8
Science
Investigatory
Project
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
The Research Processes
SSP_RS8-RPS-Ib-3
SSP_RS8-RPS-Ib-c-5
SSP_RS8-RPS-Ic-6
Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines
Science Investigatory Project – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: The Research Process
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Leonor M. Briones
Undersecretary for Curriculum: Diosdado San Antonio
Development Team of the Module
Author/Editor: Carlo O. Casumpong
Reviewer: Mercedita L. Crujedo
Illustrator/Layout Artist: Carlo O. Casumpong
Management Team:
Chuchie F. Yog, SP III
Mercedita L. Crujedo, MT I
Mary Gillian I. Barrios, T III
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Raymond Turbella, SST I
Lavilla L. Wate, TI
Louveneth I. Canoy, TI
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Science
Investigatory
Project
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
The Research Processes
This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by
educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
[email protected].
We value your feedback and recommendations.
Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines
Plug In
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you learn the research processes in preparation for your Science Investigatory
Project. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations or contexts. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
Generally, this module is regarded as a self-learning material, thus, you are
expected to evaluate your own progress throughout the course.
At the end of this module, you are expected to acquire the following learning
competencies (LCs):
1. demonstrate proper data logbook writing (SSP_RS8-RPS-Ib-3);
2. recognize international standard and rules in the conduct of research
(SSP_RS8-RPS-Ib-c-5); and
3. describe the nature of the research process (SSP_Rs8-RPS-Ic-6).
2
Connect
Multiple Choice. Read the items carefully then write the letter of your answer on
the space before the number.
1. Which is NOT considered as significant in the identification of a research
problem?
a. The problem should be clear.
b. The problem should display novelty.
c. The problem should be timely and relevant.
d. The problem should pose a high level of difficulty.
2. It is considered as the cause that influences the other variables in the
phenomenon studied.
a. Confounded variable c. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable d. Intervening variable
3. What research design typically employs statistical methods?
a. Ethnographic research c. Qualitative research
b. Sequential research d. Quantitative research
4. Why is it important to record the activities undergone during the conduct
of research?
a. To make sure that the research will be successful
b. To keep on track of the process employed
c. To uphold the extent of challenge desired
d. To look at research in positive way
5. Which part of the research process is the final stage in data analysis
before arriving towards conclusion?
a. Data analysis c. Data interpretation
b. Data collection d. Data organization
3
Lesson
The Research Process
1
In order to make any endeavor more remarkable, it has to undergo a series
of procedures which may either be simple or complex. Process keeps people on
track of the progress a milestone has reached. As a scientific researcher, you are
expected to indulge yourself to specific processes before, during, and after research.
Puzzle In
Research Cycle. Do you remember the definition of research as stated in
Creswell (2008)? Please arrange the following sentences in their proper order by
rewriting them in the list diagram.
*Collect the data.
*Pose a question.
*Present an answer.
Step 2
Step 1
Step 3
Three-Column Table. Briefly explain your own understanding and
perception regarding the activities that you need to undergo before, during, and
after research. Please write your answers in the respective columns:
Before Research During Research After Research
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Let us check whether your understanding and perceptions on activities
related to the conduct of research are relative to the actual process.
A. Steps in the Research Process
There have been various steps conceptualized by different researchers in
conducting a research. Dependent on the type followed, research design, and
specific method, all are unified to attaining a general purpose of improving the
quality of human life.
The following are the Seven Steps in Research:
1. Identify the problem. According to Kebritchi (2017), “research problems often
come from either real-life experiences or scholarly areas.” This step can be as
simple as observing complications and issues in the locality to
recommendations cited by other researchers in their respective papers.
It is significant that as a researcher, the problems identified should
evaluated through several means such as related literature, significance,
timeliness, novelty, clarity, and practicality.
2. Formulate a Hypothesis. A research hypothesis is a statement of expectation
or prediction that will be tested by research. Before formulating the
hypothesis, the researcher should read about a topic that interests him or
her (Oakland, nd).
Moreover, it is in the hypothesis where the relationship between or among
variables is predicted. It may take in the form of a cause-effect statement, or
an “if x,… then y” statement (California SU, 2020).
Independent Variable (Cause) Dependent Variable (Effect)
It is the expected cause that influences the It happens as a result of the independent
dependent variable (DV). Its changes may variable (IV). It is the condition that is being
also affect the DV, thus it is also called the measured in an experiment or in any
Controlled Variable. research.
In a research to determine how far people can see into the infrared part of the spectrum…
IV: the wavelength of light DV: whether the light is observed
3. Write a review of related literature. Reviews are usually published by experts
in the field. Being familiar with the structure and purpose of reviews will
help a researcher navigate scientific literature mor confidently (University of
Michigan, 2020).
The following are the purpose of review of literature according to University
of South Carolina (2020):
a. Provide foundation of knowledge on topic;
b. Identify inconstancies: gaps in research, conflicts in previous studies,
open questions left from other research;
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c. Identify need for additional research;
d. Identify the relationship of works in context of its contribution to the
topic and to other works; and
e. Place your own research within the context of existing literature making a
case for why further study is needed.
4. Plan the research design and procedure. Decide the research design based on
the nature of the research problem or issue being addressed. In any form of
multidisciplinary research, there are three types of research design as shown
in the table below:
Source: semanticscholar.org
5. Conduct the experimentation. In scientific research, experimentation is often
deemed as an ‘integral part’. According to Carpi and Egger (2008), it is
unique in that it involves the conscious manipulation of certain aspects of a
real system and the observation of the effects of that manipulation.
6. Collect and process the data. These steps are composed of related methods
from the collection of data to the ingenious process of interpretation,
specifically:
a. Data collection. It is a data gathering procedure from all relevant
sources to find answers to the research problem,
test the hypothesis and evaluate the outcomes.
b. Data organization. It is the process of classifying data through
making specific categories in order to make the
interpretation easier and bias-free.
c. Data processing. It is an organized series of methods and
approaches that help in verifying, organizing,
storing, analyzing and interpreting a set of data.
It makes the extraction of data more relevant and
reliable.
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d. Data analysis. It is the assignment of statistical and/or logical
techniques to describe and illustrate, condense
and recap, and evaluate data.
e. Data It is the implementation of processes through
interpretation. which data s reviewed for the purpose of arriving
at an informed conclusion.
Source: Office of Research Integrity, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services
7. Formulate the conclusion and recommendation. Conclusions and
recommendations may be combined or presented in separate sections. The
conclusion sums up the key points of the discussion.
Source: Monash University
Key Takeaways to Remember:
Write as many key takeaways as possible inside the hexagon organizer/honeycomb
mind map:
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Foster
Documenting the Research Process
From the beginning until the end of the research process, everything should
be documented in the best means possible. These may either be in the form of
project data logbook or research forms.
1. Project Data Logbook. It is used to record daily activity from the first time the
project commenced (e.g. introduction statement), to the completion of the
effort (e.g. final results). The following are the steps to consider in making a
project data logbook:
a. Create a logbook or journal.
b. Take photos during each step of the process, including snips of
screenshots.
c. During data collection record results via charts, graphs and tables.
d. Record all appropriate footnotes and sources.
2. Research Forms. These include essential forms that govern the conduct of a
scientific research towards crafting an innovative project. In SIP, the
following forms are considered significant:
a. Form 1: Checklist for Adult Sponsor/Safety Assessment Form
b. Form 1A: Student Checklist/Research Plan
c. Form 1B: Approval Form
d. Form 1C: Regulated Research
e. Form 2: Qualified Scientist Form
f. Form 3: Risk Assessment Form
g. Form 4: Human Participants Form
h. Sample Informed Consent Statement
i. Form 5A: Vertebrate Animal Form
j. Form 5B: Vertebrate Animal Form
k. Form 6A: Potentially Hazardous Biological Agents Form
l. Form 6B: Human and Vertebrate Animal Tissue Form
m. Form 7: Continuation Projects Form
n. Abstract Form with 21 Categories
Quick Links:
For expanding your understanding on research documentation, you may
consider the following webpages:
▪ https://www.societyforscience.org/isef/forms/
▪ https://www.smartcompetition.org/compete/project-log-book/
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Build Up
International Rules in the Conduct of Research
The International Science and Engineering Fair (2011) has identified the
International Rules and Guidelines in Conducting a Scientific Research. The
following areas have been protected in the guidelines:
1. Ethics
2. Human Subjects
3. Vertebrate Animals
4. Potentially Hazardous Biological Agents
5. Hazardous Chemicals, Activities or Devices
Note: Attachment on International Rules has been provided.
Light Up
1. The seven steps in the research process include: (a) identify the problem, (b)
formulate a hypothesis, (c) write a review of relate literature, (d) plan the
research design and procedure, (e) conduct experimentation, (f) collect and
process data, (g) formulate the conclusion and recommendation.
2. The two research documentation types are (a) project data logbook and (b)
research forms.
3. Independent variable controls and influences while the Dependent variable is
the result being measured.
4. The three types of research designs include quantitative, qualitative, and
mixed method.
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Try Out
Activity 1. The Variables
Given are research topics or research interests, kindly determine the independent
variable and dependent variable from each of them. Write your answers in the
corresponding table.
1. You want to compare alloys, to see which is perfect for making alloy sculptures…
IV: DV:
2. You want to determine whether controlled environment in a greenhouse promotes
crop productivity…
IV: DV:
3. You want to know the certain amount of caffeine that affects your appetite…
IV: DV:
Activity 2: My New Research Vocabulary
List down at least three unfamiliar words from the concepts discussed in the
module. Find their definitions in a dictionary then write them respectively.
1.
2.
3.
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Assessment
My Research Outline: Fill-in the graphic organizer with the information needed for
your scientific research.
•
Research
Problem
•
• Independent Variable: ____________________________________
• Dependent Variable: _____________________________________
Variables
Research
•
Design
Simple Review of Related Literature: Find resources with information regarding
the problem you have identified. Write the information you gathered in the box
below. Include the references.
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Enrich
Journal Log: Answer the following questions:
1. Which among the International Rules on the Conduct of Research should you
conform the most considering the research topic that interests you?
2. In research forms, how is Form 5A different from Form 5B in spite of their
common form title/names?
Reflect
Reflect on the quote, “No research without action, no action without research.”
-Kurt Lewin
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References
Approaches to Assignments. (2020). Conclusions and Recommendations. Monash
University-Australia. Retrieved on October 4, 2020, from
https://www.monash.edu/rlo/assignment-samples/engineering/eng-
writing-technical-reports/conclusions-and-recommendations.
Bryman, A. (2007). The Research Question in Social Research: What is its Role?
International Journal of Social Research Methodology 10.
California State University Library. Variables and hypothesis. California State
University. Retrieved on September 29, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2VsPy7e.
Carpi, A. and Egger, A.E. (2008). Experimentation in Scientific Research. Vision
Learning Vol. POS-1.
Data Management. (2020). Responsible Conduct in Data Management. Office of
Research Intergity-United States Department of Health and Human Services.
Retrieved on October 4, 2020, from
https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/n_illinois_u/datamanagement/dat
opic.html.
Finding and Using Health Statistics Glossary. (2020). Dependent and Independent
Variables. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on September 29, 2020,
from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/stats_tutorial/
section2/mod4_variables.html.
Helmenstine, A.M. (2019). What are Independent and Dependent Variables?
Thought Company by Dotdash Publishing. Retrieved on September 29,
2020, from https://www.thoughtco.com/independent-and-dependent-
variable-examples-606828.
ISEF Forms (2020). Society for Science and the Public. Retrieved on October 25,
2020, from https://www.societyforscience.org/isef/forms/.
Kebritchi, M. (2017). How to Identify an Appropriate Research Problem. University of
Phoenix. Retrieved on October 15, 2020, from
https://research.phoenix.edu/blog/how-identify-appropriate-research-
problem.
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Library Guides. (2020). Literature Review: Purpose of a Literature Review. University
of South Carolina. Retrieved on September 30, 2020, from
https://uscupstate.libguides.com/c.php?g=627058&p=4389968.
Oakland University Research Library. Research hypothesis. Oakland University.
Retrieved on September 29, 2020, from https://oakland.edu/Assets/
upload/docs/AIS/Syllabi/Tayler_Research_Hypothesis.pdf
Publishing in the Sciences. (2020). Tips for Writing your First Scientific Literature
Review Article. University of Michigan Library. Retrieved on September 30,
2020, from https://guides.lib.umich.edu/c.php?g=283300&p=2915110.
Recording Research Process. (n.d.) Project Logbook. Smart Education Foundation,
Inc. Retrieved on October 3, 2020, from
https://www.smartcompetition.org/compete/project-log-book/.
The Selection of a Research Design. (2008). The Three Types of Designs. A12
Institute for AI. Retrieved on October 2, 2020, from
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Selection-of-a-Research-
Design-the-Three-Types/83d16a8996ae235f32cb6d85a51d36483c5aa0c3.
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Department of Education – Mabini National High School
Cuambog, Mabini, Davao de Oro, Philippines
Contact Number: 0917 125 8223
