DIRECT CURRENT

DYNAMOS,
CONSTRUCTION,
AND ARMATURE
DYNAMO

-Symbol of power.
-Often used figuratively to indicate great
activity and accomplishment on the part of
human being.
-Divided for purposes of description into
two sections, the stationary part (stator) and
the part that rotates (rotor).
 F A
S O
R T O
A
P YNA M
D
FIELD POLE

- Composed of laminated steel core about

.025 in thick and windings and is bolted on
a yoke to which the end bells with the
bearings and the brush riggings are also
fastened.
FIELD POLE
ROTOR

- Also built up of laminated steel core,

slotted to receive the insulated copper
armature winding. The armature coils end
are fastened and soldered to the
commutator and is connected to the brush
riggings.
YOKE

-The outside frame of the machine.

-Usually a circular iron or steel ring of
rectangular section sometimes rounded
on the surface for added strength.
YOKE
ARMATURE CORE

-Stack of laminations but it is circular in

section.
-Its circumferential edge is slotted to receive
the copper armature windings.
ARMATURE CORE
COMMUTATOR

-Build up group of hard drawn copper bars,

wedge-shape in section on end and having
V-shape group at each end.
COMMUTATOR
ARMATURE WINDING

-Virtually the heart of dynamo.

-It is where the voltage is generated in the
generator or torque is developed in the
motor.
-Its ends are properly soldered at the
commutator.
ARMATURE WINDING
ARMATURE WINDING
BRUSH RIGGINGS

- Is a group of brush holders properly

fastened together and bolted to the yoke.
BRUSH RIGGINGS
TYPES OF ARMATURE
WINDING
There are only two general types of
armature windings, Lap and Wave. In the
standpoint of construction the difference
only is by the manner in which the coil
ends are connected to the commutator.
SIMPLEX WINDING
For simplex-lap winding the coil ends are
connected to adjacent commutator segments
while in the simplex-wave winding the coil ends
are connected to commutator segment very
nearly, but not equal to 360 electrical degrees or
to the distance between poles of the same
polarity. All two pole machine have lap windings
while most four pole machines up to 75 kw or
100hp for 115 volts or more have wave
windings.
SIMPLEX WINDING
COIL SPAN FOR ALL
TYPES OF WINDING
The most important aspect of all types
of windings, is that the distance between
the two sides of a coil must be equal (or
very nearly so) to the distance between two
adjacent poles or safely stating, the coil
span must be 180 electrical degrees or
approximately so.
 COIL SPAN FOR ALL
TYPES OF WINDING
The reason for this important requirement
follows from these fact. In a generator, the
voltage generated in one side of a coil must be
away from the observer at the same instant that
the voltage generated on the other side of the
same coil toward the observer, if the voltage
generated in the two coil sides are to aid one
another.
 COIL SPAN FOR ALL
TYPES OF WINDING
In general:

Ys= (S/P) – k
Where:
Ys = coil pitch in slots
P = number of poles
k = any part of S/P that is subtracted to
make it an integer
 EXAMPLE:
Calculate the coil pitches and indicate the
slots into which the first coils should be placed
for the following armature winding:
a) 28 slots, four poles ;
b) 39 slots, four poles;
c) 78 slots, six poles;
d) 121 slots, eight poles;
e) 258 slots, 14 poles?
 SOL’N:

a) Ys= (28/4) – 0 = 7 slots 1 & 8

b) Ys= (39/4) - ¾ = 9 slots 1 & 10
c) Ys= (78/6) – 0 = 13 slots 1 & 14
d) Ys= (121/8) – 1/8 = 15 slots 1 & 16
e) Ys= (258/14) – 6/14 = 18 slots 1 & 19
 COMMUTATOR PITCH FOR
LAP
TheWINDING
commutator pitch symbolized by Yc
which designates the coil and connections to the
commutator, is equal to the “plex” of lap-wound
armature windings. Thus Yc is equal to 1,2,3,4
etc. respectively for simplex, duplex, triplex, and
quadruplex respectively lap windings.
 COMMUTATOR PITCH FOR
LAP
TheWINDING
degree of reentrancy of lap winding is
equal to the highest common factor between the
number of commutator segments and the “plex”
of the winding, Thus, a 36 segment commutator,
the reentrancy is 2,3,4 respectively for duplex,
triplex, quadruplex lap winding.
 EXAMPLE:
Determine the commutator pitches Yc and the
degrees of reentrancy for the ff, windings:
a) Simplex-lap, 29 segments
b) Duplex-lap, 29 segments
c) Duplex-lap, 42 segments
d) Triplex-lap, 47 segments
e) Triplex-lap, 48 segments
f) Quadruplex-lap, 394 segments
 SOL’N:

a) Y=1 , reentrancy = 1
b) Y=2 , reentrancy = 1
c) Y=2 , reentrancy = 2
d) Y=3 , reentrancy = 1
e) Y=3 , reentrancy = 3
f) Y=4 , reentrancy = 2
 PARALLEL PATHS IN
SIMPLEX AND
MULTIPLEX-LAP WINDING
When the current passes through any
armature winding, it always divides into an even
number of parallel paths. When written to an
equation,

No. of parallel paths = m x P

 PARALLEL PATHS IN
SIMPLEX AND
MULTIPLEX-LAP
Example: WINDING
For a 6 pole duplex-lap winding. How many
parallel paths are there?

Sol’n:
m= 2
P=6
Therefore:
2 x 6 = 12 parallel paths
 SIMPLEX-WAVE WINDING
In a wave winding, the commutator pitch is
comparatively large number than that of a
simplex lap. It is because the coil end must be
joined to segments approximately 360 electrical
degrees apart.
 SIMPLEX-WAVE WINDING
In a simplex-wave winding you must consider
the following facts:
1) Starting at any commutator segment, the
entire winding must be traced from segment to
segment and from coil side to coil side before
closure occurs, that is before the winding
reenters.
 SIMPLEX-WAVE WINDING
2) If the coil ends are connected to segment
exactly 360 electrical degrees apart, every group
of P/2 coils would constitute a complete
reentrancy because there are 360 electrical
degrees In every pair of poles.
In general:
Yc= (c ± 1)/ (P/2)
c = number of commutator segments
P = no. of poles
Yc = commutator pitch
SIMPLEX-WAVE WINDING
 EXAMPLE:
Calculate the commutator pitches Y for the
following pole and commutator segment
combinations: a) 6 pole, 34 segments; b) 8 poles,
63 segments; c) 10 poles, 326 segments. In each
case trace the winding around the commutator
once; start at segment 1 and show that after one
trip around the commutator, a segment is reached
that is one behind or ahead of the starting
segment.
 SOL’N:

a) Yc= (34 – 1)/3 = 11

Tracing, 1-12-23-34 (one behind segment 1)
b) Y= (63 + 1)/4 = 16
Tracing, 1-17-33-49-2 (one ahead segment 1)
c) Y= (326 – 1)/5 = 65
Tracing, 1-66-131-196-261-326 (one behind
segment 1)
 NUMBER OF PARALLEL
PATHS IN SIMPLEX-WAVE
WINDING
There are only two important difference
between a simplex-lap and simplex-wave these
are:
1) In simplex-lap winding there are as many
parallel between positive and negative brushes as
there are poles while in a simplex-wave is only
two regardless of the no. of poles.
 NUMBER OF PARALLEL
PATHS IN SIMPLEX-WAVE
WINDING
2) The conductors on each of the P paths of a
lap winding are distributed under two poles, a
north and a south pole, whereas the conductors in
each of the two paths of a wave winding are
distributed under all the poles.
 NUMBER OF PARALLEL
PATHS IN SIMPLEX-WAVE
WINDING
Advantages of simplex-wave winding:
It only uses 2 sets of brushes.
Sparkless commutation is more likely to occur.
 MULTIPLEX-WAVE
WINDING
In a duplex winding it requires Y to be so
chosen that after the winding is traced once
around the commutator, the last coil end arrives
two segments behind or ahead of the starting
point.
 MULTIPLEX-WAVE
WINDING
In a triplex winding it requires Y to be so
chosen that after the winding is traced around the
commutator, the last coil end arrives three
segments ahead or behind from the starting point.
MULTIPLEX-WAVE
WINDING
In general:
Y= (c ± m)/(P/2)
where:
Y= commutator pitch
c= no. of commutator segment
m= the plex
P= no. of poles
 EXAMPLE:
Determine Y for a 4 pole duplex-wave
wound armature having 120 commutator bars.
Trace the winding around the commutator once,
SOL’N:

Yc= (120 ± 2)/2 = 59 or 61

Tracing for Yc= 59, segments 1-60-119

(behind by 2)
Tracing for Yc= 61, segments 1-62-3
(ahead by 2)
 ARMATURE WITH MORE
COMMUTATOR
SEGMENTS THAN SLOTS.
It is more satisfactory to design armature
with fewer slots than segments for the following
reasons:
 ARMATURE WITH MORE
COMMUTATOR
SEGMENTS THAN SLOTS.
As the number of commutator segments is
increased, the voltage between those are adjacent
to each other to decrease and the no. of turns of
wire in a coil connected to adjacent segments
also decreases.
The result is that there is less sparking at the
commutation because of the improved
commutation.
 ARMATURE WITH MORE
COMMUTATOR
SEGMENTS THAN SLOTS.
As the number of slots is reduced, the
armature core teeth become mechanically
stronger, so that, from the standpoint of handling
in manufacture, there is less damage to
laminations and coils.
 ARMATURE WITH MORE
COMMUTATOR
SEGMENTS
Assuming
THAN SLOTS.
that a comparatively large
number of segments has been selected so that
good commutation will result , the choice of an
armature core with one-half, one-third,
one-fourth, etc. as many slots means that fewer
coils will have to be constructed; this reduces the
cost of manufacture.
 DUMMY OR DEAD
ELEMENTS IN ARMATURE
WINDING
When the number of segments is one less
than exactly 2,3,4 times the number of slots, thus
when the winding is connected one element is
left open in the armature and serves only to keep
the revolving structure mechanically balanced. In
order to closed the whole winding we must add a
dead element to make it mechanically balanced.
DUMMY OR DEAD
ELEMENTS IN ARMATURE
WINDING
 EQUALIZER
CONNECTIONS FOR LAP
WINDINGS
to overcome the detrimental effects
resulting from the circulating currents. It is
customary to use equalizer connections in all lap
wound armatures. Equalizer are non-potential
generating wires and carry equalizing current
only.
 EQUALIZER
CONNECTIONS FOR LAP
WINDINGS
Two important functions of equalizer
connections.
1) They relieve the brushes of the circulating
current load by causing the winding to bypassed.
2) to create a magnetic effect that actually
reduce the flux under those poles where there is
too much magnetism and increase the flux under
those poles where there is too little magnetism.
EQUALIZER
CONNECTIONS FOR LAP
WINDINGS
 FROG-LEG WINDING
A Type of construction that combines the
advantages of both lap and wave types and which
is used on machines manufactured by the
Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company
 FROG-LEG WINDING
Each of the coils of this frog-leg winding is
formed in a manner quite similar to that of
ordinary lap or wave coils. Single-element lap or
wave coils are wound with single conductors (or
their equivalent in case of large cross-sectional
areas), and their ends are brought out to either at
the lower bend, in the case of lap coils, or at the
sides, in the case of wave coils.
 FROG-LEG WINDING
The frog-leg coil, however, being a combination
“lap-wave” coil , is wound with two conductors ,
and two corresponding ends are brought out at
the lower bend to be connected to adjacent
commutator bars; the other corresponding ends
are bent outwards from the coil sides to be
connected to segments at some distance from
each other.
 FROG-LEG WINDING
It should be emphasized that exactly the same
result could be obtained electrically by placing a
lap winding in the armature and then proceeding
to place a wave winding having the proper
“plex” directly over the lap winding in the same
slots and connecting it to the same commutator
segments.
SINGLE-TURN FROG-LEG
COIL
TWO-TURN FROG-LEG
COIL
 EXAMPLE #1
Determine the coil and commutator pitches for a
28-slot, 28-segment, four-pole, frog-leg armature
winding.
 SOLUTION
Lap portion will be simplex. Wave portion will be
Duplex.

Y= 28/4 + 0 = 7 for both lap and duplex sections

Y= (28-2)/2 = 13 for the wave section
 EXAMPLE #2
Determine the coil and commutator pitches for a
24-slot, 48-segment, six-pole, frog-leg armature
winding.
SOLUTION
Lap portion will be simplex.
Wave portion will be triplex

Y= 24/6 + 0 = 4 for both lap and wave sections.

Y= (48-3)/3 = 15 for the wave section
THANK YOU