Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun which is the densest planet and the fifth largest of
the eight planets in the Solar System. Earth is also the largest of the four terrestrial planets of the
Solar System. Earth is sometimes called the world or the Blue Planet. Earth formed about 4.54
billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface at least 3.5 billion years ago

Earth is a planet where all living things and their contents live.

The earth is one of the planets included in the solar system in the universe, it is not
stationary as we predict, but instead the earth rotates with its axis (rotation) and moves around
the sun (revolution) is the center of the solar system.

I. Theory of Earth Formation

The formation of the earth consists of the following theories

a. Fog Theory (Nebula)

From BC, experts have thought about how the earth process came into being. And one of
them is the fog theory or the so-called nebula which was introduced by Immanuel Kant in 1755
and Piere de Laplace in 1796. Where they are both famous for the Kant Laplace fog theory. In
this theory, it is said that in the universe there are gases that gather into fog or nebula. Where is
the attractive force between the gases which then forms a huge collection of fog and rotates
faster. Where this rotation process is very fast, the mist material at the equator is thrown and
separated and solidifies due to cooling. In the part that was thrown out, it became the planets in
the solar system.

b. Planetisima Theory

Since the early 20th century, Forest Ray Moulton, an American astronomer and his
colleague Thomas C. Chamberlain, a geologist, put forward the theory of the planestisimal
hypothesis, that the sun was formed from masses of gases of enormous mass, when there another
star that flew by and was very close and on the verge of a collision. Too close the trajectory
affects the gravitational force of the two stars which results in the attraction of gas and light
matter on the edges.

The effect of the gravitational force causes matter to be thrown away and leaves the surface of
the sun and the surface of the star. The material that is thrown shrinks and makes a planestimal
blob. Then the cold planestimal and condensed to form planets around the sun, including Earth.

c. The Tidal Theory

Two British scientists, James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys, in 1918 put forward the tidal
theory. They say that when a star passes near the sun, some of the mass of the sun is pulled
outwards to form a kind of cigar / scroll. The parts that make up this cigar will experience
cooling and form planets, namely Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune.

d. Twin Star Theory

The theory put forward by an astronomer R.A Lyttleton, this theory explains that galaxies
originated from a combination of twin stars. Where one of the stars exploded, making a lot of
material thrown away, while the star that did not explode was called the sun and the exploded
star became the planets around the sun.

e. Big Bang Theory

The Big Bang theory explains that the earth originated tens of billions of years ago.
Where there is a very large cloud of fog rotating on its axis. The rotation allows the small parts to
be flung out while the large parts come together and become the center of the formation of the
giant disk.

f. Weizsäcker theory

In 1940, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, a German astronomer, suggested that the solar
system originally consisted of a sun surrounded by a mass of gas fog. Most of the mass of this
gaseous fog consists of the light elements, namely hydrogen and helium. Due to the very high
heat of the sun, the light elements evaporate into the space of the solar system, while the heavier
elements are left behind and agglomerate. This will attract other elements in the space of the
solar system and in turn evolve to form planets, including Earth.

g. Kuiper Theory

Gerald P. Kuiper suggests that originally there was a large disc-shaped nebula. The center
of the disc is protomatous, while the mass of gas that revolves around the protomar is
protoplanet. In his theory, he also included light elements, namely hydrogen and helium. The
center of the disk, which is the protomaton, gets very hot, while the protoplanet becomes cold.
The light elements evaporated and began to coagulate into planets.

h. Whipple Theory

Fred L. Whipple, an American astronomer, suggests that at first the solar system was
composed of a strange gas and dust fog containing slightly cosmic nitrogen that rotates to form a
kind of disc. The rotating dust and gases cause mass concentration and eventually coagulate to
become solid, while the fog disappears to evaporate into space. The solid lumps collided with
each other and then formed the planets.