain.

3. Nate paid $108 for a food bill that included a 15% tip. Using a
decimal equivalent to the percent, write an equation to find the
total amount of the bill. Then solve the equation.
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

4. Some of the students at Beats Middle School say that proportions

make working with percents easier. Do you agree or disagree?
Explain your reasoning.

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ACTIVITY 21 Lesson 21-3

continued Find the Whole Given a Part and the Percent

My Notes
LESSON 21-3 PRACTICE
5. An entertainment news reporter stated that “about 33 1 % of
3
Americans love listening to deejays, which is about 106,000,000
people.” At the time the reporter made that statement, about how
many people were in the United States?
6. 62% of Nate’s class came to see one of his performances. If
186 students saw his performance, how many students are in
Nate’s class?
7. Isaac and Nate made enough money to pay off their startup loan
and go shopping. Nate wants to buy a pair of basketball shoes that
are on sale for 35% off. If Nate paid $70, what was the original cost
of the shoes?
8. A compact MP3 player costs $52 after 4.5% sales tax. What was the
original price?
9. Nate ordered a pizza to be delivered. The bill with 5% tax and 20%
tip was $24.00. What was the original cost of the pizza?
10. Isaac’s mother gave him a subscription to an entertainment
magazine for his birthday. The magazine was offered at 56% off of
the cover price. She paid $1.98 an issue. What was the cover price
of the magazine?
11. Reason abstractly. Explain why the solutions to 12 = 25 and
12 = 25% × w are the same. w 100

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Applying Percents ACTIVITY 21

Feel the Beat continued

ACTIVITY 21 PRACTICE Lesson 21-2

Write your answers on notebook paper. Show 7. The wholesale price of a special speaker was
your work. $64. It was then marked up 85% and sold
Lesson 21-1 online. What was the online price?
1. 54 out of 72 of Isaac’s songs in a CD collection 8. Isaac gave the receipt below to a customer as a
are pop songs. What percent of this CD bill. The customer was asked to fill in the
collection are pop songs? blanks. What was the amount of the total bill?
2. Write each amount as a percent.
a. 23 songs out of 92
THANK YOU!
b. $8 of $24 earned as profit
3. Nate tells his mom about a great deal he found IN Deejay Service
on MP3 players. “They were originally $110.60
but now they are on sale for $88.48!” Use Fee = $850.00
percents to determine whether this is a good
deal. Explain your answer. 20% Tip = $_____

4. At the end of one performance, the total that Total Bill = $_____
Isaac received was $750. This included a tip for
the usual fee of $649. What percent was the tip?
A. $170 B. $680
5. Nate’s savings account for the business had C. $708.33 D. $1,020
$12.10 more at the end of the year than the
$252 it had at the beginning of the year. What 9. The extra audio parts that would have cost
percent more was in the savings account? $118 at a supply store increased by 6.75%.
A. 2.4% B. 4.6% What was the new cost of these parts?
C. 4.8% D. 48% 10. Which of the pairs of values will give the
6. A subwoofer box for sound costs $260.40 after equivalent final sale price?
a price increase. The cost before the price A. a discount of 20% off of $80
B. a sale of 1 off the original price of $100
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

increase was $240.00. What was the

4
approximate percent of the price increase? C. a markup of 150% on $30
A. 7.8% B. 8.3%
11. Isaac’s father earned 5.2% interest on his
C. 8.5% D. 9%
investments last year. If he had $40,000
invested, what was the balance in his account at
the end of the year?
A. $2,080 B. $42,000
C. $42,080 D. $63,840

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ACTIVITY 21 Applying Percents

continued Feel the Beat

12. The sales tax on a $120 bill is 7.25%. After a 18. Nate knew that most mobile phones also
coupon discount of 10% off the total cost with included music players. In 2012, the number of
tax, what was the final amount of the bill? mobile phones in Italy was 147.4% of the
A. $99.30 B. $115.03 population. If the number of mobile phones
C. $115.83 D. $128.70 was 88,600,000 in Italy in 2012, what was the
13. Complete the table by finding the percent of approximate population?
each number. Describe the relationship you see
among the values in each column.

10% 25% 33 1 %
3
$120
$240
$360

Lesson 21-3
14. How much money must Nate deposit in a
savings account that pays 4% simple annual
interest to earn $50 the first year?
15. The interest on several accounts is shown 19. Nate is selling a DVD of one performance for
below. Each interest rate is simple annual $19.99. This is the price after a discount of
interest. Which account balance was the 25%. What was the original price of the DVD?
highest at the beginning of the year? A. $14.99 B. $25.00
A. $42 interest earned at 2.8% C. $26.65 D. $79.96
B. $48 interest earned at 2.5%
C. $50 interest earned at 2.2%
MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES
D. $45 interest earned at 3.1%

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

Reason Quantitatively
16. Nate hears that 33 1 % of the teen clubs in his
3 20. People often leave tips between 10% and 25%
area, or 6 clubs, offer discount tickets to at the teen clubs where the boys deejay,
students. Write an equation that could be used depending on how well they like the service
to determine the total number of teen clubs in and music. What was the price range of the
the area. original bill if a tip of $22 was given?
17. Nate estimates that a search for websites about
music produces 500,000 websites. If this is a
12% increase over the previous year, explain
how you would find the number of websites for
the previous year. Then find the approximate
number of websites the previous year.

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Understanding and Applying Embedded Assessment 2

Percents Use after Activity 21
AN ICE CREAM TREAT

Write your answers on notebook paper. Show your work.

Every month the Incredible Ice Cream Shop sends a card with a coupon
for a free ice cream treat to the members of their ice cream club who were
born in that month. The number of members and their birthday month is
shown below.

Month Number of Month Number of

Club Members Club Members
Born in the Born in the
Month Month
January 6 July 24
February 12 August 11
March 18 September 18
April 14 October 14
May 10 November 27
June 13 December 33

1. What percent of the total number of coupons are sent out in October
through December? Explain your reasoning.
2. Give the fraction, decimal, and percent that represent the number of
club member birthdays in January, February, March, April, and June
in the table below. Round to the nearest whole percent.

Month Number Fraction Decimal Percent

January
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February

March

April

June

3. The manager of the ice cream shop noticed that 90% of all club
members brought along a family member who spent an average
of $18 in the shop. The tax on their bill was 5.5%.
a. What was the total amount spent by the family members in one
year?
b. What would each family member have to spend, on average, to
generate $5,000 in income before sales tax?
c. What would each family member’s average bill be with sales
tax?

Unit 4 • Ratios 273

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Embedded Assessment 2 Understanding and Applying

Use after Activity 21 Percents
AN ICE CREAM TREAT

Scoring Exemplary Proficient Emerging Incomplete

Guide The solution demonstrates these characteristics:
Mathematics • Effective understanding and • Few if any errors in • Multiple errors in • Incorrect or incomplete
Knowledge and accuracy in calculating calculating percents and calculating percents and understanding of
Thinking percents and finding a part finding a part given a finding a part given a calculating percents and
(Items 1, 2, 3a-c) given a percent. percent. percent. finding a part given
a percent.
Problem Solving • An appropriate and efficient • A strategy that may include • A strategy that results in • No clear strategy when
(Items 3a-c) strategy that results in a unnecessary steps but some incorrect answers. solving problems.
correct answer. results in a correct answer. • Difficulty interpreting a • Incorrect interpretation of a
• Accurate interpretation of a • Interpretation of a percent percent to solve a problem. percent to solve a problem.
percent to solve a problem. to solve a problem.
Mathematical • Clear and accurate • Writing a ratio as a fraction, • Difficulty writing a ratio as a • Little or no understanding
Modeling / understanding of writing a a decimal, and as a percent fraction, a decimal, and as a of writing a ratio as a
Representations ratio as a fraction, a with few or no errors. percent. fraction, a decimal, and as a
(Item 2) decimal, and as a percent. percent.

Reasoning and • Precise use of math terms • An adequate explanation of • A misleading or confusing • An incomplete or inaccurate
Communication and language to explain calculating a percent. explanation of calculating explanation of calculating
(Item 1) calculating a percent. a percent. a percent.

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274 SpringBoard® Mathematics Course 1