Name Class Period

O 27-1 What Do Normal and Sickled Cells Look Like?

Sickle-cell anemia is a disorder in which red blood cells are sickle-shaped
rather than round. Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disorder. The sickled-cells
do not carry as much oxygen as normal red blood cells. person with this A
disorder does not get enough oxygen to the body cells.
EXPLORATION

OBJECTIVES
In this exercise, you will:
a. examine and compare slides of normal and sickled red blood cells.
b learn that there are two different conditions to this disease.
c. solve genetic problems involving sickle-cell anemia.

KEYWORDS
Define the following keywords:
a disease caused in whole or in part by a change in the DNA sequence away from the normal
genetic disorder
a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each
sequence.
hemoglobin containing an iron atom bound to a heme group.
a severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a

O sickle-cell anemia crescent shape at low oxygen levels. It is most common among those of African descent.
a relatively mild condition caused by the presence of a single gene for sickle cell anemia, producing a smaller amount of
sickle-cell trait abnormal hemoglobin and conferring some resistance to malaria.

MATERIALS
compound light microscope red pencil
prepared slides of normal and sickled red blood cells

PROCEDURE
Parf A. Observation of Normal and
Sickled Red Blood Cells red blood
1. Examine a slide of normal blood cells cell

under the microscope. Locate the cells first

under low power, then high power.

2, Draw two or three red blood cells in the
space provided marked "normal." Draw
the cells fo scale. (Note: Red cells are
round, have no nucleus, and are very pale
pink in color. Cells that appear dark blue
in color are stained white blood cells.)
white blood
3, Label the following cell parts: cell membrane, cell
cytoplasm.
4. Shade, with red pencil, the parts Of the
cell in which hemoglobin is found. FIGURE 1. Normal blood cells

227
5. Examine a slide of sickled red blood cells under the microscope. Locate the cells
first under low power, then high power.
6. Draw two or three sickled red blood cells in the space provided marked
"sickled." (Note: Sickled cells are irregular in shape and may look like crescent
moons or .teardrops.)
7. Label the following cell parts: cell membrane, cytoplasm.
8. Shade, with red pencil, the parts of the cell in which hemoglobin is found.
-

Hf
emir ••Baaa.
Bk
mammonism Eaa
ho
Normal cells Sickled cells

FIGURE 2. Normal and sickled cells

Part B. Comparison of Sickle-cell Trait with Sickle-cell Anemia

1. Examine Table Note that not all people that possess the sickle-cell gene have
sickle-cell anemia, There are two different conditions that are
sickle-cell
determined by the genes that are received from the parents. Sickle-cell trait is Q))
less of a problem than sickle-cell anemia. For more information read the material
in section 27:5 of your text.

Table Gene Combinations

Gene combination •Blood cell shape Name of disease

All Round Normal

Half Round
RS Sickle-Cell Trait
Half Sickled

ss All Sickled Sickle-Cell Anemia

2. Examine Figure 3. These drawings represent blood samples from three different
people. Count the number of normal and sickled cells in all three samples. For
each sample record your •totals in Table 2.

Table 2. Number of Normal and Sickled Celts Seen

Number of Number of
Blood sample
normal cells sickled cells

38 36
66 Q
c Q 67

228
 Name Class Period

O 3. Examine your data and Table 1. Determine the blood condition for each of the
samples in Figure 3 and write the correct condition ("normal," "sickle-cell trait,"
or "sickle-cell anemia") below each blood sample.
4. Examine your data and Table 1. Determine the correct gene combination (RR,
RS or SS) that produced each sample in Figure 3 and write them below each
blood sample also.

"

00 0

:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
0 80
, , , ,

ovö 00
÷ e O PPO
: :%88000g o
00 0 0000%
0 00 ooooo
0 0000
o
c
÷:
sicked cell normal sicked cell

trait cell anemia

FIGURE 3.. Blood Samples

Part C. Genetics Problems

Construct and use a Punnett square for each of the following problems. Record your
answers in the spaces provided.
1. Two parents have the following genes for blood cell shape: RS and RR. What

kind of blood might their children have?

number of children

have normal blood 213

have sickle-cell trait

113

have sickle-cell anemia

113

2. Two parents have the following genes for blood cell shape. RS and RS. What
kind of blood might their children have?
number of children

have normal blood

112

O have sickle-cell trait

112
112
have sickle-cell anemia

229
 3. Two parents have the following genes for blood cell shape: RS and SS. What
kind of blood might their children have?
number of children

have normal blood 013

have sickle-cell trait 113
have sickle-cell anemia 213

gr.JESTIONS
l. Describe the shape of normal' red blood cells. round , has a
cavity in the center
at each end
2. Describe the shape of sickled cells. shape , finger pointy
3. Explain how the number of normal and sickled red blood cells differ in a person

with sickle-cell trait and sickle-cell anemia. a person with a trait has some

regular blood cell , and sickle-cell anemia person only has sick led cell
4. Examine the drawings of the red blood cells in Figure 1 again. Which type of

cell, normal or sickled, probably contains more hemoglobin?

5.
sickbed cell
The
is most
likely to contain less hemoglobin
hemoglobin a person has, the more• difficult it is for the cells of their
less
body to get enough oxygen. With too little oxygen, a person will tire easily and
cannot do a lot of exercising. Would a person with sickle-cell trait be able to do

more Ör less exercising than a person..wit•h sickle-cell anemia? more

Why?
because trait has more regular blood cell to carries
-

6. Which condition is more of a problem for a person, sickle-cell trait or sickle-cell Oxegen
anemia? anemia Why?
because the world
clot much easier and
they carries less
Oxegen
7. A scientist gathered the following information while. studying people with
sickle-cell anemia.
Number of •children born in the United States with sickle-cell anemia:

to white parents—less than 1/100,000 births

to Afro-American parents — about 200/1001000 births
Which racial group seems to suffer most from this genetic disorder?
afro American
8. Why do we call sickle-cell anemia a genetic disorder? because it can
be pass on

9. How does this disorder serve as an example of lack of dominance?

the sick led cell is also a dominance trait

230
 Name Class Period

27—2 How Are Traits on Sex Chromosomes Inherited?

Hemophilia is a disorder in which the person's blood will not clot. The
disorder is inherited. If you have the dominant gene H, you will have
normal blood. If you have only the recessive gene h, your blood will not clot.
Color blindness is also a genetic disorder. In this disorder, the person
does not see certain colors, such as red and green. This person will see green
as a grey color and red as a yellow color. If you have at least one dominant
gene C, you see all colors. If you have only recessive genes, you cannot see
red and green.
INTERPRETATION

OBJECTIVES
In this exercise,you will:
a. toss show children born in five families.
coins to
b. see how hemophilia and color blindness are inherited in several families.
c. solve genetic problems involving hemophilia and color blindness in some
families.

KEYWORDS
Define the following keywords:

color blindness unable to distinguish certain color

a medical condition in which the ability at the blood to dot is reduced

hemophilia
sex chromosomes a chromosome involved with determining the sex cell of a organism

MATERIALS
coins Coin 1
•8 tape pen Male

PROCEDURE
Part A. Hemophilia
front back
Genes for hemophilia are located on the
sex chromosomes. Remember, females Coin 2
Female
have two X chromosomes (XX) while H h
males have one X and one Y chromosome
(XY). Only the X chromosomes have the
genes for hemophilia. A. female can be front back
XHXH, XHR' , or XIXh for the clotting trait.
A male can be YIY or Y.Y. FIGURE 1, Marking coins for .family 1

Family 1. Offspring of parents who are normal; the mother is heterozygous.

Place the tape on both sides of two coins.

O
l.

2. Mark the coins as shown in Figure 1. These coins represent the genes of the
parents. The coin with the Y chromosome iS the father. The coin with an X on
each side is the mother.

231
 3. Place both coins in your cupped Table 1. Offs rin of Father and Mother
hands. Shake the coins, and then Gene Offspring Total
combinations observed
drop them on your desktop.
4. Read the combination of
that appears. This combination
letters
I 11
representS the result that might I 8
appear in an offspring of these
parents.
5. Make a mark (/) in Table 1 beside XHY I 9
the correct gene combination in
the column marked "Offspring XhY
1 12
Observed."
6. Repeat shaking and reading the
coins for a total of40 times.
7. Figure the total marks for each gene combination in Table 1 and write these
totals in the proper space in the table.

Family 2. Offspring of a father who has hemophilia and a heterozygous mother.

1. Place tape on two coins and mark them as shown in Figure 2.
2. Place the coins in your hands and shake. Read the results and make a proper
mark in Table 2.
3. Repeat step 2 for a total of 40 times. •Total your marks in Table 2.

Coin 3
Table 2. Offs rin of XhY Father and Mother
Male
Gene Total
Offspring observed
combinations
h

front back I 7
Coin 4
Female 1 11
h
XHY I 9
XhY 1 13
front. back
FIGURE 2. Marking coins for family 2

Part B. Color Blindness

The genes for color blindness are also located on the sei chromosomes. For the
genes controlling color blindness a female can be XBXB XBXb or XbX&. A male can be
, ,

either or ry.

Family 3. Offspring of a father who is color-blind and a mother. who has two
dominant genes.
l. Place tape on two coins and mark them as shown in Figure 3.
2. Shake the coins and read the results. Place a proper mark in Table 3.
3. Repeat step 2 fora total of 40 times. Total your marks in Table 3.

Family 4. Offspring of parents who are normal but the mother is heterozygous.
1. Place tape on two coins and mark them as shown in Figure 4.
2. Shake the coins and read• the results. Place a proper mark in Table 4.

232
 Name Class Period

O 3. Repeat step 2 for a

Coin 5
total of 40 times. Total your marks in Table
Table 3. Offs rin of XbY Father
4.

and Mother
Male Gene
b Offspring Observed Total
combinations

xexg

front
Coin 6
back xer I 18
Female

1 22
front back
FIGURE 3. Marking coins for family 3

Coin 7
Male Table 4. Offs rin of Father and Mother
Gene Total
Offspring observed
combinations

xoxa I 22
front back
Coin 8
Female
1 10
b

:
XBY
front back
FIGURE 4. Marking coins for family 4
Part C. Problems
Fbr each of the following problems construct and use a Punnett square. Record your
answers in the spaces provided.

1. Two parents have the following genes for hemophilia: XH•Xh and XHY. What type
of blood could their children have?
Children
Number of males Number of females

have normal clotting

I I
have hemophilia

2, Two parents have the following genes for color blindness: XBXB and XbY. What
kind of color Vision could their children have?
Children
Number of males Number of females

O have normal vision 2

O
L
O
have color blindness

233
 3. Two parents have the following genes for color blindness: XDR and RY. What
type of color vision could their children have?
Children
Number of males Number of females

have normal vision I 0

have color blindness I 2

gUESTIONS
1. What sex chromosomes do female offspring have? 2 X chromosomes
2. What sex chromosomes do male offspring have? Y X chromosomes
3. How many genes do females have:

a. for blood clotting?

2 b. for color blindness?
l
4. How many genes do males have

a.for blood clotting? l b. for color blindness? l

5. Why is there a difference in the number of genes for blood clotting and color

blindness in males and females? be cause females carries 2x chromosome that

and blood
gives them a better chance at having a female with color blindness clotting

6. Which of the two traits studied in this exercise are genetic disorders?

sick led cell anemia

,
and hemophilia
7. In Problem 2, why are there no color-blind children even though one of•the

parents is color blind? because color blindness is a recessive trait

8. Which of the parents give the trait of hemophilia to their son? the mother

9. Which of the parents give the trait of hemophilia to their daughter? the mother

234
 Name Date Class

CHAPTER 11

What's in a face? Investigate Inherited

BioLab Human Facial Characteristics
Background: Most people know that they inherit their hair color and their eye color
from their parents. However, there are many other head and facial traits that humans
inherit. In this lab, you will investigate a number of different inherited facial structures
that combine to compose a human face.
Question: What structures that comprise the human face are actually determined
genetically?

Materials
coins, 2 per team; heads = dominant trait,
tails = recessive trait

table of inherited human facial characteristics

Procedure 5. Flip your coin at thesame time as your partner.

1. Read and complete the lab safety form.
Flip the coins only once for each trait.

2. Partner with a classmate. 6. Continue to flip coins for each trait shown in
the table. After each coin flip, record the trait
3. One member of the team will represent the
of your offspring by placing a check in the
father, and one member will represent the
appropriate box in the table.
mother. Decide which partner will represent
the father and who will represent the mother. 7. Once the traits are determined, draw the off-
spring's facial features, give him/her a name,
4. Have the person representing the father flip a
and be prepared to introduce the offspring to
coin. Ifthe coin lands heads facing up, the off-
the rest of the class.
spring is a female; if the coin lands tails facing
up, the offspring is a male. Record the gender of
the offspring.

Data and Observations

•s

(5

Unit 3 CHAPTER 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 43

Name Date Class

Classic What are the chances?

Lab
Genetic disorders are abnormal conditions that are inherited through genes or
chromosomes. Some genetic disorders are caused by mutations in the DNA of genes.
Others are caused by changes in the overall structure or number of chromosomes.
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in which the body produces unusually thick mucus
in the lungs and intestines. This makes it difficult for a person with cystic fibrosis to
breathe or digest food. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele. At this time, the
symptoms of cystic fibrosis can be controlled, but there is no cure for this disease.
In this lab, you will determine the probability that cystic fibrosis will appear in
the children of a couple who carry the traits for the disease.

Objectives
• Construct a pedigree for a family.
• Determine the probability ofa couple having a
child with the genetic disorder.

Materials
index cards (two colors—blue and pink)
scissors

pencil

Safety Precautions

WARNING: Be careful when using scissors—they

are sharp and canopierce or cut the skin.

Procedure
1. Read and complete the lab safety form. 4. Use the index cards to create a set of cards to
2. Read the following family history: represent the alleles. Cut three index cards of each
Anthony and Emma have a daughter named color into fourths.On the 12 blue cards, write F
to represent the dominant norrhal allele. On the
Kathryn. Kathryn has been diagnosed with
12 pink cards, write f for the recessive
cystic fibrosis. Anthony and Emma are both
allele.

healthy. Anthony's parents are both healthy. 5. Use the cards to represent Kathryn's alleles.

Emma's parents are both healthy. Anthony Write her genotype next to the pedigree symbol
has a brother, named Corbin, who has cystic for Kathryn.

fibrosis. 6. Use the cards to show Corbin's alleles and write

3. In the space in the Data and Observations the genotype next to his symbol.
section,draw a pedigree that shows all the 7. Use the cards to determine what genotypes
family members mentioned here. Use circles to Anthony and Emma must have. Write their
represent the females and squares to represent genotypes next to their pedigree symbol.
the males. Shade the circles or squares 8. Use the index cards to determine the
representing the people who currently have genotypes ofthe other family members. Fill in
cystic fibrosis. each person's genotype next to their symbol in
the pedigree. Write in all possible genotypes.

Laboratory Manual LAB 13 49

 Classic Lab 13, What are the chances? continued

Data and Observations

1. Use this space to draw a pedigree of Anthony and Emma's family.

mom =
cystic fibrosis

E A C
1

50 LAB 13
Laboratory Manual
Name Date Class

Classic Lab 13, What are the chances? continued

Analyze and Conclude

1. What were the genotypes of Anthony's parents? What were the genotypes of Emma's

parents?

Xh XH
Xh y
"
Xh XH
=
Anthony
F-
parent
X y
= hamas parent

2. Anthony also has a sister, Zoé. What is the probability that she has cystic fibrosis?

Explain.

706 she has a 50% Chance because

both of ZOE
parent are carrier so both of
ZOE parent has a cystic fibrosis trait but
since ZOE has Xh XH the domi have danced it out
but she is still a carrier
3. What is the probability that Anthony and Emma will have another child with
cystic fibrosis?

50% percent chance

4. Why is information about several generations of family members necessary to get a

good idea about a hereditary condition? Explain.
of that
you know if you are a carrier
so that
trait or not and tell you the chance at your child
,
it or not
having

5. Do you think cystic fibrosis is a sex-linked genetic disorder? Explain.

no because it most likely to Just be pass on

like other trait

any

Laboratory Manual LAB 13 51

 Classic Lab 13, What are the chances? continued

6. Error Analysis What are some possible sources of error in an exercise like this one?
not
having many detail
parent parent had to
about the
so
guess the
i

possibility of the
being pass on

Inquiry Extensions
1. Some genetic disorders are more common in certain ethnic groups. an
Select
ethnic group, research the prevalence of inherited diseases for that group, and
create a fictional pedigree to illustrate transmission patterns. Provide additional
information on the prevalence of the disease in other ethnic groups.
2. Some diseases or traits are sex-linked. Research one such disease or trait, and report
on how it is transmitted and which individuals are affected. In addition, make a
fictional pedigree to demonstrate how a sex-linked disease would appear in a family
across generations.

52 LAB 13
Laboratory Manual