gunt
Machine dynamics
4 Introduction
Basic knowledge
Machine dynamics
y(t)
Resonance
with amplitude peaking
The illustration shows the increase in
vibrations when passing through the
resonance of a vibratory system.
The very high vibration amplitudes can
lead to the destruction of the machine.
In practice, therefore, such resonances
Zeit
t or critical speeds – if they cannot be
avoided – must be quickly surpassed.
Machine dynamics play a prominent role in modern mechanical engineering. The requirements of lightweight construction and ever
greater power-to-weight ratios make machines particularly susceptible to harmful vibrations. Machine dynamics provide ways and Measures to avoid vibration problems
means to address these problems.
Vibrations should be combated at the
source wherever possible. Thus, the
procedure should follow the priorities
What are machine dynamics? When do vibration problems occur? presented here:
• minimise excitation forces by
Machine dynamics refer to the study of a system’s motion based Vibration problems may occur if the following two conditions balancing or mass balancing
on the forces acting on the system. are met:
• prevent propagation of the forces by
Machine dynamics apply knowledge of engineering mechanics, • periodic excitation forces isolating the vibrations or absorbing
especially dynamics, to the problems of real machines. The effect • vibratory system the vibrations
of inertia and the occurrence of vibrations play a major role here. • reduce vibratory capacity of the
Machine dynamics make it possible to predict the vibrational system by making the components
behaviour of a machine and, where possible, to compensate it. !(¡{
1 more rigid, applying additional mass
Depending on the task, the vibrations may be desired (shakers, or using dampers
vibrating conveyors) or undesired (engines, turbines).
Methods from vibration measuring technology are used to
Rotating or
swinging masses
Mass, flexibility
and low damping
!(¡{
2
assess and evaluate vibrations. There are also close links to the generate periodic create an
fields of engineering design, machine elements and drive sys-
tems.
excitation forces vibratory system
!(¡{
4
!(¡{
3
Excitation of
vibrations with Minimising undesired vibrations using the example of a ship’s engine system:
possible
1 diesel engine equipped with mass balancing,
resonance 2 balanced generator, 3 spring-loaded support for vibration isolation,
4 reinforced ship structure to make the system more rigid
184 185
gunt
Machine dynamics
4 Introduction
Basic knowledge
Machine dynamics
In machine dynamics, real machines are represented by the- vibratory systems and for the sources of excitation forces.
oretical models. More often than not, however, machines are Using these mathematical models, it is relatively quick and easy Reciprocating engines
very complicated and not easy to calculate. By simplification to predict the behaviour of the machine.
and abstraction, mathematical models can be obtained for both Machine dynamics play an important role in reciprocating
engines. Various inertia forces are produced by large back-
and-forth and rotating masses. These forces can cause con-
siderable vibration problems in a poor design. The resulting
Linear vibratory system with one or more inertia forces can be kept small by distributing the masses
degrees of freedom over several cylinders, suitable kinematic ratios and the
The simplest model of an vibratory system is the spring- arrangement of balancing masses. This enables a low-vibra-
mass system. This model provides many insights into tion operation of the reciprocating engine.
the behaviour of an vibratory system. Often the rigidity Crank mechanism
and mass distributions of a real system can be described
sufficiently well by using concentrated point masses and
inertia-free springs.
Cam mechanism
Spring-mass system Cam mechanisms are used to convert a rotating motion
into a back-and-forth motion. Cam mechanisms are used
as a valve drive in engines or in packing machines. Poorly
designed cam mechanisms produce high accelerations
and inertia forces. This results in vibrations and noise. The
Continuous vibratory system application of machine dynamics allows a design with the
Similarly, simple systems exist for continuous vibration lowest possible loads and vibrations.
systems such as a ship’s hull. In this case, a simple-beam
Camshaft with roller plunger
model provides initial indications of the vibratory behaviour
when excited by ocean waves. Natural frequencies and
their associated natural modes are of interest here.
Machine foundations and supports to isolate vibrations
Second order natural frequency of a ship’s hull Machine foundations or supports are designed so that the
transmission of vibrations from the machine to the environ-
ment is largely prevented. This prevents unpleasant vibrations
of buildings, plants or motor vehicles. This is known as vibra-
Rotor dynamics tion isolation. Using the methods of machine dynamics, the
properties of the machine supports are determined and the
Rotating machines can cause vibrations due to rotating effects on the environment are calculated.
masses. In elastic rotors, the rotating inertia forces can
cause bending vibrations and resonances. Similarly, a Imbalance generator on spring-loaded foundation
non-uniform rotation can cause torsional vibrations.
Knowledge of bending-critical and torsion-critical speeds
is essential for the design and subsequent operation of the GUNT offers an extensive
machine. Contents of machine dynamics
range of experimental
Elastic shaft with mass disk Linear vibratory systems with one degree of freedom TM 150, TM 150.02, TM 155 units in the field of
machine dynamics. The
Linear vibratory systems with several degrees of freedom TM 150, TM 140, TM 182
programme is based
Vibrations in continuous systems HM 159.11, TM 625 on a typical curriculum
Balancing rotors for machine dynamics.
Rotor dynamics, bending-critical speeds TM 620, TM 625, PT 500.10
Furthermore, units are
The vibrations on rotating machines can be reduced Balancing technology TM 170, PT 500, PT 500.10, PT 502 available for vibration
through balancing. In this process, the excitation forces measuring methods and
caused by the rotating masses are minimised. We attempt Machine dynamics in reciprocating engines TM 180, PT 500.16
machine diagnosis.
to match the centre of gravity and the axis of inertia of Vibrations on crank drives GL 112
the rotor with the axis of rotation by applying or removing
masses. This method is particularly useful, as balancing Vibration isolation TM 182, TM 182.01
eliminates the cause of the vibrations. Vibration measuring equipment and fundamentals of PT 500 ff, HM 159.11, TM 182
Rotor with points for mass balancing frequency analysis
Machinery status monitoring PT 500 ff, PT 501
186 187
