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METHODS, STANDARDS & WORK
DESIGN: AN INTRODUCTION
Danu Hadi Syaifullah
INTRODUCTION
What is?
METHODS, STANDARDS & WORK
DESIGN
Importance?
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Productivity Importance
• Business and enterprise can grow and increase
its profitability by increasing its productivity
• Fundamental tools that result in increased
productivity are: methods, time study
standards (work measurement), and work
design
Applicability of Methods, Standards and
Work Design (MS and WD):
• All aspects of business/industry such as
stores, hotels, hospitals, banks, airlines,
government, etc
• Sales, finance, production, engineering, cost,
maintenance, and management.
• Considered by most as applicable to only the
production function.
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Background
• If the production department is the heart of
an industry then methods, standards, and
work design is the heart of production.
• This function determines how competitive a
product/company will become.
• Who performs this analysis? Engineers, Office
Administrators, psychologists, HR, supervisors,
and workers.
The objective of the manager of MS
and WD:
• Combining the lowest possible production
cost with maximum employee satisfaction,
w/o sacrificing workplace safety WD
• Includes: Designing, creating, and selecting
the best manufacturing methods and
processes, tools, equipment, and training
workers to produce a desired
product/service MS
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Overall Approach to the Application of Method
Engineering and Time Study:
• Identify the problem
• Break job down into operations
• Analyze each for most economical method
(consider Ergonomics/Safety)
• Apply proper time values
• Place method in service
• Follow up for adjustments/changes
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Methods Engineering
• AKA: Overall Approach, work design, re-
engineering, productivity improvement
(increased production/unit time or decrease
cost/unit)
• Primary responsibility: Design and develop
Work Center (WC) where product will be
produced
• Secondary responsibility: Continue
re-study WC’s to find a better way!
Systematic Approach
• To develop a work center, produce a product, or provide
a service used by methods engineers
• Select the project
• Retrieve, format and present data
• Analyze data
• Develop method
• Present and install method
• Develop a job analysis
• Establish time standards
• Follow up
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Work Design
• Fit the task and work station to the operator
(Ergonomics)
• Overly simplifying procedures result in machine-like
repetitive tasks leading to increased rates of work-
related musculoskeletal disorders
• Method Engineers must incorporate ergonomics and
safety considerations into the development / re-
structure of new or existing methods
Standards
• End result of time study or work measurement
• Establishes an allowed time to perform a given
task, based on measurable results
• Considers allowances for fatigue, personal,
and unavoidable delays
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Historical Perspective
• Frederick Taylor is considered the father of
modern time studies in the USA
• Breaks up work assignments into tasks known
as “elements”
• Many standards were based on supervisors
guess or inflated to show false gains within
the department
History (cont.)
• Congress basically restricts “time study” work
until ban lifted in 1949
• Gilberths are founders of modern motion
study (micromotion)
• 1917 Gantt develops charts to show project
schedules for war time shipbuilding
• 1957 Human Factors Society founded in USA
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References
• Niebel’s Methods, Standards and Work
Design, 12th edition, Benjamin Niebel & Andris
Freivalds, McGrawHill International, 2009
• The Ergonomics Kit for general industry, Dan
MacLeod, Taylor & Francis, 2006
• Motion and Time Study: Design and
Measurement of Work, Barnes, Ralph M.,
John Wiley and Sons, 1980
• Lecture Notes
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