MODULE 1

COMMUNICATION PROCESS
COMMUNICATION
- is a process of sending and receiving information among people.
- is also like the importance of breathing
- facilitates the spread of knowledge and forms relationships between people.
- “an act of interchanging ideas, information, or messages from one person or
place to another, via words or signs which are understood to both parties.”

LANGUAGE
- is a distinctly human activity that aids in the transmission of feelings and thoughts
from one person to another
- sounds and/or symbols (spoken or written words), signs, posture, and gestures.

KEY TERMS TO UNDERSTAND COMMUNICATION:

1. PROCESS
- is continuous, moving and ever changing.
2. SYSTEM
- interrelated parts that affect one another.
3. SYMBOLS
- it involves interaction with and through symbols.
4. MEANINGS
- the heart of communication

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. People- People who are involved in the communication process assume two roles – both
as sources and receivers of the message.

 2. Message- This is the verbal and non – verbal form of the idea, thought, or feeling that
one intends to communicate to another person or group of people.

3. Channel- It refers to the means with which the message is delivered.

4. Feedback- It is the receiver’s verbal and non-verbal response to the source’s message.
When one delivers a message, a response is expected. 

5. Code- In human communication, this code pertains to language.

- Is a systematic arrangement of symbols used to create meanings in the mind of

another person/s.

6. Encoding and Decoding

Encoding – is defined as the process of translating an idea or a thought into a

code/language

           Decoding – the process of assigning meaning to an idea or a thought.

7. Noise or Barrier

                Noise – refers to any interference in the encoding and decoding process which
affects the clarity and understanding of a message.
 FOUR (4) types of Noise

1. Physical Noise - interference that is external to both speaker and listener; it hampers the
physical transmission of the signal or message.

2. Physiological Noise - created by barriers within the sender or receiver/refers to the body
like illness, poor eyesight, and hearing.

3. Psychological Noise -   mental interference in the speaker or listener.

4. Semantic Noise - interference created when the speaker and listener have different
meaning systems.

VOICE QUALITIES

VOICE - is the production of sound, while 

SPEECH - is the combination of sounds so that they become symbols that represent
meanings to both speaker and listener.

TIMBRE/TONE COLOR

- distinctive characteristics of voice that makes it pleasant or unpleasant to hear

- it results from the weight exerted on the vocal chords by the resonators in the
process of speaking.

VOICE QUALITY

- is determined by the combination of resonances (richness and volume) of sound,

tone, and timbre between individual and voices so that you are able to identify
one person to another.

5 COMMON VOICE QUALITIES

1. The Normal Voice - In conversation, you speak naturally showing little or no

emotions.

2. The Breathy Voice - Create an atmosphere of secrecy and mystery you use a
breathy or a whispery voice. Whispered type of tone is an “aspirate” quality of the
voice best heard in the “stage whisper”.
3. The Full Voice. In many forms of public speaking when the voice must be
projected to a greater distance, or when an occasion is formal and dignified you
use the full, deep quality of your voice.
This is also known as the “orotund” (round mouth quality.  It is used to create a
mood of reverence and solemnity.)
4. The Chesty Voice. This is a deep hollow voice as if coming from a deep and
empty cave. Its voice quality has less nasal resonance and its accompanied
vibration in the bony structure of the upper chest thus making it a chesty voice
with a “pectoral” quality.
5. The Thin Voice. This voice quality is thin and high-pitched, the high pitch being
its chief characteristics. 
This “Falsetto” kind of voice is featured as a weakening voice, extreme fatigue,
old aged, ill-health or extreme excitement.
VOLUME AND VOICE PROJECTION

TARGET - person

       This is the particular direction to which you are aiming and addressing –the person
directly in front of you, those in the last row, or the entire audience.

VOICE FOCUS - direction

       Requires focusing your voice on a definite direction. Two significant factors help in

this aspect-the purpose and nature of your message.

DIFFERENT MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

1. ARISTOTLE

- developed a linear model of communication for oral communication known as

Aristotle’s Model of Communication.

- First model of communication

- is mainly focused on speaker and speech/speaker centered for speech

- communication process is one way, from speaker to receiver.

- For public speaking only

- Not for intrapersonal and interpersonal communication

RHETORIC

- is the study of communication and persuasion and different message or speech

should be made for different audiences at different situations to get desired effects or
to establish a propaganda.

2. SHANNON AND WEAVER

- is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and

receiver.

- They found that noise is a factor which affects the communication

- deals with various concepts like Information source, transmitter, Noise, channel,
message, receiver, channel, information destination, encode and decode.

3. DAVID BERLO’S SMCR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

- focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before sender sends the
message and before receiver receives the message respectively.

4. LASWELL

- was developed to analyze mass communication,

- used for interpersonal communication or group communication to be disseminated
message to various groups in various situations.
- non-linear because he developed “effective communication process”
 - similar to Shannon and weaver
- doesn’t have feedback
- is very linear and does not consider barriers in the communication process.

5. HELICAL (FRANK DANCE)

- A helix is a three-dimensional spring like curve in the shape of a cylinder or a cone.

- Helix is compared with evolution of communication of a human since birth to

existence or existing moment. Helical model gives geometrical testimony of
communication. The model is linear as well as circular combined and
disagrees the concept of linearity and circularity individually.

- Helical model of communication introduces the concept of time where

continuousness of the communication process and relational interactions are very
important.

6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (FIELD OF EXPERIENCE)

- shows how meaning is transferred from one person or group to another.

- Can be denotative or canotative

FIELD OF EXPERIENCE

- are based on individual beliefs, values, experiences and learned meanings both as
an individual or part of group.

DENOTATIVE

- from the dictionary

CANOTATIVE

- based on emotional or personal experiences

(1954 MODEL)

- is used in both Intrapersonal and Interpersonal communication.

- never ending process which constitutes messages and feedbacks.

COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS

CONTEXT

- refers to the circumstances and settings of communication. 

DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS:

1. PERSONAL CONTEXT - It involves the background of both the sender and the
receiver of the message. 
2. PHYSICAL CONTEXT - It is the environment where communication takes place It
include factors perceived by the senses such as temperature, humidity, odor, lighting
and noise level.
3. SOCIAL CONTEXT - It refers to the kind of relationship that exists between the
sender and the receiver.
4. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT- It includes the emotions and feelings of the
participants   in the communication process. It also involves opinions, judgments,
prejudices, attitudes and perception toward each other.
 5. CULTURAL CONTEXT - sets of beliefs, value systems, guiding principles and
assumptions based on one’s race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation, gender
identity and religion, within which communication happens.

CULTURE

- is defined as set of unique and shared beliefs & values that guide a certain group of
people on how to think, behave and act.
FILIPINO CULTURE:

1. Pagmamano
2. “Po” at “Opo”

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES:

1. AMERICANS – direct and straightforward

2. FILIPINOS – non-confrontational

CULTURAL DIMENSIONS

1. INDIVIDUALISTIC & COLLECTIVIST

2. LOW CONTEXT & HIGH CONTEXT

3. MONOCHRONIC & POLOCHRONIC

4. LOW-UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE & HIGH UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE

5. LOW POWER DISTANCE & HIGH POWER DISTANCE

6. MASCULINE CULTURE & FEMININE CULTURE

 7. LONG TERM CULTURE & SHORT TERM CULTURE

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

- which uses spoken or written words to communicate a message

LANGUAGE REGISTER

- the level and style of spoken and written discourse depending on the context you are
in. It determines the vocabulary, tone, and structure of your language.
3 TYPES OF LANGUAGE REGISTER:

   1. Formal – this type of register is used in a professional context. It is highly

structured, impersonal, and more    serious in this tone, vocabulary, and grammar.

  2. Informal – Language is casual, personal and more intimate in its tone, sentence
structure, and choice of    words.

  3. Neutral – This is a more factual and non-emotional type of language register.

5 LANGUAGE REGISTER:

1.      Static Register
- This style of communications RARELY or NEVER changes. It is “frozen” in time and
content. e.g. the Pledge of Allegiance, the Lord’s Prayer, the Preamble to the US
Constitution, the Alma Mater, a bibliographic reference, laws .
 
2.      Formal Register
- This language is used in formal settings and is one-way in nature.
 
3.      Consultative Register
- This is a standard form of communications.
 
4.      Casual Register
- This is informal language used by peers and friends.

5.      Intimate Register
- This communications is private. It is reserved for close family members or intimate people.
e.g. husband & wife, boyfriend & girlfriend, siblings, parent & children.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

- which uses body language, gestures, facial expressions, and even posture to
communicate.

GROUP OF NON-VERBAL MESSAGES:

1. KINESICS: USE OF BODY

- The technical name for the interpretation that comes along with motions when
someone communicates is kinetics. This includes gesture, movements, posture, eye
contact facial expression, and touch.

2. PARALANGUAGE: USE OF VOICE

- The voice should have intelligibility, variety, and understandable patterns Intelligibility
pertains to the loudness of your voice rate of your speech, pronunciation, and
enunciation. Variety refers to your pitch, force, and pause.

3. PROXEMICS: USE OF SPACE

- Proxemics refers to the space in which our interpersonal communication takes place
affects us in many subtle ways in which we are not always aware of.

4. CHRONEMICS: USE OF TIME

- chronemics refers to how people perceive and value time. In a monochromic

culture “Time is of the essence.”

TYPES OF PROXEMICS:
 1. INTIMATE

- Distance varies from touching to a space of 1-1.5 feet. Intimate distance is

appropriate only for the most intimate conversations.

2. PERSONAL DISTANCE

- has a space roughly 1-2.5 feet. This is when people meet in an office or on the
street.
3. SOCIAL DISTANCE

- This kind of distance is good for impersonal business.

4. PUBLIC DISTANCE

5. ORIENTATION/GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

- as important as distance is the geographic location of the participants – where

people are in relation to one another.

6. GESTURES AND BODY MOVEMENTS

- Gestures are probably one of the first means of communication that human beings
developed before oral language appeared.

7. POSTURES

- body postures are another signal which is largely involuntary but can communicate
important social signals

8. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

– is a key characteristic of nonverbal communication, your facial expression can

communicate happiness, sadness, anger, or fear. This refers to changes in the use
of mouth, eyes and cheeks.

9. SILENCE
- This technique is used to convey meaning either consciously or unconsciously.
Sometimes, silence can convey positive message. Silence does not mean absence
of communication.

MODULE 2

SPEAKING PROCESS

1. The Breathing Stage

            Breathing which is primarily concerned with maintaining life is secondarily a force in

assisting vocalization. It consists of two phases; Inhalation and exhalation. The lungs serves
as a reservoir of air. As you inhale you will fill the lungs with air needed for speaking. The
diaphragm is a large sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdomen. It
forms the floor of the chest and roof of the abdomen.
2. Phonation Stage

           Phonation takes place when voice is produced in speaking as the expiratory air
stream from the lungs going to the trachea or windpipe to the larynx. The Larynx is the
principal organ for phonation, found at the top of the Trachea. Its protuberance is known as
”Adam’s Apple”  The vocal chords are a pair of muscles and cartilages that open and close
at various degrees.

3.  The Resonation stage

           The voice produced in phonation is weak, it becomes strong and rich only when
amplified and modified by resonators. Resonation is the process of voice modulation and
amplification.

4. The Articulation stage

        Articulation occurs when the tone produced in pharynx is changed into specific sounds.
This is the result of the movement of the articulators towards the point of articulation. The
articulators are the uvula, velum, tongue, lower lip and lower jaw.

TYPES OF SPEECHES:

1. INFORMATIVE SPEECH

       An informative speech is one in which the speaker relays knowledge to an audience on
a specific topic.

SPEECHES ABOUT PROCESSES

- An informative speech about a process then describes how something is made,
done, or works.
SPEECHES ABOUT EVENTS
- describes the occurrence in full: the time, date, location, and circumstances of that
occurrence.
SPEECHES ABOUT CONCEPTS
- refer to ideas, beliefs, theories, attitudes, and/or principles.

2. PERSUASIVE SPEECH

           A persuasive speech is a specific type of speech in which the speaker has a goal of
convincing the audience to accept his or her point of view.
ARGUMENTATIVE SPEECH
- is the first part of persuasive public speaking.

- are often about hot topics, and they encourage the audience to change their views or
opinions on a topic.
 TYPES OF APPEAL

- a.  APPEAL TO REASON

-          The argument should appeal to rational intellect by finding a common ground

to enable the audience to fully understand the topics.

- b. APPEAL TO EMOTION

-           Argument should anticipate the ethical, religious, social and political beliefs
and feelings of the audience.

- c. APPEAL TO CHARACTER

-         Argument should appeal to the sense of right and wrong, justice and fair play.

3. ENTERTAINING SPEECH

- Entertaining Speech. The primary purpose of a speech to entertain is to have the audience
relax, smile and enjoy the occasion. The speech should have a central theme or a focus. A
series of jokes will NOT work well for this type of speech.

- aims to amuse and delight people

- Offers lighter moments to people to make them run away from the usual humdrums of
everyday life.

4. INSPIRATIONAL SPEECH

           a. It is a way to stir up people e's higher-order values and plant positive and valid
ideals in life

          b. Inspirational speaker is a speaker who makes speeches intended to motivate or

inspire an audience.

          c. An Inspirational speech is written to persuade, or convince the listeners, that they

can succeed.

INFOGRAPHICS

- simplify information in a visually engaging way in order to attract and inform a large
audience.

KINDS OF INFOGRAPHICS:

1. STATISTICAL
- A statistical infographic puts the focus on your data. The layout and visuals will help
you tell the story behind your data.  Your storytelling devices can include charts,
icons, images and eye-catching fonts
2. INFORMATIONAL
- An informational infographic template is the best infographic for clearly
communicating a new or specialized concept, or to give an overview of a topic . 
3. TIMELINE
- Timeline infographics are the best type of infographic for visualizing the history of
something, to highlight important dates, or to give an overview of events (for
example, a project timeline).
4. PROCESS
- Process infographics will allow you to simplify and clarify each step. Most process
infographics follow a straightforward top-to-bottom or left-to-right flow. Numbering the
steps will make your process easy to follow.
5. GEOGRAPHIC
- Geographic infographics use map charts as the focus visual. Different types of map
charts work better for different types of data.
6. COMPARISON
- comparison infographic are split down the middle vertically or horizontally, with one
option on each side.
7. HIERARCHICAL
- A hierarchical infographic can organize information from greatest to least.
- One famous example of this is the pyramid visualizing Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs .