Faculty of Humanities and Social Science

Tribhuvan Univesity

Kathmandu, Nepal

2020

A Seminar paper on Child A

(As required for the partial fulfillment of the course Integrated Social Work 313

Submitted to:

Department of Social Work

Southwestern State Collage

Basundhara, Kathmandu

Submitted by:

Manila Upadhyaya

Kajal Tamang

Poonam Bishankha

BASW2ndYear, 2077

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 SOUTHWESTERN STATE COLLAGE

Basundhara, Kathmandu, Nepal

RECOMMENDATION:

This report entitled, “Seminar Paper on “INTERVIEW” compiled by Ms. Manila Upadhyaya,
Ms. Kajal Tamang and Ms. Poonam Bishankha of Southwestern State Collage Basundhara ,
Kathmandu under my supervision and guidance and therefore is forwarded to external viva.

…………………………..

Supervisor

Southwestern State Collage

Basundhara, Kathmandu

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 SOUTHWESTERN STATE COLLAGE

Basundhara, Kathmandu, Nepal

LETTER OF APPROVAL

This seminar paper on Interview has been approved by the department of social work,
Southwestern State Collage, Basundhara , Kathmandu and the external expert send by Tribhuvan
University , Kritipur.

………………….. ………………….. …………………..

External Expert Internal Expert Supervisor

Tribhuvan University Southwestern State College Southwestern State College

Basundhara,Ktm Basundhara,Ktm

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMT

It is our great privilege to express our sincere gratitude and special appreciation to our supervisor
Sudarshan Basnet sir for his encouragement and guidance to conduct this research. His
contribution has been useful to make this study meet the programs and standard. We are deeply
beholden to those who assisted us to produce the report.

We would also like to acknowledge to all the representatives from the Government, NGOs,
INGOs, and other related members who helped us to gather our best information.

Lastly, we would like to show our thanks and show our humble gratitude to all our friends,
family members and our relatives who helped us to complete our paper successfully.

Manila Upadhyaya

Kajal Tamang

Poonam Bishankha

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 Table of Content

Cover Page ……………………………………………………………………….1

Recommendation letter …………………………………………………………..2

Approval Letter …………………………………………………………………..3

Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………..4

Table of Content …………………………………………………………………5

1.1. INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND: 6

1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS: 7-9

1.3. MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEMS: 10-13

1.4. HISTORY: 14

1.5. LITERATURE REVIEW: 15-17

1.6. CAUSE AND EFFECTS: 18

a. Effect of abuse on children: 19

b. Effect of child abuse on Psychology: 20

c. Effect of child abuse on physics: 21-22

1.7. LAWS AND POLICIES: 23-25

1.8. EFFORTS MADE BY GOVERNMENT NGOs & INGOs: 26-27

1.9. CASE STUDY: 28-29

CHAPTER-2

(INTERVIEW)

INTERVIEW: 30

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2.1 GOVERNMENT: 31

2.2 INGOs: 32

2.3 MEDIA: 33

2.4 EXPERTS: 34-35

CHAPTER-3

(STRATEGIES)

3.1 VISION: 35

3.2 GOALs: 35

3.3 OBJECTIVES: 35

3.4 STRATEGY -01 : Public awareness against child abuse 36-38

CONCLUSION 39
RECOMMENDATION TO FIGHT CORRUPTION 40-41
REFERENCES 42

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CHAPTER-1(INTRODUCTION)

1.1. INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND

Child abuse or child maltreatment is physical, sexual, and/or psychological maltreatment or

neglect of a child or children, especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any
act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential harm to a child,
and can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child
interacts with. Definitions of child maltreatment can vary across the sectors of society which deal
with the issue, such as child protection agencies, legal and medical communities, public health
officials, researchers, practitioners, and child advocates. Since members of these various fields
tend to use their own definitions, communication across disciplines can be limited, hampering
efforts to identify, assess, track, treat, and prevent child maltreatment(Bonnie S. Fisher; Steven
P. Lab, eds. (2010).The World Health Organization (WHO) defines child abuse and child
maltreatment as "all forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or
negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to
the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of
responsibility, trust or power( Retrieved 8 March 2016).

In general, abuse refers to (usually deliberate) acts of commission while neglect refers to acts of
omission( McCoy, M.L.; Keen, S.M. (2013). Child maltreatment includes both acts of
commission and acts of omission on the part of parents or caregivers that cause actual or
threatened harm to a child. Some health professionals and authors consider neglect as part of the
definition of abuse, while others do not; this is because the harm may have been unintentional, or
because the caregivers did not understand the severity of the problem, which may have been the
result of cultural beliefs about how to raise a child. Delayed effects of child abuse and neglect,
especially emotional neglect, and the diversity of acts that qualify as child abuse, are also factors
(Friedman, E; Billick, SB (June 2015).

While studying in this subject we get to know a different types of abuse suffered by an child each
and every years and such Types are as followed;

As of 2006, the World Health Organization distinguishes four types of child maltreatment:
physical abuse; sexual abuse; emotional (or psychological) abuse; and neglect(World Health
Organization and International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (2006 ).

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1)Physical abuse

Among professionals and the general public, there is disagreement as to what behaviors
constitute physical abuse of a child (Noh Anh, Helen (1994). Physical abuse often does not
occur in isolation, but as part of a constellation of behaviors including authoritarian control,
anxiety-provoking behavior, and a lack of parental warmth. The WHO defines physical abuse as:

Intentional use of physical force against the child that results in – or has a high likelihood of
resulting in – harm for the child's health, survival, development or dignity. This includes hitting,
beating, kicking, shaking, biting, strangling, scalding, burning, poisoning and suffocating. Much
physical violence against children in the home is inflicted with the object of punishing.

Overlapping definitions of physical abuse and physical punishment of children highlight a subtle
or non-existent distinction between abuse and punishment (Saunders, Bernadette; Goddard, Chris
(2010). but most physical abuse is physical punishment "in intent, form, and effect". As of 2006,
for instance, Paulo Sergio Pinheiro wrote in the UN Secretary-General's Study on Violence
Against Children:

Corporal punishment involves hitting ('smacking', 'slapping', 'spanking') children, with the hand
or with an implement – whip, stick, belt, shoe, wooden spoon, etc. But it can also involve, for
example, kicking, shaking or throwing children, scratching, pinching, biting, pulling hair or
boxing ears, forcing children to stay in uncomfortable positions, burning, scalding or forced
ingestion (for example, washing children's mouths out with soap or forcing them to swallow hot
spices( Pinheiro, Paulo Sérgio (2006).

Most nations with child abuse laws deem the deliberate infliction of serious injuries, or actions
that place the child at obvious risk of serious injury or death, to be illegal. Bruises, scratches,
burns, broken bones, lacerations — as well as repeated "mishaps," and rough treatment that
could cause physical injuries — can be physical abuse (Theoklitou D, Kabitsis N, Kabitsi A
(2012). Multiple injuries or fractures at different stages of healing can raise suspicion of abuse.

The psychologist Alice Miller, noted for her books on child abuse, took the view that
humiliations, spankings and beatings, slaps in the face, etc. are all forms of abuse, because they
injure the integrity and dignity of a child, even if their consequences are not visible right away.
(Retrieved 5 March 2015).

Physical abuse as a child can lead to physical and mental difficulties in the future, including re-
victimization, personality disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociative disorders,
depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, eating disorders, substance abuse, and aggression. Physical
abuse in childhood has also been linked to homelessness in adulthood.

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2) Sexual abuse

Main articles: Child sexual abuse and child-on-child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a
child for sexual stimulation. Sexual abuse refers to the participation of a child in a sexual act
aimed toward the physical gratification or the financial profit of the person committing the act
(Theoklitou D, Kabitsis N, Kabitsi A (2012). Forms of CSA include asking or pressuring a child
to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), indecent exposure of the genitals to a
child, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact with a child, physical contact with
the child's genitals, viewing of the child's genitalia without physical contact, or using a child to
produce child pornography. Selling the sexual services of children may be viewed and treated as
child abuse rather than simple incarceration ( Brown, Patricia Leigh (23 May 2011).

Effects of child sexual abuse on the victim include guilt and self-blame, flashbacks, nightmares,
insomnia, fear of things associated with the abuse (including objects, smells, places, doctor's
visits, etc.), self-esteem difficulties, sexual dysfunction, chronic pain, addiction, self-injury,
suicidal ideation, somatic complaints, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, other
mental illnesses including borderline personality order and dissociative identity disorder (Coons,
Philip M. (August 1994)., propensity to re-victimization in adulthood, bulimia nervosa, and
physical injury to the child, among other problems. Children who are the victims are also at an
increased risk of sexually transmitted infections due to their immature immune systems and a
high potential for mucosal tears during forced sexual contact. (Thornton, Clifton P.; Veenema,
Tener Goodwin (2015). Sexual victimization at a young age has been correlated with several risk
factors for contracting HIV including decreased knowledge of sexual topics, increased
prevalence of HIV, engagement in risky sexual practices, condom avoidance, lower knowledge
of safe sex practices, frequent changing of sexual partners, and more years of sexual activities.

3) Psychological abuse

Main article: Psychological abuse

There are multiple definitions of child psychological abuse:

• In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) added Child Psychological Abuse to the
DSM-5, describing it as "non-accidental verbal or symbolic acts by a child's parent or caregiver
that result, or have reasonable potential to result, in significant psychological harm to the child."(
Donald Black (1 February 2014).

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• In 1995, APSAC defined it as: spurning, terrorizing, isolating, exploiting, corrupting, denying
emotional responsiveness, or neglect" or "A repeated pattern of caregiver behavior or extreme
incident that convey to children that they are worthless, flawed, unloved, unwanted, endangered,
or only of value in meeting another's needs (John E. B. Myers (2011).

• In the United States, states laws vary, but most have laws against "mental injury”

• Some have defined it as the production of psychological and social defects in the growth of a
child as a result of behavior such as loud yelling, coarse and rude attitude, inattention, harsh
criticism, and denigration of the child's personality. Other examples include name-calling,
ridicule, degradation, destruction of personal belongings, torture or killing of a pet, excessive
criticism, inappropriate or excessive demands, withholding communication, and routine labeling
or humiliation( The National Center for Victims of Crime on 27 July 2011).

In 2014, the APA stated that:

• "Childhood psychological abuse as harmful as sexual or physical abuse."

• "Nearly 3 million U.S. children experience some form of [psychological] maltreatment

annually."

• Psychological maltreatment is "the most challenging and prevalent form of child abuse and
neglect."

• "Given the prevalence of childhood psychological abuse and the severity of harm to young
victims, it should be at the forefront of mental health and social service training"

In 2015, additional research confirmed these 2014 statements of the APA (Loudenback, Jeremy
(25 October 2015).

Victims of emotional abuse may react by distancing themselves from the abuser, internalizing
the abusive words, or fighting back by insulting the abuser. Emotional abuse can result in
abnormal or disrupted attachment development, a tendency for victims to blame themselves
(self-blame) for the abuse, learned helplessness, and overly passive behavior.

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4) Neglect

Main article: Child neglect

Child neglect is the failure of a parent or other person with responsibility for the child, to provide
needed food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or supervision to the degree that the child's health,
safety or well-being may be threatened with harm. Neglect is also a lack of attention from the
people surrounding a child, and the non-provision of the relevant and adequate necessities for the
child's survival, which would be a lack of attention, love, and nurturing ( Theoklitou D, Kabitsis
N, Kabitsi A (2012).

Some observable signs of child neglect include: the child is frequently absent from school, begs
or steals food or money, lacks needed medical and dental care, is consistently dirty, or lacks
appropriate clothing for the weather (PDF) on 11 October 2007, Retrieved 10 October 2012).
The 2010 Child Maltreatment Report (NCANDS), a yearly United States federal government
report based on data supplied by state Child Protective Services (CPS) Agencies in the U.S.,
found that neglect/neglectful behavior was the "most common form of child maltreatment ".

Neglectful acts can be divided into six sub-categories (Australian Institute of Family Studies.
September 2015):

• Supervisory neglect: characterized by the absence of a parent or guardian which can lead to
physical harm, sexual abuse, or criminal behavior;

• Physical neglect: characterized by the failure to provide the basic physical necessities, such as a
safe and clean home;

• Medical neglect: characterized by the lack of providing medical care;

• Emotional neglect: characterized by a lack of nurturance, encouragement, and support;

• Educational neglect: characterized by the caregivers lack to provide an education and additional
resources to actively participate in the school system; and

• Abandonment: when the parent or guardian leaves a child alone for a long period of time
without a babysitter or caretaker.

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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Children are the pillar of the future but many of them get abused and victims which leads
country as more undeveloped. Child abuse is hot-hot problem which solutions are still needed to
find out. Especially the reason of child abuse is harm, or risk of harm to children and young
people, can occur when stress, tiredness, lack of skills, information and support combine to make
the pressures of caring for children overwhelming.

Some of the factors that can contribute to the likelihood of harm include:

• isolation and lack of support - when there is no one, such as extended family, friends, a partner
or community support to help with the demands of parenting

• stress - financial pressures, job worries, medical problems or taking care of a family member
with a disability can increase stress and overwhelm parents

• unrealistic expectations - a lack of understanding of a child or young person's developmental

stages and behaviour

• lack of parenting skills - not knowing how to help children and young people learn, grow and
behave in a positive way

• drug and alcohol problems - addiction or substance abuse may limit a parent's ability to meet
their children's needs

• low self esteem and self confidence - sometimes insecure parents doubt their ability to meet
their child's needs and do not seek help and support

• poor childhood experiences - intergenerational patterns of abuse.The presence of one or more

of these factors does not by itself prove that a child is being harmed or is at risk of harm, but it
can alert you to the possibility that a child may be at risk.

Given the right skills and resources, most people who have harmed a child can learn to parent in
a positive way.

Community attitudes are also a contributing factor to child abuse. There is still some acceptance
in the community for the use of physical force for the purposes of discipline and punishment of
children and young people.

People may not consider it any of their business, may not want to get involved or do not trust
child protection authorities, and therefore do not report their concerns.

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Attitudes vary across different communities and those that can inadvertently support abuse
include:

• acceptance of the use of violence and force

• acceptance of physical punishment of children and young people

• acceptance of parents 'ownership' of children and young people and their right to treat children
and young people as they see fit

• racism

• inequality between men and women

• lack of community understanding about the consequences of harm experienced in

childhood(Department of child safety, youth and women: 2 feb 2020)

Suspicion for physical abuse is recommended when an injury occurs in a child who does not yet
move independently, injuries are in unusual areas, more than one injury at different stages of
healing, symptoms of possible head trauma, and injuries to more than one body
system( Christian, C. W. (27 April 2015). The consequences of maltreatment can be devastating.

For over 30 years, clinicians have described the effects of child abuse and neglect on the
physical, psychological, cognitive, and behavioral development of children. Physical
consequences range from minor injuries to severe brain damage and even death. Psychological
consequences range from chronic low self-esteem to severe dissociative states.

The cognitive effects of abuse range from attentional problems and learning disorders to severe
organic brain syndromes. Behaviorally, the consequences of abuse range from poor peer
relations all the way to extraordinarily violent behaviors. Thus, the consequences of abuse and
neglect affect the victims themselves and the society in which they live.

Similarly some consequences of child abuse:

a) Medical and Physiological Consequences

Abuse and neglect may result in serious health problems that can adversely affect
children's development and result in irremediable lasting consequences. Early studies of
physically abused children documented significant neuro-motor handicaps, including central
nervous system damage, physical defects, growth and mental retardation, and serious speech
problems (Elmer and Gregg, 1967; Green et al., 1974; Martin et al., 1974; Morse et al., 1970).

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 b) Cognitive and Intellectual Consequences

Some consequences of abused child is problematic school performance (e.g., low grades, poor
standardized test scores, and frequent retention in grade) is a fairly consistent finding in studies
of physically abused and neglected children (Eckenrode et al., 1991; Salzinger et al., 1984;
Wolfe and Mosk, 1983), with neglected children appearing the most adversely affected. The
findings for sexually abused children are inconsistent.

c) Psychosocial Consequences

Sexually abused children, particularly those abused by a family member, may show high levels
of dissociation, a process that produces a disturbance in the normally integrative functions of
memory and identity (Trickett and Putnam, in press). Many abused children are able to self-
hypnotize themselves, space out, and dissociate themselves from abusive experiences (Kluft,
1985).

In some clinical studies, severely abused children appear to be impervious to pain, less
empathetic than their nonabused peers, and less able than other children to put their own
suffering into words (Barahal et al., 1981, Straker and Jacobson, 1981).

1.3 MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM

Child maltreatment is a global public health problem. There is limited information about this
problem in low-income countries. We aimed to document the prevalence and factors associated
with physical punishment of children less than 14 years of age in Nepal. Study design:
Population-based cross-sectional study. Methods: We conducted an in-depth analysis using data
from the Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, a nationally representative multi-stage-
stratified cluster sampling survey. Data were collected from 13,000 households in 520 sample
enumeration areas. We assessed prevalence of physical punishment and different child violence
related acts on 5081 children aged 3-14 years for whom complete information on all acts and
attitude towards violence was available. Logistic regression was used to investigate the
association between physical punishment of child and factors such as household and maternal
demographics. Results: Our results suggested violence is common across Nepal, with data
showing one in every second child is physically punished. One in every third (33%) of children
were spanked, hit or slapped on the bottom, 25% were hit or slapped on the face and
approximately 3% were beaten up hard. Odds of facing physical punishment were higher among
children aged 3-5 years (odds ratio [OR] 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0-4.3), aged 6-8

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years (OR 2.8, 95% CI: 2.2-3.7), engaged in child labour activities (OR 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.7),
with mother that accepted wife beating by husband is justified (OR 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4), whose
father is currently abroad (OR 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-1.9) and whose father is away from home but in
the same country (OR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3).

The risk was also higher among children living in households that believe physical punishment
of children is necessary (OR 3.5, 95% CI: 2.9-4.3) and from lower caste/indigenous
(dalit/janajati) ethnicity (OR 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.7). Those less likely to experience physical
punishment included female children (OR 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6-0.9) and children with an older
mother (34-49 years; OR 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9). Conclusions: Our results suggest that physical
punishment of children is common across Nepal with varying severity. Prevention efforts should
focus on designing and promoting interventions that support parents to adapt alternative forms of
parenting practices.(Child maltreatment in Nepal; October 2017).

The scope of the problem;

Nearly 700,000 children are abused in the U.S each year. An estimated 678,000 children (unique
incidents) were victims of abuse and neglect in 2018, the most recent year for which there is
national data. That’s about 1% of kids in a given year. However, this data may be incomplete,
and the actual number of children abused is likely underreported.

Child welfare authorities ensure the safety of more than 3.5 million kids. More than 3.5 million
children received an investigation or alternative response from child protective services agencies.
An estimated 1.9 million children received prevention services.( National annual child abuse
statistics cited from U.S. Administration for Children & Families, Child Maltreatment 2018).

How child abuse impacts kids;

The youngest children were most vulnerable. Children in the first year of their life had the
highest rate of victimization of 2.7% of all children that age.

Child abuse is deadly, In 2018, an estimated 1,770 children died from abuse and neglect in the
United States. Nationally, neglect is the most common form of abuse. Three-out-of-five (nearly
61%) of victims were neglected only, more than 10% were physically abused only, and 7% were
sexually abused only. Yet the statistics indicate a more complex problem where children
experience multiple forms of abuse. In 2018, more than 15% of kids were poly victimized
(suffered two or more forms of abuse).Yet CACs serve far more sexual abuse cases, indicating a
deeper problem. CACs investigated 243,039 cases involving sexual abuse allegations in 2019,
fully 65% of all cases our members carried through. While not all these cases resulted in a
disclosure, charges, or a conviction, it’s an indication that the problem of sexual abuse may be
much larger than federal statistics show.

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 This is the image of child abuse rate extraction from (National Statistics on child abuse) where
we can see that sexual abuse is more than physical abuse . Specially more than boys girls are
involved in such a abuse.

Here is some point I have mentioned how and where child abuse happen;

• Most child victims are abused by a parent. In substantiated child abuse cases, 92% of children
were victimized by a parent.

• Child-on-child abuse is common. At CACs in 2019, 22% of people alleged to have abused a
child were themselves children (in cases where we knew the age of the alleged abuser). 14% of
the total were teenagers (National annual child abuse statistics cited from U.S. Administration
for Children & Families, Child Maltreatment 2018).

CAC’s( CHILD ADVOCACY CENTER) help abused children each year to recover them such
like:

• CACs serve more than 370,000 kids each year, helping them to recover. In 2019, Children’s
Advocacy Centers around the country served some 371,060 child victims of abuse, providing
victim advocacy and support to these children and their families.

• CACs heal more than 200,000 kids each year. Our members offer 210,113 kids science-backed
counseling and therapy services to help them recover from trauma and avoid the lifelong impacts
of trauma.

• Kids with problem sexual behaviors get help at CACs. Treatments offered for children and
youth with problematic sexual behaviors are successful; after treatment, 98% never go on to hurt
another child.

• CACs educate more than 2 million people each year, helping prevent abuse. We provided
2,294,935 people with abuse prevention education in 2019, up 288% in the past decade.
(National Children’s Alliance 2019 national statistics collected from Children’s Advocacy
Center members and available on the NCA website ,Carpentier, M, Silovsky, J, & Chaffin, M.
(2006).

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1.4 HISTORY

The whole of recorded history contains references to acts that can be described as child abuse or
child maltreatment, but professional inquiry into the topic is generally considered to have begun
in the 1960s (McCoy, M.L.; Keen, S.M. (2013). The July 1962 publication of the paper "The
Battered Child-Syndrome" authored principally to pediatric psychiatrist C. Henry Kempe and
published in The Journal of the American Medical Association represents the moment that child
maltreatment entered mainstream awareness. Before the article's publication, injuries to children
—even repeated bone fractures—were not commonly recognized as the results of intentional
trauma. Instead, physicians often looked for undiagnosed bone diseases or accepted parents'
accounts of accidental mishaps such as falls or assaults by neighborhood bullies (Young-Bruehl,
Elisabeth (2012). Childism: Confronting Prejudice Against Children).

The study of child abuse and neglect emerged as an academic discipline in the early 1970s in the
United States. Elisabeth Young-Bruehl maintains that despite the growing numbers of child
advocates and interest in protecting children which took place, the grouping of children into "the
abused" and the "non-abused" created an artificial distinction that narrowed the concept of
children's rights to simply protection from maltreatment, and blocked investigation of the ways
in which children are discriminated against in society generally. Another effect of the way child
abuse and neglect have been studied, according to Young-Bruehl, was to close off consideration
of how children themselves perceive maltreatment and the importance they place on adults'
attitudes toward them. Young-Bruehl writes that when the belief in children's inherent inferiority
to adults is present in society, all children suffer whether or not their treatment is labeled as
"abuse"(Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth (2012). Childism: Confronting Prejudice Against Children).

1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW

One of the most challenging and controversial issues facing the child welfare system is the
disproportionate representation of ethnic minority children and families.

For a long time, child protection in general has been perceived as a matter for the professionals
specializing in social service, health, mental health, and justice systems. However, this problem
remains a duty to all, and more so a concern for other social scientists such as anthropologists,
economists, historians, planners, political scientists, sociologists, and humanists (e.g., ethicists,
legal scholars, political theorists, and theologians) who contribute to the understanding of the
concepts of and strategies in child protection and the responsibility for adults and institutions
with roles in ensuring the safety and the humane care of children under their care.

17
Child abuse, therefore, is when harm or threat of harm is made to a child by someone acting in
the role of caretaker( Duhaime AC, Alario AJ, Lewander WJ, Schut L, Sutton LN, Seidl TS, et
al. Head injury in very young children: Mechanisms, injury types, and ophthalmologic findings
in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age. Pediatrics). Here is some review I have
found from old journal, notes:

1.Official Publication of the International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect

Child Abuse & Neglect is an international and interdisciplinary journal publishing articles on
child welfare, health, humanitarian aid, justice, mental health, public health and social service
systems. The journal recognizes that child protection is a global concern that continues to evolve.
Accordingly, the journal is intended to be useful to scholars, policymakers, concerned citizens,
advocates, and professional practitioners in countries that are diverse in wealth, culture, and the
nature of their formal child protection system. Child Abuse & Neglect welcomes contributions
grounded in the traditions of particular cultures and settings, as well as global perspectives.
Article formats include empirical reports, theoretical and methodological reports and invited
reviews.

2.Recently published articles from Child Abuse & Neglect( September 2020). Amanda L.
Elmore | Elizabeth Crouch

From a recent article I found that 4% of children had current depression and those with an ACE
count greater than four had increased odds (OR: 2.29; CI: 1.74-3.02). Multivariate regressions
demonstrated associations between depression and low resiliency as well as significant
interactions between ACE exposure and three PCEs. Children who were exposed to greater than
four ACEs and did not exhibit resilience had 8.75 higher odds of depression (CI: 5.23-14.65)
compared to those with less than four ACEs and some resilience. The objectives of the articles is
to fills this gap by providing recent, nationally representative estimates of ACE and PCE
exposure for ages 8-17 and examines the associations between ACE exposure and PCEs on the
outcome of depression.

3. Abstract of an journal of Nepal paediatric society

Child abuse is common but still unnoticed, undiagnosed, neglected childhood problem in Nepal.
Child abuse has diverse clinical manifestation ranging from minor injury to severe head trauma
to simulating severe medical problem. The true incidence of intentional head injury in children
remains uncertain in Nepal. We are reporting a case of child abuse with blunt head trauma with
intracranial hemorrhage presenting as a loss of consciousness simulating as a diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA).

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Key words: Children, child abuse, DKA

DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v30i1.2462

Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society Vol.30(1) 2010 53-56

4.The official journal of Association of Child Protection Professionals

Child Abuse Review is an inter-professional journal for research, practice and policy in child
maltreatment.The journal provides a forum for all professionals working in the field of child
protection, providing access to the latest international research, practice developments, training
initiatives and policy issues. Child Abuse Review maintains a practice-orientated focus, actively
promoting practice-relevant research and facilitating the use of research findings to enhance
good practice and influence policy.

Articles are written and presented in an accessible format for an international multidisciplinary
audience, including those working in the fields of child psychology, criminology, social work,
social policy, paediatrics, child and adolescent psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, nursing, medical
sociology and public health.International in scope, coverage includes all forms of maltreatment,
whether they occur inside or outside the family environment, inter-professional working,
intervention, safeguarding and related areas of children’s rights, child care and child welfare.
Each issue includes a mix of refereed research and practice papers, training updates, case studies,
brief communications, book reviews and a calendar of future events.

Child Abuse Review has remained at the cutting edge of a constantly changing field for 25
years. The journal has exposed and examined new forms of child harm such as those posed by
new technology, abuse in sport and child trafficking. Innovative interventions and therapeutic
approaches have been evaluated and disseminated through the journal.

5.Child Abuse & Neglect Article of the Year 2016

Child Abuse & Neglect, The International Journal, is pleased to announce the first winner of its
‘Article of the Year’. The papers shortlisted for this title have demonstrated outstanding
contribution to research on child welfare and we wish to recognise these scholars and research
topics within the community.The papers selected for this title were voted on by the editorial team
and editorial board of Child Abuse & Neglect. They are able to find out that child abuse is very
challenging and very difficult problems,still in many countries child abuse, child labor, child

marriage is performed in a name of so-called culture.

19
The winner of the Child Abuse & Neglect Article of the Year 2016 is:

Molnar, B.E., Goerge, R.M., Gilsanz, P., Hill, A., Subramanian, S.V., Holton, J.K., Duncan,
D.T., Beatriz, E.D., Beardslee, W.R. 2016. Neighborhood-level social processes and
substantiated cases of child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 41-53.

1.6 CAUSE AND EFFECTS

A) Causes of child abuse

Child abuse is a complex phenomenon with multiple causes( Fontana VJ (October 1984). "The
maltreatment syndrome of children". Pediatric Annals). No single factor can be identified as to
why some adults behave abusively or neglectfully toward children. The World Health
Organization (WHO) and the International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect
(ISPCAN) identify multiple factors at the level of the individual, their relationships, their local
community, and their society at large, that combine to influence the occurrence of child
maltreatment. At the individual level, such factors include age, sex, and personal history, while
at the level of society, factors contributing to child maltreatment include cultural norms
encouraging harsh physical punishment of children, economic inequality, and the lack of social
safety nets. WHO and ISPCAN state that understanding the complex interplay of various risk
factors is vital for dealing with the problem of child maltreatment (World Health Organization
and International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (2006).

There is some limited evidence that children with moderate or severe disabilities are more likely
to be victims of abuse than non-disabled children (Jones, L, Bellis, MA, Wood, S et al. (8
September 2012). A study on child abuse sought to determine: the forms of child abuse
perpetrated on children with disabilities; the extent of child abuse; and the causes of child abuse
of children with disabilities. A questionnaire on child abuse was adapted and used to collect data
in this study. Participants comprised a sample of 31 pupils with disabilities (15 children with
vision impairment and 16 children with hearing impairment) selected from special schools in
Botswana. The study found that the majority of participants were involved in doing domestic
chores. They were also sexually, physically and emotionally abused by their teachers. This study
showed that children with disabilities were vulnerable to child abuse in their schools (Shumba,
A.; Abosi, O.C. (2011). "The Nature, Extent and Causes of Abuse of Children with Disabilities
in Schools in Botswana". International Journal of Disability, Development and education).
Unemployment and financial difficulties are associated with increased rates of child abuse. In
2009 CBS News reported that child abuse in the United States had increased during the
economic recession.

20
It gave the example of a father who had never been the primary care-taker of the children. Now
that the father was in that role, the children began to come in with injuries (Hughes, Sandra (20
May 2009).

Parental mental health has also been seen as a factor towards child maltreatment. According to a
recent Children’s HealthWatch study, mother's positive symptoms of depression display a
greater rate of food insecurity, poor health care for their children, and greater number of
hospitalizations.( Casey, Patrick; Goolsby, Susan; Berkowitz, Carol; Frank, Deborah; Cook,
John; Cutts, Diana; Black, Maureen M.; Zaldivar, Nieves; Levenson, Suzette (February 2004).
"Maternal depression, changing public assistance, food security, and child health status".
Pediatrics. 113 (2): 298–304).

B) Effects of child abuse

Child abuse can result in immediate adverse physical effects but it is also strongly associated
with developmental problems and with many chronic physical and psychological effects,
including subsequent ill-health, including higher rates of chronic conditions, high-risk health
behaviors and shortened lifespan( Middlebrooks, J.S.; Audage, N.C. (2008).

Maltreated children may grow up to be maltreating adults. A 1991 source reported that studies
indicate that 90 percent of maltreating adults were maltreated as children. Almost 7 million
American infants receive child care services, such as day care, and much of that care is poor
(Cohn Jonathan (2011)

1)Emotional

Child abuse can cause a range of emotional effects. Children who are constantly ignored,
shamed, terrorized or humiliated suffer at least as much, if not more, than if they are physically
assaulted. According to the Joyful Heart Foundation, brain development of the child is greatly
influenced and responds to the experiences with families, caregivers, and the community.
Abused children can grow up experiencing insecurities, low self-esteem, and lack of
development. Many abused children experience ongoing difficulties with trust, social
withdrawal, trouble in school, and forming relationships( American Humane Association.
Archived from the original on 22 April 2015)

Babies and other young children can be affected differently by abuse than their older
counterparts. Babies and pre-school children who are being emotionally abused or neglected may
be overly affectionate towards strangers or people they haven't known for very long. They can
lack confidence or become anxious, appear to not have a close relationship with their parent,
exhibit aggressive behavior or act nasty towards other children and animals.

21
Older children may use foul language or act in a markedly different way to other children at the
same age, struggle to control strong emotions, seem isolated from their parents, lack social skills
or have few, if any, friends( NSPCC. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015).

2)Physical

The immediate physical effects of abuse or neglect can be relatively minor (bruises or cuts) or
severe (broken bones, hemorrhage, or even death). In some cases the physical effects are
temporary; however, the pain and suffering they cause a child should not be discounted. Rib
fractures may be seen with physical abuse, and if present may increase suspicion of abuse, but
are found in a small minority of children with maltreatment-related injuries (Kemp AM, Dunstan
F, Harrison S, Morris S, Mann M, Rolfe K, Datta S, Thomas DP, Sibert JR, Maguire S (2008).

The long-term impact of child abuse and neglect on physical health and development can be:

• Shaken baby syndrome : Shaking a baby is a common form of child abuse that often results in
permanent neurological damage (80% of cases) or death (30% of cases) (Morad Y, Wygnansky-
Jaffe T, Levin AV (2010). "Retinal haemorrhage in abusive head trauma.

• Impaired brain development : Child abuse and neglect have been shown, in some cases, to
cause important regions of the brain to fail to form or grow properly, resulting in impaired
development ( De Bellis MD, Thomas LA (2003). "Biologic findings of post-traumatic stress
disorder and child maltreatment). Structural brain changes as a result of child abuse or neglect
include overall smaller brain volume, hippocampal atrophy, prefrontal cortex dysfunction,
decreased corpus callosum density, and delays in the myelination of synapses.

• Poor physical health : In addition to possible immediate adverse physical effects, household
dysfunction and childhood maltreatment are strongly associated with many chronic physical and
psychological effects, including subsequent ill-health in childhood, adolescence and adulthood,
with higher rates of chronic conditions, high-risk health behaviors and shortened
lifespan( Middlebrooks, J.S.; Audage, N.C. (2008).

• Exposure to violence during childhood is associated with shortened telomeres and with reduced
telomerase activity (Shalev I, Moffitt TE, Sugden K, Williams B, Houts RM, Danese A, Mill J,
Arseneault L, Caspi A (2013).

22
3) Psychological

Children who have a history of neglect or physical abuse are at risk of developing psychiatric
problems, or a disorganized attachment style. In addition, children who experience child abuse or
neglect are 59% more likely to be arrested as juveniles, 28% more likely to be arrested as adults,
and 30% more likely to commit violent crime. Disorganized attachment is associated with a
number of developmental problems, including dissociative symptoms, as well as anxiety,
depressive, and acting out symptoms. A study by Dante Cicchetti found that 80% of abused and
maltreated infants exhibited symptoms of disorganized attachment. When some of these children
become parents, especially if they suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociative
symptoms, and other sequelae of child abuse, they may encounter difficulty when faced with
their infant and young children's needs and normative distress, which may in turn lead to adverse
consequences for their child's social-emotional development (Coates SW, Kaminer T, Coots T,
Zeanah CH, Davies M, Schonfeld IS, Marshall RD, Liebowitz MR, Trabka KA, McCaw JE,
Myers MM (2008). Additionally, children may find it difficult to feel empathy towards
themselves or others, which may cause them to feel alone and unable to make friends. Despite
these potential difficulties, psychosocial intervention can be effective, at least in some cases, in
changing the ways maltreated parents think about their young children ( Schechter DS, Myers
MM, Brunelli SA, Coates SW, Zeanah CH, Davies M, Grienenberger JF, Marshall RD, McCaw
JE, Trabka KA, Liebowitz MR (2006).

On the other hand, there are some children who are raised in child abuse, but who manage to do
unexpectedly well later in life regarding the preconditions. Such children have been termed
dandelion children, as inspired from the way that dandelions seem to prosper irrespective of soil,
sun, drought, or rain. Such children (or currently grown-ups) are of high interest in finding
factors that mitigate the effects of child abuse.

1.7 LAWS AND POLICIES

Certain policies in Nepal against child abuse is mentioned below:

A)Right to live:

(1) Every child shall have the right to live with dignity.

(2) The Government of Nepal, Province Government and Local Level shall take necessary
measures required for preventive and security service including prevention of possible accidents,
minimization of risks that may occur on the children, in order to protect the rights of the child to
live and development.

.23
B)Right against discrimination:

(1) No discrimination shall be made against any child on grounds of religion, race, caste, tribe,
sex, origin, language, culture, ideological thought, physical or mental condition, physical
disability, marital status, family status, employment, health condition, economic or social
condition of him or her or his or her family or guardian, geographical area or similar other
ground.

(2) No one shall discriminate between son and daughter, son and son or daughter and daughter or
children from ex-husband or wife or present husband or wife in maintenance, education or health
care of children.

(3) No one shall make any kind of discrimination between their own son, daughter and adopted
son, daughter.

C)Right to education:

(1) Children below six years of age shall have the right to learn in a proper way according to
their age and level of development and to pre-child development.

(2) Every child shall have the right to acquire free and compulsory education upto the basic level
and free education upto the secondary level pursuant to the prevailing law in a child friendly
environment.

(3) Every child shall have the right to acquire education through proper study materials and
teaching method according to his or her special physical and mental condition, pursuant to the
prevailing law.

(4) Dalit children shall have the right to acquire free education with scholarship pursuant to the
prevailing law.( From Nepal Law Commission, The Act Relating to Children 2075(2018).

D)Provincial and Local Level Child Rights Committee:

(1) There shall be a Provincial Child Rights Committee in each Province, to be chaired by the
Minister of the Province overseeing the matters relating to children.

(2) There shall be a Local Child Rights Committee in each Local Level, to be chaired by a
Member of the Rural Municipality or Municipality designated by the Vice-Chairperson or
Deputy-Mayor of such Rural Municipal Executive or Municipal Executive respectively.

24
E)Local Level to enforce the rights of the child:

(1) If a person violates the rights of a child referred to in Chapter 2 or does not fulfil his or her
liabilities towards the child referred to in Chapter 3, the concerned child or the stakeholder
mayfile an application with the judicial committee of the Local Level where the child is residing,
for the enforcement of such rights or liabilities.

(2) If an application is received pursuant to sub-section (1), the judicial committee may require
the person concerned to appear within twenty-four hours, excluding the time required for
journey, and make necessary inquiry.

(3) If, in making inquiry pursuant to sub-section (2), it appears that the person concerned has
violated the rights of the child or has not fulfilled her or his liabilities towards the child, the
judicial committee shall, within thirty days of the receipt of the application, order the person,
organization or agency concerned at the Local Level to enforce the rights of the child or fulfil the
liabilities towards the child.

F)Punishment:

(1) If any person, organization or body violates any of the child rights set forth in Chapter-2 or
does not fulfil any of the liabilities towards the child set forth in Chapter-3, such a person or the
chief of such organization or body shall be liable to a fine of up to fifty thousand rupees.

(2) If the guardian or any family member does not fulfil his or her liabilities or if the mother,
father or guardian alters the name and surname of the child with the intention of acquiring undue
benefits or misappropriates the child’s property, such a mother, father or family member or
guardian shall be liable to a fine of up to one hundred thousand rupees.

(3) A person who commits the offence against the child shall be liable to the following
punishment, according to the degree of the offence:

G)Compensation:

(1) The juvenile court shall cause the recovery of such a reasonable compensation in lump sum
or instalments from the offender to the victim child that is not less than the amount of fine
imposed on the offender committing the offence against the child under this Act and the
prevailing law, having regard to, inter alia, the loss caused to the education, and physical and

mental health, development and family of the child victim. ( From Nepal Law Commission, The
Act Relating to Children 2075(2018).

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1.8 EFFORTS MADE BY NGOs/ INGOs AND GOVERNMENT

Some efforts made by an government and NGOs/INGOs against child abuse are:

1. Protection of Children from Sexual Offence (POCSO) Act

The 2012 Protection of Children from Sexual Offence (POCSO) Act enables fast-tracking and
efficient prosecution in rape law (Section 376), which previously allowed child molesters a legal
loophole.

POSCO lays down a seven years prison term that can extend to life imprisonment. The Act
necessitates cases to be resolved in 60 days. From harassment to gang-rape, all sexual crimes
against children fall under POCSO, which takes the child's verdict as the final word. POCSO
makes it illegal to witness and not report child abuse, either by phone or in person, and police
officers must bring cases to the attention of Child Welfare Committee within 24 hours.

2. Corporate Social Responsibility

The Companies Act (2013) has established the essence of corporate social responsibility in India.
According to the Act, companies with a net worth of rupees 500 crores or more, or a turnover of
rupees 1,000 crores or more, or earning a net profit of rupees 5 crores or more must invest on
corporate social responsibility.

Across 120 countries, child rights NGO Save the Children works with corporates on of child-
development issues and gives companies clear and measurable impact on their investments. The
NGO has streamlined processes to plan, monitor and report large-scale programmes to provide
aid and relief to children (Save the children, 2 November 2016).

3.Increasing services to families such as home visiting, early childhood education, and parent
education.

Child neglect often occurs when parents are overwhelmed with an array of stressors, including
the difficulties of coping with poverty and its many associated burdens, single parenthood,
limited parenting skills, depression, substance abuse, interpersonal violence, as well as the daily
stressors most parents face (DePanfilis, Diane (2006). Child Neglect: A Guide for Prevention,
Assessment and Intervention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Administration of Children and Families). Services such as home visiting, early childhood
education, and parent education provide emotional support, knowledge, and guidance on how to
provide a nurturing environment for children.

26
 In addition, ensuring that all children have a quality education will help ensure this important
need is met. Other services can assist potential parents in considering their readiness for a family,
the number of children they wish to have, and appropriate spacing between births. These services
can also help parents effectively care for the children they already have. In sum, services that
strengthen families and support parents should in turn enhance children’s development, health
and safety, and help prevent child neglect.

4.Providing mental health services to parents and neglected children and youth.

Many neglected children have parents who are emotionally unstable or depressed. Mental health
services can assist such parents to become emotionally healthier and better able to adequately
care for their children. In addition, children often face adverse and potentially long-term
psychological consequences due to neglect. Mental health services, especially at an early point,
can help mitigate these consequences and can help ensure that neglect is not transmitted to the
next generation.

5.Ensuring access for all children to affordable, quality health care, including prenatal, dental,
and mental health services.

Access to health care is critical to child and family well-being and helps protect against neglect.
Without health insurance, families are less likely to seek timely and preventive health care.

When they do, the cost of that care contributes to a family’s economic insecurity. Both of these
are risk factors for neglect. In addition, children’s health care providers are a valuable source of
support and advice for parents as they raise their children. They inform parents about community
resources such as home visiting programs and parent support groups that can help prevent child
abuse before it happens and provide information about child development and strategies for
dealing with a variety of parenting challenges.( Ibid).

Hence , these are the efforts made by an government and NGOs in different countries including
Nepal.

1.9 CASE STUDY

Six year-old girl, the second of four children in her family, was brought to the University
Medical School Hospital by her stepmother with loss of consciousness and a story of falling
from a sofa. Physical examination revealed absence of pupillary light reflex with fixed, dilated
pupils, and absence of breathing and pulse. She was intubated but did not respond to
cardiopulmonary resuscitation. She was pronounced dead after thirty minutes of resuscitation.
Postmortem examination of the child was performed one day after death, which revealed
numerous different colored old and new bruising between 0.5-1 cm on her neck, chest, back, and
lower extremities, a red-purple old bruise of 1 cm over her right eyebrow, another red-purple old

27
bruise of 0.5 cm on the right side of her forehead, and an old wound with dried scabbing of 6 cm
at the back of her left shoulder. In internal examination, there was a widespread red new
ecchymosis on the internal surface of her occipital scalp and over the vertex, and a linear
occipital fracture. There were also occipital subdural hemorrhage, subarachnoidal hemorrhage at
the left temporal lobe, and brain edema. The cross sections of her lungs were edematous, and
there was a laceration at the right renal capsule. The cause of death was brain damage due to
blunt head trauma. The eyes were not removed for retinal examination. Forensic report was filed
with the police department.At the end of the forensic investigation, her stepmother confessed that
she slammed the child against a wall because of bedwetting. After the stepmother hit the children
head against the wall, she also kicked her until the child became unconscious. To resuscitate
her,stepmother took her to the bathroom, shook her by the shoulders and wetted her head by the
use of a hose. The girl slipped from her hand and hit her head against the wall again, which
started wheezy breathing but she did not gain consciousness. The stepmother was convicted with
involuntary manslaughter in Criminal Court. On appeal, seven months later, she was acquitted.
There was no report filed with Child Protective Services. None of the other siblings was assessed
for possible abuse. No expert witness was invited to trial (Middle East Journal of Family
Medicine)

28
INTERVIEW:

Child abuse is not just physical violence directed at a child. It is any form of maltreatment by an
adult, which is violent or threatening for the child. This includes neglect.

But children are sometimes abused by other adults on whom they are dependent, such as day
nursery workers, teachers and sports coaches.

Sometimes abuse is intentional, but not always. If parents or caregivers are no longer able to
cope with caring for the child, this can result in dysfunctional behaviour and abuse.

Child abuse is a global public health problem. There is limited information about this problem in
low-income countries. We aimed to document the prevalence and factors associated with
physical punishment of children less than 14 years of age in Nepal. Study design: Population-
based cross-sectional study. Methods: We conducted an in-depth analysis using data from the
Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, a nationally representative multi-stage-stratified cluster
sampling survey. Data were collected from 13,000 households in 520 sample enumeration areas.
We assessed prevalence of physical punishment and different child violence related acts on 5081
children aged 3-14 years for whom complete information on all acts and attitude towards
violence was available.

While preparing this report I had short conversation with various persons of various background
but the topic of conversation dialogue was same “Child Abuse” and after having all those
conversation I was excited to prepare this report. The summary of conversation is presented
herewith:

2.1. GOVERNMENT:

Firstly, I have a short conversation with Ms. Sabita Thapa a custom administrator who has been
serving as government officer.

1) Can you please explain about the current situation of Child Abuse in Nepal?

- Sure,

29
There is limited information about this problem in low-income countries. We aimed to document
the prevalence and factors associated with physical punishment of children less than 14 years of
age in Nepal. We conduct an in-depth analysis using data from the Nepal Multiple Indicator
Cluster Survey, a nationally representative multi-stage-stratified cluster sampling survey.

2) what are the work done by government to protect Child?

We work to protect children from violence, exploitation, abuse and neglect intercepted , laws and
policies are more protective of children specialized units in the Whilst on a positive note,
violence against woman is increasingly being reported to be it government of non-government
paid in Nepal is under-resourced.

3) About how many Children get abused a day?

In 2014, state agencies identified an estimated 1,0580 children who died as a result of abuse,
between four and five a day. However, studies also indicate significant undercounting of child
abuse fatalities by some state agencies by 55% or more.

4) Can you please tell us what are the main areas of abuse?

-Umm okay. Talking about areas of abuses ,there are four areas;

i) Physical Abuse

ii) Sexual Abuse which includes rape, molestation etc

iii) Neglect which includes physical neglect, education

iv) Emotional Abuse which includes verbal, mental, psychology.

Name: Sabita Thapa

Contact: 9804562538

Post: Custom Officer

Age: 34

30
2.2. INGOs

I went to my maternal sister who work in a INGO since long time abd I asked her few
questions related to Child abuse.

1) Can you explain your thoughts about child abuse?

- Child abuse is when a parent or caregiver, whether through action or failing to act, causes
injury, death, emotional harm or risk of serious harm to a child. There are many forms of child
maltreatment, including neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, exploitation and emotional abuse.

2) As you work in an international organization can you please tell us about what percent of
child get abused per day?

- According to studies it indicates significant undercounting of child abuse fatalities by some

state agencies by 50% or more.

3) Can you tell us what are the abuses done to child I mean… umm.. types of abuse?

- Sure, Child are abused in various ways such as;

Physical abuse, Domestic violence or abuse, Sexual abuse, Psychological or Emotional abuse,
Mental abuse, Discriminatory abuse and many more.

4) What are the progress in term of Child protection in Nepal?

- Nepal’s progress in terms of child protection is mixed. On a positive note, there are less child
brides, reporting to police on cases of violence against women and girls increased substantially,
cases of trafficking are increasingly being intercepted, laws and policies are more protective of
children, specialized units in the justice sector are in place and data on children is increasingly
available.

31
2.3. MEDIA

After having a quick talk with my sister then I went to Mrs. Pratima Khanal who has been
working as a TV journalist at mountain television I was pleased to have quick chat with her.

1) Maam you have been working as a TV journalist for long period of time so how would you
define Child abuse?

- According to my perception, Child abuse is not just physical violence directed at a child. It is
any form of maltreatment by an adult, which is violent or threatening for the child.

2) What are the causes of child abuse?

- The causes are Domestic violence. Children who are part of households where there is frequent
domestic violence are prone to becoming victims of abuse themselves. Untreated Mental illness,
Stress and lack of support and many more.

3) What are the effect of child abuse?

- Child abuse and neglect often leave long-term scars on the child, ones that are difficult to erase
from the mind and the body too. It can have a massive impact on the way the child will manage
relationships during adulthood and can dent their self-confidence. Children are unable to
function normally at school, college or work when they grow up.

4) How to stop Child abuse?

1. One of the most important ways of stopping child abuse is to recognize its signs in the first
place. Children tend to suffer in silence hence it is necessary to ask them to open up and share.

1. Children often imitate the adults in their lives and if they have seen a parent inflict abuse, they
feel the behaviour is acceptable. Opt for therapy and counselling for children who are vulnerable
to abusive situations.

32
2. Spread knowledge about child abuse in the neighbourhood or your town. When people
become aware of the harsh realities of abuse and neglect, they will spread the word about it and
this can stop a potentially abusive situation.

Name: Pratima Khanal

Contact: 9846157169

post: REPORTER

Adress: Baniyatar

2.4. EXPERTS

Finally an experts view on this topic I went to advocate Mr.Sunil Thapa and I was provided with
various legal activities and guidelines on child abuse. I was pleased to have conversation with
him.

i) Sir, What is the legal punishment for child abuse?

- Child abuse is never acceptable. Every children shall have right to live with their own identity.
According to government of Nepal, offensive acts that attracts punishment of imprisonment of
three or more.

ii) Can you tell me how can we stop Child abuse?

- Firstly, stop child sexual abuse. Do right things that helps us to protect children. Create a safer
internet and use it wisely that helps too. And mainly, government should announce strict
punishments and law against child abuse.

33
iii) Sir, at last can you please provide your suggestion regarding the methods through which
child abuse can be reduce in our country?

- Child abuse can happen in any family and in any neighborhood. Studies have shown that
child abuse crosses all boundaries of income, race, ethnic heritage, and religious faith. Try to
understand your children. Learn how kids behave and what they can do at different ages. Have
realistic expectations and be reasonable if children fall short. Keep your children healthy.
Denying children food, sleep, or healthcare is abuse by neglect. Get help with alcohol or drug
problems. Keep children away from anyone who abuses those substances. Watch your words.
Angry or punishing language can leave emotional scars for a lifetime. Get control of yourself
before disciplining a child. Set clear rules so the child knows what to expect. Avoid physical
punishment. Make your home a violence-free zone. Turn off violent TV shows and don't let kids
stay under the same roof with an abusive adult. Remember that child abuse often repeats itself in
the next generation.By doing what you can to prevent it today, you can help save children’s lives
far into future.

NAME: SUNIL THAPA

CONTACT: 9840061859

ADDRESS: KTM, NEPAL

Hence, after having all these conversation I would like to conclude that child abuse is one of the
serious problem in our country Nepal. People should know more about topic “Child Abuse” and
should provide awareness about child abuse .There should conduct various awareness programs
regarding to child abuse and good health of children. Mainly, Government of Nepal should
implement strict law and regulation on this topic. One should get harder and harder punishment
for abusing childrens. Hence, I got chance to have border view in child abuse through these
conversation with these great people.

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 CHAPTER-3

STRATEGIES

3.1. VISION
We envision a world where every child has a happy, healthy and safe childhood – free of abuse
and neglect. Our vision is that every child should grow up in a safe, stable, nurturing family, and
communities with the supports they need to contribute to stronger communities today and as
adults tomorrow.

3.2. GOALS
 To make a strategic plan to free abuse of child of the world.
 Increase community education and awareness about child abuse, including strategies for
prevention, intervention and treatment.
 Increase community coordination and communication pertaining to child abuse issues.

3.3. OBJECTIVES
 To study about the child abuse situation and its causes.
 To study about various kind of child abuse in the society.
 Promote Child Abuse Prevention Awareness program every Month
 Provide community trainings related to child abuse and prevention.
 Distribute information on legislation and other issues that affect the lives of children and
their families in Humboldt County.

35
STRATEGIES
3.4 STRATEGY -01: Public Awareness against Child Abuse
Activity Targeted Level Objective Expected Indicator of
population result Success

To introduce
student about Its result will be Decreases or no
Volunteering Students Macro child abuse, its in long term, we child abuse at all
to school & impact on country can see child in future.
colleges. and its impact on abuse decreases
oneself after or no child abuse
finding guilty. at all in future.

Public Public Macro Doing street Many people will Illiterate people
Awareness drams related to gather to watch it will not be the
Campion- the child abuse and will gain victim of the
like street and its effect on knowledge about child abuse like
shows public itself. what is child this.
abuse and its
effect

36
3.5 STRATEGY-02: Campion to INGO and NGO
Activity Targeted Level Objective Expected Indicator of
population Result Success

to study about Demotivation to Child abuse against

the work involve in the the child related
Survey Founder and works and action
Macro behavior of work of child
Members of the taking work are
the child abuse problem
organization done quickly to
abuse done by doing their duty
organization sincerely, give victims justice
and their as soon as possible.
background,
eventually
finding the
child abuse
problem

Activity Targeted Level Objective Expected Indicators of

population Result Success

Seminar Lawyer, Macro To demotivate Decrease or not Victims are getting

Counsellor, lawyer to take taking bribes justice
Advocated bribes in cases
they handles

3.6 STRATEGY-03: Campion to Judicial Administration

3.7 STRATEGY-04: Campion to Family members
Activity Targeted Level Objective Expected Indicator of
population Result Success

To give Family should Family should provide

knowledge provide needs of proper education and
Family Family members Macro about child the child and fulfill their needs.
survey abuse to whole teach their child
family members. about child
abuse.

3.8 STRATEGY-05: Campion to Government

Activity Targeted Level Objective Expected Indicator of
population Result Success

Governmen Government Macro To know Government Government are doing

t survey members,head wheather should take their job sincerely
government are serious action victims are getting their
doing their job about child abuse justice.
about child crime.
abuse case
properly or not

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 CONCLUSION

Child abuse or child maltreatment is physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment or neglect

of a child or children, especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or
failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential harm to a child, and can
occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with.

The terms child abuse and child maltreatment are often used interchangeably, although some
researchers make a distinction between them, treating child maltreatment as an umbrella term to
cover neglect, exploitation, and trafficking. As of 2006, the World Health Organization
distinguishes four types of child abuse: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional or psychological
abuse, and neglect.

The impact of child abuse and neglect is often discussed in terms of physical, psychological,
behavioral, or societal consequences; in reality, however, it is impossible to separate them
completely. Physical consequences such as damage to a child’s growing brain can have
psychological implications such as cognitive delays or emotional difficulties. Psychological
problems often manifest as high-risk behavior. Depression and anxiety may make a person more
likely to smoke, abuse drugs or alcohol, or overeat. High-risk behaviors, in turn, can lead to
long-term physical health problems such as sexually transmitted infections, cancer, or obesity.
Furthermore, children who are abused are at increased risk of abusing their own children.

Child abuse and neglect is a significant public health problem, it is also a preventable one. In
order to protect children from this situation, it is necessary to develop preventive programs, to
raise awareness of their families-teachers-community and to make legal arrangements.

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RECOMMENDATION TO FIGHT CORRUPTION:

1: Federal agencies, in partnership with private foundations and academic institutions, should
implement a research agenda designed to advance knowledge and understanding of the causes
and consequences of child abuse and neglect, as well as the identification and implementation of
effective services for its treatment and prevention. The research priorities listed in Figure 9-1
should be considered in this agenda.

2: The Federal Interagency Work Group on Child Abuse and Neglect, under the auspices of the
assistant secretary of the Administration for Children and Families, should develop a strategic
plan that details a business plan, an implementation strategy, and departmental accountability for
the advancement of a national research agenda on child abuse and neglect.

3: The assistant secretary of the Administration for Children and Families should convene
senior-level leadership of all federal agencies with a stake in child abuse and neglect research to
discuss and assign accountability for the implementation of a strategic plan to advance a national
research agenda on child abuse and neglect.

4: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in partnership with the Federal Interagency
Work Group on Child Abuse and Neglect, should develop and sustain a national surveillance
system for child abuse and neglect that links data across multiple systems and sources.

5: Federal agencies, in partnership with private foundations and academic institutions, should
invest in developing and sustaining a cadre of researchers who can examine issues of child abuse
and neglect across multiple disciplines.

6: Federal agencies, in partnership with private foundations and academic institutions, should
provide funding for new multidisciplinary education and research centers on child abuse and
neglect in geographically diverse locations across the United States.

40
 7: The National Institutes of Health should develop a new child maltreatment, trauma, and
violence study section under the Risk, Prevention, and Health Behavior Integrated Review
Group.

8: To ensure accountability and effectiveness, to support evidence-based policy making, and to

allow for exploration of the differential impact of various state laws and policies, state
legislatures should include support in all new legislation related to child abuse and neglect for
evaluation of the impact of new child abuse and neglect laws and policies and require a review of
the findings in reauthorization discussions.

9: Take a child-centred approach to all work with children and young people. Involve them in
decision-making to the fullest extent possible depending on their age and developmental stage.

10:Be aware of the impact of a child or young person's age or gender on their vulnerability to
child abuse and neglect, and the likelihood of recognition. For example, boys and young men
may be less likely to disclose sexual exploitation (see also the Department for Education's
guidance on Child sexual exploitation).

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1. Department of child safety,youth and women:2 feb 2020

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3. National annual child abuse statics cited from U.S. administration for children and
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4. Abstract of an journal of nepal paediatric society

5. Receny published articles from child abuse and neglect(september 2020). Amanda L. Elmore |
Elizabeth Crouch

6. The official journal of association of child protection professionals

7. Child abuse and neglect article of the year 2016

8. From Nepal law Commision, The Act Relating to Children 2075(2018)

9. Save the children, 2 november 2016

10. Middle east journal of family medicine

11. Boileau de Castélnau P (1861) Misopédie ou lesion de l'amour de la progéniture. Annales

Médico-psychologiques 3rd series

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