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Newton's Laws and Momentum Explained

Linear momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity that points in the direction of an object's velocity. Newton's second law of motion states that the rate of change of an object's momentum is directly proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction of the force. It can be expressed as Force = mass x acceleration. Newton's third law of motion describes that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. It explains phenomena such as a rocket moving forward as the exhaust gases move backward.

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96 views2 pages

Newton's Laws and Momentum Explained

Linear momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity that points in the direction of an object's velocity. Newton's second law of motion states that the rate of change of an object's momentum is directly proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction of the force. It can be expressed as Force = mass x acceleration. Newton's third law of motion describes that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. It explains phenomena such as a rocket moving forward as the exhaust gases move backward.

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victoria kairoo
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Linear Momentum: the linear momentum (p) of an object is the product of the mass (m) and

velocity (v) of that object. Momentum is a vector quantity and hence takes the direction of
the velocity of the object.
Consequently, p, has units of kgms-1. (p = mv).
Principle of conservation of linear momentum:
Newton's Laws of Motion:
1. Newton's first law of motion: states that a body will continue in its state of rest or
uniform motion (constant velocity) unless acted upon by an unbalanced/ external
resultant force.
It is difficult to think that an object can move in a straight line forever. On earth,
frictional forces exist which evenly because moving objects to slow down and
come to an overall stop
This law states that a force is required to produce a change in velocity (produce
acceleration).
This law implies that an object resists changes to its state of motion or rest, a
property called inertia. Inertia of an object is proportional to its mass. Inertia can
also be described as the reluctance of a body in rest to start moving or the
reluctance of a body in motion to stop moving.
Mass is a measure of a body’s inertia.
The weight of an object is the force exerted by gravity on it hence weight is
dependent on gravitational field strength.

W = mg

W – Weight in N

m – The mass in Kg

g – Gravitational field strength in Nkg-1

Applications of Newton’s First Law of Motion:


 Car crash – pg. 36 of Macmillan
 Whiplash – pg. 37
 Ice skating – pg. 37

2. Newton’s Second Law of Motion: states that the rate of change of momentum is
proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction in which the force
acts.
F directly proportional sign change in momentum / change in time
F = mv-mu/t F = applied force / resultant force
m – Mass of object
v - Final velocity
u – Initial velocity
F = k (mv-mu) /t
F = km (v-u) /t
F = kma
Where k is the constant of proportionality which in this case is one.
1 Newton is the force required to give a mass of 1 kg an acceleration of 1ms-2.
Impulse:
 Impulse is the time effect of a force or change in momentum not the
rate of change of momentum (no time).
 F = mv – mu / t
 Ft = mv – mu [impulse] [unit: Ns]

Force vs Time Graph  A force time graph


illustrates how a
force varies with
time.
 The area under a
force – time graph
represents the
change in
momentum
(impulse) of the
object in question.

3. Newton’s Third Law of Motion : states that if body A exerts a force on body B, then
body B will exert an opposite and equal force on body A.

A B

F = F’

Applications of Newton’s Third Law of Motion:


 See pgs. 29-30 in Study Guide

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