CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Induction motors are complex electro-mechanical devices utilized in most
industrial applications for the conversion of power from electrical to mechanical
form. Induction motors are used worldwide as the workhorse in industrial
applications. Such motors are robust machines used not only for general purposes,
but also in hazardous locations and severe environments. General purpose
applications of induction motors include pumps, conveyors, machine tools,
centrifugal machines, presses, elevators, and packaging equipment. On the other
hand, applications in hazardous locations include petrochemical and natural gas
plants, while severe environment applications for induction motors include grain
elevators, shredders, and equipment for coal plants. Additionally, induction motors
are highly reliable, require low maintenance, and have relatively high efficiency.
Moreover, the wide range of power of induction motors, which is from hundreds
of watts to megawatts, satisfies the production needs of most industrial processes.
However, induction motors are susceptible to many types of fault in
industrial applications. A motor failure that is not identified in an initial stage may
become catastrophic and the induction motor may suffer severe damage. Thus,
undetected motor faults may cascade into motor failure, which in turn may cause
production shutdowns. Such shutdowns are costly in terms of lost production time,
maintenance costs, and wasted raw materials.
The motor faults are due to mechanical and electrical stresses. Mechanical
stresses are caused by overloads and abrupt load changes, which can produce
bearing faults and rotor bar breakage. On the other hand, electrical stresses are
usually associated with the power supply. Induction motors can be energized from
constant frequency sinusoidal power supplies or from adjustable speed ac drives.
However, induction motors are more susceptible to fault when supplied by ac
drives. This is due to the extra voltage stress on the stator windings, the high

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frequency stator current components, and the induced bearing currents, caused by
ac drives. In addition, motor over voltages can occur because of the length of cable
connections between a motor and AC drive. This last effect is caused by reflected
wave transient voltages. Such electrical stresses may produce stator winding short
circuits and result in a complete motor failure.
According to published surveys, induction motor failures include bearing
failures, inter-turn short circuits in stator windings, and broken rotor bars and end
ring faults. Bearing failures are responsible for approximately two-fifths of all
faults. Interterm short circuits in stator windings represent approximately one-third
of the reported faults. Broken rotor bars and end ring faults represent around ten
percent of the induction motor faults. These faults are summarized in Table 1.1.
This table presents the surveys conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute
(EPRI), which surveyed 6312 motors, and the survey conducted by the Motor
Reliability Working Group of the IEEE-IAS, which surveyed 1141 motors.
Table 1.1 Percentage of Failure by Component

Several alternatives have been used in industry to prevent severe damage to

induction motors from the above mentioned faults and to avoid unexpected
production shutdowns. Schedule of frequent maintenance is implemented to verify
the integrity of the motors, as well as to verify abnormal vibration, lubrication
problems, bearings conditions, and stator windings and rotor cage integrity.
Most maintenance must be performed with the induction motor turned off,
which also implies production shutdown. Usually, large companies prefer yearly
maintenance in which the production is stopped for full maintenance procedures.
Redundancy is another way to prevent production shutdowns, but not induction

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motor failure. Employing redundancy requires two sets of equipment, including
induction motors.
The first set of equipment operates unless there is a failure, in which case
the second set takes over. This solution is not feasible in many industrial
applications due to high equipment cost and physical space limitations. Thus, in
this thesis an alternative to these approaches is proposed. Specifically, this thesis
addresses electrically detectable faults that occur in the stator windings and rotor
cage, namely inter-turn short circuits in stator windings and broken rotor bars. The
methods developed in this thesis detect motor faults without the necessity of
invasive tests or process shutdowns. Moreover, the presented methods monitor the
operating induction motor continuously, so that human inspection is not required
to detect motor faults. Now that the central problem of this thesis has been
presented, a literature review about motor fault identification methods including
their advantages and disadvantages is made.
1.2 RELATED WORKS
The first method is an induction motor fault diagnostic technique, which
classifies two types of motor faults: broken rotor bars and inter-turn short circuits.
Additionally, this method identifies the motor fault severity. This method will be
referred to as the diagnostic method throughout the thesis. The second method is
an induction motor fault monitoring technique which classifies the operating
condition of an induction motor as faulty or healthy. This second method is a
robust technique, because it can be trained with datasets generated by Finite
Element methods and monitors the faults of real induction motors independently
of their power ratings, number of poles, level of load torque, and operating
frequency. This robustness is demonstrated experimentally.
1.2.1 INDUCTION MOTOR FAULT DIAGNOSTIC METHOD
The method presented in this thesis for induction motor fault diagnosis is
based on the analysis of the envelope of the three phase stator current. This
diagnostic method can classify two types of induction motor faults: broken rotor

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bars and inter-turn short circuits in the stator windings. Experimental results show
that the three phase current envelope is a powerful feature for motor fault
classification. The envelope signal is extracted from the experimentally acquired
stator current signals and is used in conjunction with machine learning techniques
based on Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) and Reconstructed Phase Spaces
(RPSs) to identify motor faults. In addition, this diagnostic method not only
classifies an induction motor as healthy or faulty, but also identifies the severity of
the fault through the identification of the number of broken rotor bars or the
number (or percentage) of short-circuited turns in stator windings.
This constitutes a powerful means of monitoring motor fault severities,
which could possibly predict the time of onset of complete failure of a motor, and
thus help prevent unexpected shutdowns of industrial processes. The second
advantage of this method is that the classification process needs only the three-
phase stator current sensors, usually available in ac drives. Thus, extra electrical
and mechanical installations, sensors, and mathematical models of an induction
motor are not required.
1.2.2 THE INDUCTION MOTOR FAULT MONITORING METHOD
The second method presented in this thesis is an induction motor fault
monitoring technique based on the air gap torque profile analysis, associated with
machine learning techniques to classify the operating condition of an induction
motor as healthy or faulty. These machine learning techniques are based on
GMMs and RPSs. The important novel nature of this approach is two-fold. First,
the necessary healthy and faulty motor signatures to train this method are obtained
from finite element simulations, not from experimental data. Second, the
signatures can be applied to different classes of induction motors through a novel
normalization process. A faulty condition represents any number of broken rotor
bars. The signatures used in the training stage are based on the air gap torque
profile of an induction motor simulated by a time-stepping Finite Element method.

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 In the monitoring stage a new signature is built for the developed torque.
This torque is calculated online from a new set of three-phase stator voltages and
currents acquired from an actual induction motor being monitored. A comparison
of the signatures obtained at the training and monitoring stages classifies the motor
operating condition. This monitoring method has two main advantages.
The first advantage is the robustness of the monitoring processes, in which
the training stage uses data generated by finite element simulations, in order to
monitor the operating conditions of real induction motors during the actual
operating (monitoring) stage. It should be pointed out that the training process is
performed offline, while the monitoring process is performed online. These
training and monitoring processes based on data from different sources
(simulations and real motors operating data, respectively) show the robustness of
the method. Thus, high costs associated with equipment to emulate the faults or
destructive tests to generate datasets to train this method are not involved.
The second advantage is related to scalability of the monitoring process.
The signatures for the training and monitoring stages are normalized in amplitude.
However, the signatures of the monitoring stage are not only normalized in
amplitude, but also in frequency. This normalization in frequency of the signatures
of the monitoring stage is a function of the signatures of the training stage. Thus,
the signatures from the training and monitoring stages for the same motor
operating condition have similar amplitude and frequency.
These signatures with similar amplitude and frequency for the same motor
operating condition are essential in the monitoring stage to yield high level of
motor fault monitoring accuracy. Accordingly, the training and monitoring stages
yield signatures that are independent of motor rated power, number of poles, level
of load torque, and operating frequency of the real motor that is being monitored.
1.3 INDUCTION MOTOR AND AC DRIVE
This is a basic description of the physical phenomena related to induction
motors, ac drives, and induction motor faults. Moreover, it explains the physical

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phenomena of faulty induction motors with either broken rotor bars or inter-turn
short-circuits in the stator windings.
1.3.1 INDUCTION MOTORS
Induction motors are complex electro-mechanical devices used worldwide
in industrial processes to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Such
motors are widespread because they are robust, easily installed, controlled, and
adaptable for many industrial applications, including pumps, fans, air
compressors, machine tools, mixers, and conveyor belts, as well as many other
industrial applications. Moreover, induction motors may be supplied directly from
a constant frequency sinusoidal power supply or by an ac variable frequency drive.

Figure 1.1 Types of Electric Motors

Due to the large range of types and applications of electric motors, the
focus of this discussion will be on those studied in this thesis. In other words, the
focus is on the three-phase squirrel cage induction motor, which is a type of

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asynchronous motor. As is common in the literature, a three-phase squirrel cage
induction motor is referred to as an induction motor throughout this thesis. This
type of induction motor is highlighted in Figure 1.1. The following section
illustrates the main components of an induction motor.
1.3.1.1 INDUCTION MOTOR COMPONENTS
Although an induction motor has several parts as shown in Figure 1.2, it is
essentially composed of a squirrel cage rotor and a wound stator. The main part of
the rotor is the squirrel cage, which is composed of bars and two end rings. The
conductive rotor bars are short-circuited on both sides by the end rings. Thus, the
electric current can circulate from one side to other side of the squirrel cage. The
bars are enveloped by a laminated iron core, which concentrates the magnetic flux
from the stator windings in the rotor. This lamination also mechanically supports
the rotor shaft. The bearings on both sides of the rotor shaft allow the rotor to spin
freely inside the stator.

Figure 1.2 A Typical 3-Phase Induction Motor

The stator is composed of three parts: frame, lamination core and windings.
The frame mechanically supports the stator and the rotor shaft bearings. The
windings are composed of three equally distributed coils along the stator
lamination core, which are connected to the three-phase power supply. Only the
stator is connected to the power supply. The energy for the rotor is delivered by
induction by the synchronous rotation of the stator magnetic field. The name of the

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“induction motor” is thus derived from this phenomenon. It should be pointed out
that there is a space between the stator and the rotor which is called the air gap.
1.3.1.2 INDUCTION MOTOR OPERATION

Figure 1.3 A Two-Pole Induction Motor Schematic

The operating principle of an induction motor is thus based on the
synchronously rotating magnetic field. The stator is composed of three windings
electrically shifted 120ºe as shown in Figure 1.3. The three windings are
connected to a three phase ac power supply.
When a current, I, pass through a coil, it induces a magnetic field with two
poles (north and south) in this coil. The generated magnetic field H is proportional
to the current I. The magnetic field H has a sinusoidal spatial distribution
characteristic, and inverts polarity each half period of 180°e. Thus, three magnetic
fields, HA, HB, and B HC, are generated when the three phase stator current, IA,
IBB, and IC, are applied to the stator windings.
The 120ºe phase-shift of the three phase stator currents yield a 120ºe phase
shift on the three magnetic fields, HA, HB, and B HC. The path of these magnetic
fluxes is through the rotor and the stator laminations. The resulting magnetic field
at each time instant is equivalent to the sum of the magnetic fields, HA, HBB, and
HC, at that specific time instant. The resulting magnetic field rotates as shown in
Figure 1.4. The time instant one (1) of the three phase stator current shown in
Figure 1.4 yields a maximum magnetic field HA due to the peak value of phase
current A, and a magnetic field HB and B HC with amplitude equal to a half of the

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maximum value. The resulting magnetic field for this time instant has the direction
of HA. In a similar manner, this same process is repeated for the other time
instants two (2) though six (6), yielding a synchronously rotating magnetic field
with constant peak amplitude.
Thus, this rotating magnetic field generated by the three phase currents
applied to the stator windings induces electrical currents in the rotor bars, when
the magnetic flux from the stator cuts across the rotor bars. These rotor currents
generate a magnetic field on the rotor with opposite polarity in relation to the
stator. Since opposite poles attract, the rotor follows the rotating magnetic field of
the stator resulting in a rotation of the rotor slightly slower than the rotating
magnetic field of the stator. This difference in rotational speed between the
rotating fields of the stator and rotor bars is called the slip speed, which will be
discussed next in this chapter. In order to produce the required torque, only a small
slip speed is required to produce the necessary rotor current due to the small
resistance of the shorted rotor bars. Thus, the rotor develops a torque proportional
to the product of the stator and rotor currents.

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 Figure 1.4 The Rotating Magnetic Field Of A Two-Pole Induction Motor. The
Bold Dots and Bold Plus Markings Represent the Phase Currents during Peaking
Instants. The Normal Dots and Plus Markings Represent the Phase Currents with
Amplitudes Equal to Half of the Peak Value
1.4 PARAMETERS OF INDUCTION MOTORS
1.4.1 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
An induction motor is supplied by a three-phase ac system in which the
three phase currents are phase-shifted by 120ºe or 2π/3 electrical radians. The
three phase currents are thus defined as (1.1)

(1.1)
Where ia is the current in phase A, i b is the current in phase B, i c is the
current in phase C, Im is the peak fundamental frequency value of each phase
current, ω is the fundamental electrical angular frequency in (rad/s), φ is the lag
power factor angle in e.rad, and t is time (s). Due to the symmetric phase-shift of
120ºe in the phase currents, the sum of the three phase currents is zero as given by
(1.2).
ia + ib + ic = 0 (1.2)
The phase voltages are also phase-shifted by 120ºe or 2π/3 e.rad. Considering the
phase voltage, va, as reference, the three phase voltages are defined as (1.3).

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 (1.3)
Where, va is the phase voltage A, v b is the phase voltage B, v c is the phase
voltage C, and Vm is the peak fundamental frequency value of the phase voltage.
In polar form, the three phase voltages can be written as (1.4).

(1.4)
Again, due to the symmetric phase-shift of 120ºe in the phase voltages, the
sum of the three phase voltages is zero as given by (1.5).

(1.5)
The three-phase voltage system is defined in terms of the phase voltage (v p)
or the line voltage (vl). The relation between vp and vl is defined in (1.6).

(1.6)
When the three-phase voltage system is applied to an induction motor, the
phase currents are phase-shifted from the phase voltages in the lagging direction
by the power factor angle, φ, which appears to be close to a value of 30º for the
classes of 2-hp and 5- hp motors studied in this thesis, as shown by the phasor
diagram in Figure 1.5, where V ab, Vbc , and Vca are the line-to-line voltages and
Va ,Vb , and Vc are the phase voltages.

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 Figure 1.5 The Phasors of the Three-Phase Stator Currents and Voltages of an
Induction Motor
In this case, Vab , Vbc , and Vca are given by (1.7)

(1.7)
It should be pointed out that the peak value of the phase voltage Vm is
related to the rms value of the phase voltage vrms by a factor 2 as given in (1.8).

(1.8)

1.4.2 SYNCHRONOUS SPEED, ASYNCHRONOUS SPEED, AND SLIP

SPEED
The speed of the magnetic rotating field is the synchronous speed. For an
induction motor with P poles, the synchronous speed is given in r/min as (1.9).

(1.9)

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 Where, f is the stator frequency in Hertz, and nsyn is the synchronous speed
in r/min.
As aforementioned, the synchronous speed of an induction motor connected to a
constant frequency sinusoidal ac power supply depends on the frequency and
number of poles. The number of poles is an inherent characteristic of an induction
motor, which can be typically two, four, six, or eight, etc. On the other hand, the
asynchronous rotor speed depends not only on the frequency and number of poles,
but also depends of the load torque. Thus, higher torque results in a higher slip and
a slower asynchronous rotor speed. Accordingly, an induction motor connected to
a constant frequency sinusoidal power supply runs only at one asynchronous speed
and thus provides no means of speed variation/control. In this case, an induction
motor can be run only at a constant speed, and thus be used in fixed speed
applications, such as pumps with constant flow, fans, and air compressors,
conveyor belts with constant speed, mixers, and drills.
1.4.3 FLUX LINKAGE
Flux linkage is used in electromagnetic analysis to represent the number of
magnetic lines crossing an electrical circuit, such as a coil. The magnetic flux
linkage ψ, is give as below

(1.10)
Where N is the number of turns of a coil, and φ is the magnetic flux in
Weber (Wb).
Considering the RL series circuit in Figure 1.6, the voltage equation given in
(1.11) can be derived

(1.11)

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 Figure 1.6 An RL Series Circuit
1.4.4 MAGNETO MOTIVE FORCE (MMF)
The magneto motive force or mmf is a measure of the strength of a
magnetic field. Moreover, the mmf is proportional to the number of turns in a coil
and the current that flows through this coil. Thus, the measure of the mmf in a coil
is the ampere-turn or just AT of that coil. Thus, 1AT represents 1A circulating in
one turn of a coil. Accordingly, more current implies a stronger magnetic field,
and more turns also yields stronger magnetic field. In a three-phase induction
motor, the fundamental mmf is given by

(1.12)
Where t is time, ω is the angular frequency (velocity) in electrical radians
/sec, θ is angular displacement of the rotor in electrical radians, and Fmax is the
peak value of the fundamental component of the mmf, which is given by the
following

(1.13)
Where Kw is the winding factor obtained from the electrical design of a
motor, Nph is the number of series connected turns per phase, p is the number of
poles, and I is the rms value of the phase current. Even in (1.13), the mmf for an
induction motor is still given in terms of the number of turns times a current in a
similar manner to that of a single coil.
1.4.5 TORQUE
Torque is the force needed to turn a shaft times its arm length to the axis of
rotation. Thus, torque (T) is given by:

(1.14)

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 Where F is the force in Newton’s (N) applied to a shaft and r is the arm
length of the force as shown in Figure 1.7.

Figure 1.7 Torque Applied To a Shaft

The torque in an induction motor is produced from the interaction of the
resultant air gap flux and the mmf (magneto motive force) of either the stator
winding or the rotor cage. Torque is produced on the shaft of the motor only if the
rotor is running at a speed lower than the synchronous speed, i.e. if the slip speed
is a nonzero value.
1.5 AC DRIVES
The ac drives are electronic devices used to control speed and torque of
three phase induction motors. An induction motor supplied by an ac drive can
operate over a wide range of frequency, typically from 0 to 60Hz. This range of
frequencies yields rotor speeds from 0 r/min to the rated value. Moreover, the ac
drive can produce the rated torque at any frequency within this range from zero to
the rated frequency. This is a powerful characteristic for industrial processes that
require torque-speed control. Although, the electrical installation of an ac motor-
drive system is more expensive than an induction motor with a constant frequency
sinusoidal power supply, the ac motor drive system can control not only the motor
speed, but also can control and limit the starting torque and current, can adjust the
acceleration and deceleration ramps, can maintain a constant torque for
frequencies from zero to the rated frequency, and protect the motor against over
voltages and over currents.
The ac drives consist of three main parts, namely: three-phase full wave
rectifier, dc bus filter, and pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter. The block
diagram of the power stage of an ac drive is shown in Figure 1.8.

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 The three-phase full wave rectifier converts the three-phase as voltage of
the power supply into dc voltage. Although ac drives are usually supplied by a
three-phase power supply, there are also ac drives supplied by single phase ac
power supplies to control three-phase induction motors. The power electronic
devices used in this portion of the ac drive can be either diodes or SCR (silicon
controlled rectifier).

Figure 1.8 A Functional Block Diagram of an AC Drive

Although the output of a rectifier is dc, it is not ideal, i.e. the dc voltage
contains ripples. Thus, a dc bus filter at the second stage is used to reduce the
ripple content of the dc bus voltage. The third and last stage is a PWM inverter
which converts the dc voltage from the dc bus filter into three-phase balanced ac
voltage. The operating frequency and magnitude of this three-phase ac voltage
applied to the motor terminals can be controlled in order to maintain the developed
torque of the motor constant from zero to rated frequency. The power electronic
devices that constitute the switches in a PWM inverter for ac drives are in most
cases the so-called IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor), due to their high
current capability, very low control power, high frequency commutation, and low
losses. The schematic circuit switching-element diagram of an ac drive is shown in
Figure 1.9.

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 Figure 1.9 A Circuit Schematic Diagram of an AC Drive

1.6 INDUCTION MOTOR FAULTS

Although induction motors are reliable electric machines, they are
susceptible to many electrical and mechanical types of faults. Electrical faults
include inter-turn short circuits in stator windings, open-circuits in stator windings,
broken rotor bars, and broken end rings, while mechanical faults include bearing
failures and rotor eccentricities, see Figure 1.10. The effects of such faults in
induction motors include unbalanced stator voltages and currents, torque
oscillations, efficiency reduction, overheating, excessive vibration, and torque
reduction.
Moreover, these motor faults can increase the magnitude of certain
harmonic components. This thesis is focused on two types of electrically
detectable induction motor faults, namely: inter-turn short circuits in stator
windings and broken rotor bars.
1.6.1 BROKEN ROTOR BARS
A broken bar can be partially or completely cracked. Such bars may break
because of manufacturing defects, frequent starts at rated voltage, thermal stresses,
and/or mechanical stress caused by bearing faults and metal fatigue. A broken bar
causes several effects in induction motors.

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 A well-known effect of a broken bar is the appearance of the so-called
sideband components. These sidebands are found in the power spectrum of the
stator current on the left and right sides of the fundamental frequency component.
The lower side band component is caused by electrical and magnetic asymmetries
in the rotor cage of an induction motor, while the right sideband component is due
to consequent speed ripples caused by the resulting torque pulsations.
1.7 ADVANTAGES
 To start or stop the induction machine to avoid system failures by
Automatic and manual control methods.
1.8 APPLICATIONS
 To provides an industrial application to make the system become faster and
user friendly.

1.9 OBJECTIVE

 To monitor and control an induction motor based on internet of Things

(IoT) for safe and economic data communication in industrial fields.
 To monitor and control the motors used in Electric vehicles (to make EV
vehicle as automatic one).

1.10 THESIS ORGANIZATION

 Chapter 2: Literature Review
 Chapter 3: Existing System
 Chapter 4: Proposed System
 Chapter 5: Result and discussion
 Chapter 6: Conclusion
 Chapter 7: Reference

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 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Tomoharu Karashima et al [2018] proposes the research and development
of a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) motor, which has been expected for
the application of the next-generation transportation equipment, e.g., train, bus,
etc. Our motor is the so-called HTS induction/synchronous motor (HTS-ISM). In
this paper, we carry out the so-called JC08 rotation test at no-load condition for the
fabricated 20 kW class motor, and investigate the tracking performance of it. It is
shown that the operating performances, i.e., starting characteristics and rotational
vibration at higher speed, are possibly improved by the simple control method
such conventional ones as the torque boost technique and the field weakening
control, even though the HTS rotor windings own nonlinear current transport
characteristics.
Ramachandiran Gunabalan et al [2015] proposes sensorless-based direct
vector control techniques are widely used for three-phase induction motor drive,
whereas in case of multiple-motor control, it becomes intensively complicated and
very few research articles in support to industrial applications were found. A
straight-forward direct vector control with sensorless operation for parallel
connected two similar-rated induction motors driven by single three-phase inverter
is proposed and verified numerically by simulation software test under balanced
and unbalanced conditions. The proposed control algorithm adapts the natural
observer to estimate the rotor speed, rotor flux, and load torque of both motors.
Ruiwu Cao et al [2018] proposes the merits of simple and robust movers of
induction linear motors and higher power factor and high efficiency of permanent
magnet linear motors, a new long primary double-sided linear flux-switching
permanent magnet (DSLFSPM) motor is proposed, investigated, and
quantitatively compared with linear induction motors (LIM) for the
electromagnetic launch system. First, the topology, operation principle, and
electromagnetic performance of the DSLFSPM motor have been investigated.

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Then, in order to analyze the LIMs comprehensively, three LIMs have been
designed based on the same overall dimensions and other key parameters. Finally,
the electromagnetic performance of DSLFSPM motor and LIMs have been
compared and summarized.
Kenichi Ikeda et al [2017] proposes hysteretic rotating characteristics of a
20 kW class high-temperature superconducting induction/synchronous motor,
which is operated in liquid nitrogen (77 K). We show that the hysteretic
characteristic shows the peak value of power conversion efficiency in decreasing
primary voltage from the appropriate higher one. We also develop an analysis
model based on a motor's voltage equation, in which the nonlinear current
transport property of the high-temperature superconductor windings is taken into
account.
Tomoharu Karashima et al [2017] presents regeneration characteristics of a
20-kW class high-temperature superconductor induction /synchronous motor
(HTS-ISM). It has experimentally been demonstrated that the HTS-ISM generates
synchronous electric power at about rated condition (20 kW), and the
corresponding efficiency is more than 90%. The tested characteristics have also
been reproduced based on the nonlinear electrical equivalent circuit.
Amanda Guerra de Araujo Cruz et al [2017] proposes the induction motors
are the main equipment used for electromechanical conversion in the world, and
are present in almost all production processes, accounting for about two thirds of
the industrial electrical consumption. Faults in induction motors can result in
operational disasters, and stop entire sectors of a plant, causing economic and
human losses. Therefore, the development of appropriate techniques for fault
diagnosis in induction motors is critical. Classical methods for induction motors
fault diagnosis do not always provide satisfactory results. This paper proposes a
hybrid system that uses data obtained from vibration, and current sensors to detect
failures at an early stage, since each technique has limitations and disadvantages
when used individually. The signals are processed in the frequency and time

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domain through short time Fourier transform and wavelet multi-resolution
analysis, which provides inputs to an intelligent system based on fuzzy logic. The
failures due to unbalanced load in the motor shaft and in the motor helix were
correctly detected.
Zhi Yang et al [2015] presents the design and comparative evaluation for an
interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) with distributed winding
and concentrated winding, induction motor (IM), and switched reluctance motor
(SRM) for an electric vehicle (EV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application. A
fast finite element analysis (FEA) modeling approach is addressed for IM design.
To account for highly nonlinear motor parameters and achieve high motor
efficiency, optimal current trajectories are obtained by extensive mapping for
IPMSMs and IM. Optimal turn-ON and turn-OFF angles with current chopping
control and angular position control are found for SRM. Additional comparison
including noise vibration and harshness (NVH) is also highlighted.
Xiaoting Ye et al [2019] proposes the rotor currents are induced by both
suspension force winding magnetic field and torque winding magnetic field in the
traditional bearingless induction motors (BIMs). Due to the currents induced by
the suspension force winding, there are errors in the generation of radial
suspension forces. To address such problems, a novel BIM with fixed-pole rotor,
called bearingless fixed-pole rotor induction (BFPRI) motor is proposed. The
structure of BFPRI motor is first analyzed and the mathematical models of radial
suspension forces are deduced. Based on the finite element analysis, the induced
currents and radial suspension forces are also investigated and compared with the
traditional BIM.
Eshaan Ghosh et al [2016] proposes inverter-fed motor drive operating an
unbalanced induction motor (IM) has high harmonic content which inflicts large
torque ripple on the load. Dead short circuit and incipient or partial short circuit in
motor stator windings lead to asymmetry in the machine parameters.
Consequently, an imbalance in the voltage supply worsens the condition

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deteriorating the optimal performance of the drive-based motor due to the injection
of both increased time and spatial harmonics. It is of primary importance that these
discrepancies are taken care of while modeling a more fault tolerant, reduced
harmonics drive system. This paper proposes a novel control strategy to minimize
torque ripple by considering the time harmonics produced due to imbalance in
inverter voltage and parameters of the faulty IM, and the estimated space
harmonics from the measured magnetic flux density in a transient magnetic
phenomenon. The proposed control strategy has been implemented on an
unbalanced aluminum-rotor IM with online monitoring of unhealthy conditions
and feeding it to the harmonic compensation block of the drive system.
Keitaro Muranaka et al [2016] proposes we try to realize variable speed
control technology of superconducting drive motors in order to apply such motors
to transportation equipment, i.e., trains, buses, automobiles, etc. Our target motor
is the so-called high-temperature superconducting induction/synchronous motor
(HTS-ISM). Based on experiments and analyses, we have already shown that the
HTS-ISM has prominent performance such as highly efficient synchronous
rotation in the steady state. On the other hand, a detailed study for the variable
speed control is not carried out yet. In this paper, we first perform a starting test of
a 20-kW-class HTS-ISM and then succeed in accelerating the HTS-ISM from 0 to
1500 r/min just for 0.4 s. Second, we succeed in controlling the HTS-ISM for
variable speed under the drive mode called standard JC08. Next, we assume that
there should be three kinds of rotational modes upon the acceleration of the HTS-
ISM, which are expressed by the use of a transfer function. It is shown that the
analytical results agree well with the phenomenon in the experiment we
conducted.
Jesus A. Corral-Hernandez et al [2018] proposes induction motors are the
most widespread rotating electrical machines in industry. Predictive maintenance
of the motors is of crucial importance due to the fact that unexpected faults in
those machines can lead to huge economic losses for the corresponding

22
companies. Over recent years, there is an increasing use of industrial induction
motors operated by different types of drives, which have different functionalities.
Among them, the use of soft-starters has proliferated due to the inherent benefits
provided by these drives: they damp the high starting currents, enabling the soft
startup of the motors and avoiding undesirable commutation transients introduced
by other starting modalities. In spite of these advantages, they do not avoid the
possible occurrence of rotor damages, one of the most common faults in this type
of motors. Few works have proposed predictive maintenance techniques that are
aimed to diagnose the rotor condition in soft-started machines and even fewer
have demonstrated the validity of their methods in real motors. This work
presents, for the first time, the massive validation of a rotor fault diagnosis
methodology in soft-started induction motors. Industrial and laboratory and
induction motors started under different types of soft-starters and with diverse
rotor fault conditions are considered in the work.
Hui Min Kim et al [2018] presents the design of cryogenic induction motor
submerged in liquefied natural gas (LNG) for operating LNG spray pump. In
cryogenic environment of -163 °C, the torque characteristics of induction motor
differ greatly from the operating conditions at room temperature. So, in order to
obtain the operating characteristics corresponded with design specifications of the
induction motor in cryogenic environment, it is necessary to redesign motor
dimensions from the result of conventional design by reflecting the changes of
material properties under the very low temperature (VLT). This paper focused on
the design of cryogenic induction motor considering the variation of resistivity for
the stator windings and rotor bars. Also, the distribution of magnetic flux density
and magnetic saturation effect on the steel core are analyzed by using 2-D finite-
element method for ac sinusoidal time varying excitations under the VLT.
Bin Liu et al [2018] proposes the saddle-shaped HTS armature windings is
composed of three layers of coils, of which each layer is arranged in six along
circumferential direction. Moreover, the detailed production method of the coil is

23
illustrated. According to the electromagnetic field theory, the electromagnetic
characteristic of the newly designed HTS coreless induction motor is investigated
including the flux density distribution and the torque ripple under the condition of
no-load and rated load. Then, based on the initial geometry model, the
arrangement structure of the HTS coils is optimized and analyzed. By optimizing
the rotation angle of the HTS coil layer along the circumferential direction, it is
found that the magnetic field perpendicular to the tape surface in the optimized
shape coils significantly decreases compared with that in the initial shape coils. In
addition, it is also noticed that not only the torque ripple becomes smaller, but also
the distortion of the air- gap magnetic flux density is improved.
Xu Qiwei et al [2015] proposes the mathematical model of a linear
induction motor was built, and a new accurate thrust control strategy was
proposed, which included adaptive parameter identification and thrust deviation
correction. The adaptive parameter identification was designed based on the
Lyapunov stabilization theory. Then, the thrust deviation correction system was
presented based on the q -axis component of the secondary flux, improving the
thrust control accuracy and dynamic response.
Kazuki Yamada et al [2016] proposes a novel method for the 3-D modeling
of skewed rotor slots with an end-ring in cage induction motors is proposed. The
method allows sufficiently an accurate analysis of the magnetic field within
acceptable computational costs. An interbar current analysis of a cage induction
motor can be carried out by combining the proposed model with a homogenization
method.

24
 CHAPTER-3
EXISTING SYSTEM
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Condition monitoring is considered as a key element of induction motor
which ensure to continuously reduce and eliminate cost unscheduled downtime
and unexpected breakdowns. This project has been presented a review on major
research and developments over the past few decades in the condition monitoring
and fault detection of induction motor. Induction motors are the majority of the
prime movers in industrial application for their reliability. The demand of three
phase induction motor has highly expanded in recent years because of their
simplicity and reliability of construction. The induction motors are widely used in
the industry for railway application, mining industry, wood working machines,
automotive industry, chemical industry, paper mills, etc. Single phase induction
motors are most useful in domestic application and industrial machines, due to
their high efficiency and reliability. Authors have studied a variety of faults in
three phase induction motors, such as unbalanced stator, winding faults, rotor
parameters, eccentricity, bearing faults and broken rotor bars have been studied.
A conventional maintenance technique in the industry has taken two types,
based on fixed time interval maintenance and failure of plant as and when it
happens. However, to improving the condition monitoring of induction motor
using today’s technology. The key elements of this new technique are condition
based maintenance or predictive maintenance through condition monitoring, which
depends upon the condition of the plant. The condition based monitoring is used

25
for increasing the performance of the induction motor, increasing machine life,
reducing internal and external damage, reducing. The condition monitoring and
fault detection of induction motors have become necessary to stop the unexpected
machine shutdown.
There several techniques used for condition monitoring of induction motors
such as vibration signature analysis, acoustic emission monitoring, motor current
signature analysis (MCSA), but these monitoring techniques are complex and
require expensive sensors. An efficient condition monitoring scheme is capable of
providing warning and predicting the faults at early stages. The condition
monitoring system collects primitive data information about the motor using signal
processing or data analysis techniques. The major problem of this type of approach
requires human interpretation. The automation of the fault detection and diagnostic
process is a logical progression of the condition-monitoring technologies. The
automate fault detection and diagnostic process require an intelligent system such
as artificial intelligence techniques, neural network, genetic algorithm, fuzzy logic
and expert system. A very useful survey of high voltage induction motor failures
from industry using different type of categorization, including protection scheme,
machine size, age, number of poles, maintenance regime and running hours. The
authors investigate the cause of the stator and bearing faults which together 75%
of all failures in the induction machine.
3.2 CONTROLLING AND MONITORING SECTION

26
 Figure 3.1 Block Diagram of IoT Based Parameter Monitoring and Control
System of Induction Motor
The overall structure of the system hardware is shown in Figure 3.1. This
section presents overview about the parameter monitoring arrangement of three
phase induction motor. A general block diagram of parameter monitoring system
using IoT has been presented in this paper .The whole arrangement is divided into
following parts transmitter and receiver. Transmitter system consist of sensors,
transducers and microcontroller which are used to acquire the parameters such as
temperature, speed sensors for three phase induction motor located at distant
location.
Acquired parameters are then send to Arduino for display through LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display) and transmitting end is IoT platform. Measured values
are then compared with set values through vb.net program and if in any case the
measured value exceeds the set value of any parameter controlling signal will be
generated by microcontroller to take proper control action such as to stop the
motor, switch on fan on motor side, adjust the speed depending on the measured
value of the parameter.
3.3 HARDWARE DESIGN

27
 This section describes brief description about the components which are
used to for configuring Controlling and Monitoring System for induction motor.
The Transmitter system comprises of following sub circuits. Figure 3.2 shows the
whole system placed near induction motor and system placed at remote location.
Control circuit of induction motor basically consists of the following main sub
circuits.
 Rectifier Circuit
 Half H Bridge Circuit
 Driver Circuit
 Circuit for acquiring data from induction motor and controlling of data.

Figure 3.2 Receiver Control Circuit of Induction Motor

3.3.1 RECTIFIER SYSTEM

In this system 230V ac is converted to proper voltage for driving the motor.
Input supply is fed to bridge rectifier through ac contractor, current transformer
and solid state relay, ac contactor is used for connecting and disconnecting of
voltage in the circuit. Bridge rectifier rectifies ac to dc, output of rectifier is then
fed to capacitor bank for smoothing the obtained output. C.T and voltage
transformer is used for sensing current and voltage of induction motor.
3.3.2 DRIVER SYSTEM

28
 ATmega16 is the heart of driver circuit. Resistor network is used on port a
and port b of microcontroller to fed logical 0 in case of absence of any data. It uses
three pwm channels (OC1A, OC1B, OC2) for generating three phase cycle. Three
AND gate for transfer pwm signal toward positive cycle or negative cycle for all
three phase. For generating positive and negative cycle of any of any phase two
AND gates of 4081 IC is used, AND gate input decides to pass pwm for positive
and negative cycle of any phase.
3.3.3 HALF H- BRIDGE SYSTEM

Figure 3.3 Flow Chart of the Existing System

In half H-Bridge, IC IR2101 is used for driving n channel IGBT for
positive cycle. Output from AND gate of driver circuit is fed to HI-IN and LOW-
IN respectively of IR2101.C2 is used for filtering dc supply voltage. With low
input high IR2101 switch Q1 for negative cycle. This negative cycle charges C1
with 12 V, when HI-IN is high IR2101 adds C1 voltage with 230V and switch Q2
to output positive cycle. R1 and R2 used to control current of IGBT. By
controlling the inputs of AND gate i.e. making AND gate input as low or high and

29
by controlling PWM channels through ATMEGA16 three phase waveform can be
generated with three H bridge circuit.
3.3.4 ARDUINO UNO
Arduino is a single-board microcontroller intended to make the application
of interactive objects or environments more accessible. The hardware consists of
an open-source hardware board designed around an 8-bit Atmel AVR
microcontroller or a 32-bit Atmel ARM. Current models feature a USB interface,
6 analog input pins as well as 14 digital I/O pins which allow the user to attach
various extension boards. The Arduino platform was designed to provide an
inexpensive and easy way for hobbyists, students and professionals to create
devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common
examples for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and motion
detectors. It comes with a simple Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that
runs on regular personal computers and allows users to write programs for
Arduino using C or C++.
3.3.5 CONTROL AND DATA ACCQUISITION SYSTEM
Voltage transformer is used to measure input supply voltage to motor.
Output from VT is rectified, filtered, stepped down and fed to microcontroller.
Current transformer is used input current to motor, filtered, stepped current is fed
to microcontroller.LM35 sensor is used to measure body temperature of motor.
Output of sensor is fed to Atmega16 through double low pass filter. AT89C51 is
used to measure speed and vibrations.AT89C51 start 1sec delay then count all the
pulses through proximity sensor by using timer/counter0multiplied with 30 and
then send to atmega16 port b and d. Optocoupler provides isolation between
proximity sensor, speaker and the MCU circuit. To communicate between IoT
platform and hardware uses Ethernet Shield is connected with Arduino Tx/Rx pin.
Furthermore, IoT platform is ready to monitoring of motor parameter.
3.4 CAYENNE MQTT API FOR IoT

30
 MQTT is a lightweight messaging protocol designed to be used on top of
TCP/IP. It uses an event and message (publish-subscribe) methodology that was
designed especially for connections where small footprints, unreliable and/or
limited bandwidth connections are found. This type of pattern is especially suited
for IoT devices that get deployed in the field and often run on battery power and
on constrained networks. With MQTT,the publish-subscribe pattern makes use of
a broker that is responsible for distributing messages to clients. Clientscan
subscribe to varying levels of messages, depending upon how much or what kind
of data they are interested.

CHAPTER-4

PROPOSED SYSTEM
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In the evolution of electrical technology, the dc motors were widely used
different industrial applications. After the invention of ac motors especially ac
induction motors the view of industry become changed due to the wide advantage
of induction motors. An induction motor has two main parts such as stationary part
and rotating part. Two parts are interlinked by mutual induction that is transformer
principle. An induction is known as rotating transformer. The main advantage of
the 3phase induction motors are self - starting, rugged in construction, good power
factor and low cost but without sacrificing the efficiency the speed cannot be
controlled. The different faults occur in induction motors.
The electrical faults may occur due to the following factors such as
unbalanced 3phase supply, over voltage, over loading. Mechanical-related faults:
The mechanical fault may occur due to rotor bar broken, air gap eccentricity,
damage in bearing, rotor and stator winding failure.

31
 The performance of the induction motor depends upon the above electrical
and mechanical parameters. So the continues monitoring of induction motor is
needed for safe and reliable operation of industrial induction motors. The electrical
and environmental parameters such as voltage, current, temperature and
surrounding humidity of the motor, affects the good performance of motor. And
also the mechanical factors such as vibration and abnormal speed affect the good
performance of the motor. Some electrical and mechanical factors cause the severe
damage to the health of induction motor and also cause severe problem to
application where the induction motor is used. Today scenario the industry work
as fast as possible to finish the product /service. In many industries, the induction
motors very widely used to process the product
To ensure the reliable operation of induction motors recent advancement
techniques are used. Due technology development the monitoring and controlling
are done automatically. Internet of things is the recent development to control and
monitor the motor from remote location. This method provides easy control and
reliability. The reliability of motor is obtained by continuous monitoring of
electrical and mechanical parameters. If any abnormal value of electrical and
mechanical factors may be detected, the motor is controlled automatically (i. e)
motor is suddenly turn off to reduce the severe faults.
4.2 RELATED WORKS
Platform for condition monitoring of industrial motorsNumbers of things
are efficiently interconnected, which leads to condition and controlled monitoring
to increase productivity. Continuous monitoring of the equipment, receiving alerts
and data availability for predictive maintenance. Motor is effectively and
continuously monitored by using web location based traction motor drive
condition monitoring in electric vehicle Power Electronics and Drive Systems in
electric vehicles, the motor drive condition for traction was supervised by applying
the implementation of a wireless Internet of Things (IoT). The design and testing
of the prototype using an ESP8266 microcontroller module to acquire motor

32
condition is presented. Monitoring needs to be performed continuously so as to
determine any degradation in performance or failure of the motors.
The recovery mechanism provides a back-up machine which is started
when the main motor is shut down. This helps in decreasing the loss that would
occur during the downtime. In this way, the production process is not impeded and
the required maintenance or replacement can be performed with the least possible
disruption. This project has provided statistics not only for creating mathematical
models but also for enabling the CMS operator to establish a motor maintenance
schedule. The application of wireless sensor networks for condition monitoring in
three-phase induction motors. The most commonly used technique for the
detection of faults in large three-phase induction motors is to measure the supply
current fed into the motor and analyses the signal spectrum. This aspect allows
companies to reduce downtime when repairing machinery and ensures that
productivity does not suffer.
4.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
The main objective is to increase the reliability of the motor application by
using the recent technology advancement. This work ensure the continuous
monitoring and easy control of high horse power induction motors used in variety
of industrial fields. By ensuring the system reliability abnormal conditions are
easily identified and easily rectified. As Induction machines are used nearly 90%
in industries, the economic data monitoring is required. The productivity of
industries can be increased by doing the preventive maintenance of induction
machines. By taking preventive measures the failure of system and cost of high
horse power motors is protected.
 To monitor and control an induction motor based on internet of Things
(IoT) for safe and economic data communication in industrial fields.
 To start or stop the induction machine to avoid system failures by
Automatic and manual control methods.

33
  To monitor and control the motors used in Electric vehicles (to make EV
vehicle as automatic one).
4.4 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
4.4.1 ARDUINO UNO
The advantage of Arduino over other type of microcontroller is, it’s open
source and cost is less compare to other type of microcontrollers. The simple in
programming it is used many more professionals. Arduino (Figure 4.1) is a type of
ATmega328. Arduino has analog and digital input/output pins. Arduino board
need 5v dc supply to operate. Arduino UNO is the heart of this work for data
acquisition and controlling of motor. The condition monitoring sensors, LCD
display are interfaced with input/output pins of Arduino. The control circuit are
added are also interfaced with output pins of Arduino. Arduino board has the reset
button, pins for connecting external source (i. e battery) and USB cable. It’s also
has transmitter and receiver pin for serial monitoring. Arduino produce a output of
3.3V and 5V.

Figure 4.1 Arduino UNO

4.4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

34
 Figure 4.2 Proposed System Block Diagram
4.4.3 REMOTE MONITORING AND CONTROLLING
Acquired data is continuously monitored in local center and also in
server .The server application provide the remote monitoring of acquired data. The
program set up in the Arduino is used in processing the data continuously and send
the processed to the server. By using thinks speak website the data is seen from
remote locations via internet. If any abnormal condition is noted that is controlled
from remote locations (i. e ON and OFF the motor to reduce severe faults).
4.4.4 POWER SUPPLY
Power supply is the circuit (Fig 3) from which we get a desired de voltage
to run the other circuits. The voltage we get from the main line is 230V AC but the
other components of our circuit require 5V DC. Hence step-down transformer is
used to get 12V AC which is later converted to 12V DC using a rectifier. The
output of rectifier still contains some ripples even though it is a DC signal due to
which it is called as Pulsating DC. To remove ripple in output voltage the filter
circuit is required. Here a capacitor is used. The 12V DC is rated down to SV

35
using a positive voltage regulator chip 705. Thus, a fixed DC voltage of 5V is
obtained.

Figure 4.3 Power Supply Circuit

4.4.5 CONDITION MONITORING SENSORS
The running condition of 3phase induction motor is continuously monitored
by easily configurable and light weight sensors are mostly used.

Figure 4.4 Sensors

The sensors (Figure 4.4) in the proposed work are DHT11 sensor for
measuring humidity, LM35 for measuring temperature, Piezoelectric sensor for
measuring vibration, Acs712 for measuring motor current, voltage divider for
measuring supply voltage and IR sensor for measuring speed. In this project the
data is acquired by the Arduino. The Arduino has the ability to process the data,
send the data to cloud storage, store the result in local center, give the alert
message to user and used in control the applications.
4.4.6 LCD display
In this project 16*2 LCD display (Figure 4.5) is used for continuously
display a data which is acquired from sensors. The display contains 16 pins. The
supply of 5V is given across the Anode and cathode pins of LCD display. Pins 3, 4
and 5 are connecting to pot, for change the brightness of the LCD display. The

36
LCD display contains 8data pins and 2 control pins. By programming the process,
the data is continuously displayed in the LCD screen. To interface LCD display to
Arduino 4 data pins, 2 control pins and 2 supply wires (i. e 5V and Ground) must
be connect to Arduino. The processed data is displayed in the LCD display one by
one. And also the additional requirement of smooth motor operation is displayed.

Figure 4.5 LCD Display

4.4.7 ESP8266 (WI-FI MODULE)
ESP8266 is a WI-FI Module (Figure 4.6), used for wireless communication.
It is interfaced with micro controller (Arduino) by connecting 5 pins.

Figure 4.6 WI-FI Module

It needs two 3.3V supplies and one ground to operate. Also this module
requires two soft serial ports. The data acquired by the Arduino are processed and
send to server by using ESP8266. ESP8266 require additional library file to
operate. By programming the microcontroller the data is updated every second. It
has advantage over Bluetooth module (i. e) the data is send to remote locations.
ESP8266 work depends upon the AT commands.
4.4.8 THINKS SPEAK
Things speak (Figure 4.7) is a platform providing various services
exclusively targeted for building lot applications. It offers the capabilities of real
time data collection, visualizing the collected data in the form of charts, ability to
create plug in and apps for collaborating with web services, social network and

37
other APIs. The features of given Things speak is given below, the element of
Things speak is a ‘Things speak’ private Channel. The channel is created for our
usage, there many number of fields are available which is used for purpose of
storing data that is send from Arduino.
 8 fields for storing data of any type -These can be used to store the data
from it sensor or from an embedded device.
 In this project work 6 fields are used in the private channel.
To use Things speak, signup is required and create a channel. Once channel
is selected, Data is needed to be sent, allow Things speak to process it and also
retrieve the same. Separate username and password is provided for the private
channel.

Figure 4.7 Thinkspeak website

4.5 CONTROLLER
4.5.1 RELAY
The 5V relay is used in the proposed work. 5V relay (Figure 4.8) is directly
connected to the Arduino. Pulse from the Arduino is given to relay, the output of
relay is the input of contactor. If any abnormal condition is detected by the
Arduino from acquired data the command is given to Arduino to relay to open the
contactor. In this work single pole single throw switch relay is used. The relay has
the 5pins NO (normally open), NC (normally closed), 5V, GND and common pin.
There is no need of external itself, Arduino is provide enough supply to relay. The

38
relay is work on the principle of electromagnetism, when supply is given to relay
it act as a electromagnet and change the state of the switch. The supply given to
Arduino is independent of the supply which to be turn ON and OFF.

Figure 4.8 Relay

4.5.2 CONTACTOR
The 3phase supply is given to motor through the 3phase contactor (Figure
4.9). The contactors are mainly control the motors in industry. It has three input
and output path, the supply is given to motor through the contactors. Contactor is
an electrically controlled switch, used for switching the motor circuit. Other than
relay contactor is directly connected to the high load current. The state of the relay
may use both normally open and closed applications. The contactor has the ability
to reduce the arc. The rating of contactor depends upon the load current per
contact. The switching of 3phase contactor depends upon triggering pulse from the
5V relay.

Figure 4.9 Three Phase Contractor

If programming the Arduino depends on the smooth operation motor, the
switching signal is given to contactor. The data acquired by the controlled is
processed and compare with the normal value and any abnormal condition is
sensed then an opening and closing command is given to Arduino. The contactor
is helpful maintaining the healthy condition of motor. By switching the motors

39
depends on the data, the motor protect from overloading, over current and high
temperature.
4.5.3 METHODOLOGY
The power supply is turn ON, the Arduino and all the interface components
get the required supply. Sensor unit senses the corresponding motor parameters
and feed to the Arduino. Arduino reads the data from various sensors and analyses
according to the given instructions, then sends the sensor information to LCD and
network gateway through WiFi. In Parallel, Arduino reads the commands from
internet and provides control signals to the relay via contactor, which will control
the induction motor. The sensor information’s are displayed visually in server. The
Induction motor control is based on the sensed parameters and in manual mode the
control is based on alert messages received from the web. The control is done by
relay and contactor circuit. The motor is turn ON/OFF when abnormal value is
detected.

Figure 4.10 Connection of the Circuit

CHAPTER-5
40
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
All the Iot works have been done in adafruit.io Iot platform.

Creating a Dashboard
 Like

When you login to your io.adafruit.com  account, you will be

redirected to your list of dashboards. It will look like the
page seen below.

41
Your list of dashboards will only have the Welcome
Dashboard when it is first loaded. You can start the dashboard
creation process by clicking the Actions menu on the upper
left hand side of the screen.

42
Next, select Create a New Dashboard from the dropdown
menu.

43
You can then enter the name and description of your new
dashboard, and click the Create button once you are finished.

44
Once your dashboard has been created, click on the name of
your new dashboard to load it.

45
46
You should now see your new blank dashboard.

Next, we will look at adding blocks to the new dashboard.

47
Adding Blocks
 Like

Blocks are widgets that you can add to your dashboard. There are some blocks that can
be used as outputs, and some that can be used as inputs. To add a new block, you can
click the + (plus) button on the upper right hand side of the dashboard.

You will then be presented with a list of block types to choose from, like the one seen
below.

Let's take a quick look at the available blocks.

Gauge
The gauge block allows you to quickly view the current value of a numeric feed. You can
set a minimum and maximum value for the gauge, and it will automatically scale the
value to a percentage and display it graphically. The gauge will update automatically
whenever a new value is pushed to the feed.

Number Slider
The number slider allows you to quickly change the numeric value of a feed. You can set
the minimum and maximum values for the slider, as well as change the amount the slider
will increment when you drag the handle.

48
Momentary Button
The momentary button allows you to easily push a value to a feed. This can be useful if
you wish to control devices attached to Adafruit IO. For example, if you wanted to feed
your pet from your smartphone, you could use a momentary button to send the message
to your feeding device.

Toggle Button
The toggle button will allow you to switch between any two text or numeric values.
Unlike the momentary button, the values will stay the same until you click the button
again to toggle to the second value.

Color Picker
The color picker allows you to quickly select a RGB hex value for a color using a
standard color picker interface. The new hex value will be pushed to the feed whenever
you change the color.

Line Graph
The line graph allows you to visualize numeric data over time. You can set the time range
in hours that the chart will load, and set the labels for each axis of the chart. The chart
will update dynamically whenever new values are pushed to the feed.

Text Box
The text box is both a freeform text input and output. You can use it to set new values for
a feed, and it will also dynamically update when any new values are pushed from other
sources.

49
Image
The image block allows you to display images pushed from devices with cameras such as
the Raspberry Pi. The image block requires a feed with history disabled.

50
Stream
The stream block displays incoming data from one or many feeds, and will also display
any errors or throttle messages when they occur. Unlike the text box, the stream block
displays multiple lines of feed history, which can be useful for debugging.

51
Icon
The icon block displays feed state using custom icons (click here to view them!). To use
it, send the icon name to the selected feed to display the icon inside the block.
If you are not changing the icon, you can also select Static Icon to display a static icon
on your dashboard.

52
Indicator 
Want to display a the status of your project on a dashboard? The indicator block is a
simple on/off indicator lamp which looks like a LED. Feed values are compared using the
given conditions. If the conditions are true, then "On Color" is used, if false, "Off Color".
All values are assumed to be numeric for comparison. If the current feed value can't be
converted to a number, it will be treated as a string.

53
54
Number Pad
A telephone style number pad for your dashboard. Based on the Membrane 3x4 Matrix
Keypad sold by Adafruit, produces numbers or symbols when clicked.

55
56
Remote
A Mini Remote Control for your dashboard! Based on the Mini Remote Control sold by
Adafruit, mimics the output of the Adafruit NEC remote control library.

57
58
Navigating the Create New Block Form
There are three steps in the create block form:

1. Select block type

2. Select feed(s)
3. Block settings

Once you have selected a new block type by clicking on the icon, you will be presented
with a list of feeds. This will allow you to select a feed to attach to your new block. Some
blocks, such as the stream and line graph blocks, allow you to attach multiple feeds. Click
on the checkbox next to the feed to select it, and click the Next step button to continue.

The third section allows you to customize the settings for the block type you selected.
Each block will have common settings like block title, as well as custom options like
minimum and maximum values. Click on the Create Block button to add a new block
once you have finished customizing the block settings.

59
Repeat the process to add more blocks to your dashboard. Currently there is a limit of 10
blocks per dashboard.

Next, we will look at editing your dashboard.

60
 Adafruit Iot Platform Dashboard
All parameters have been uploaded in the iot platform it is easy to view monitor
and control induction motor is easy.
HARDARE SETUP

61
 CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION

In this project the concept of Internet of Things for early detection and
monitoring of motor system failures remotely. The system has the ability to
combine various sensed parameters in real time and improve accurate detection of
different faults occur in motor. The monitoring of the motor system presents the
measurement of different parameters namely vibration of the motor, temperature,
speed, surrounding humidity, supply voltage and motor current. Thus, compared to
other conventional methods this system has more number of fields which enables
alarm, alert messages and quick controlling. The concept of IoT is presented here
for remote monitoring and controlling the motor. By using visual basics the data
received from the controller node represent by graphically .The data is also
displayed serially. The work is updated to extra fields for precious control. The
application of the system is needed today for every electrical system (i. e EV
vehicle and automation of industries where greater safety is needed). The system
has the specific advantage less maintenance, easy and quick controlling and
accessing of data remotely. Experimental results confirm the feasibility of the
implementation of the system.

62
 REFERENCES
[1]TomoharuKarashima,TaketsuneNakamura,KenichiIkeda,RyoheiNishino,Masaa
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