Tensile Hardness Toughness
Izod
Testng Machine
Charpy
Specimen Brinell
Destructive Nondestructive
Process Vickers Laboratoty end Field wsts
Calculation
Tensile Testing
Determines the resistance of material under tensile force.
Specimen is subjected to a controlled tension until failure.
Obtain the stress-strain curve and evaluate properties.
Universal testing machine (UTM) commonly used.
- Electromagnetically powered machines.
- Hydraulic powered machine
Speciman has two shoulders and a gage.
Guge lenget
- Shoulders have larger cross section, so it can be readily gripped in the machine.
- Gauge has smaller cross-section, deformation and failure can occur in this area. iO mm e
12.S mm.
Testing Process
Hard, tough
Strain
Brittle, Ductile Place speciman in machine
L, Elastic, Plastic
Increse load until fracture
Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength.
breaking strength. maximum ebngation,
obtain stress strain curve
reduction in area, Poisson's ratio. young's
modulus. strain-hardening characteristics etc Evaluate the properties
Testing Steps
1. Elastic deformation
2. Plastic deformation
3. Necking
4. Fracture
Sugerencia: All about Stress Strain, Formulas, Curvs I Strength of ...
Calculations
Stress
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Strain =
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Indentation Hardness Tester
Hardness of material
Resistance to change the shape while compressive force is applied.
Resistance to abrasion, scratching, cutting, bending of material.
Indenter is used to determine mechanical properties
by pressing it onto the metal surface. Indenter is:
- Made of diamond, sapphire, hard alloys, etc.
- Shape of tips pyramidal, spherical, cone etc.
Types of Indenters
Types of Hardness measurements
Indentation hardness:
Major important engineering interest for metals.
Testing methods: Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell tests
Rebound hardness:
Indenter is dropped on metal surface and the hardness is expressed as the
energy of impact. Rebound hammer tester, Digital Portable Hardness tester.
Scratch hardness:
The ability of material to scratch on one another
Important to mineralogists, test by using Mohs scale. talc-I, diamond=10
Steel Ball
Brinell Hardness (HB)
Load P
Uses large loads up to 30m kg on a rough polished surface
Steel sphere
indenter
With 10 mm diameter steel ball or tungsten carbide ball for 10-30 sec
Sue 01
Gives impressions from 2-6 mm hardrr..
Not suitable for finished product due to large indentation
ut * .dgct
Full load 3000 kg is normally applied to iron and steel for 10 to 15 sec
For softer material load can be reduce to 1500 kg or 500 kg for 30 sec BHN-
Measure the depression
by calibrated
Vickers Hardness (HV) Size of the impression
usually no more than 0.5
mm
Uses load up to approximately 120 kg on a polished surface
Can be used to test thin
With pyramid-shaped Diamond indenter, angle of opposite faces
is 1360
sheets, foils, small
materials due to low indentation One testing machine can be used
Diamond Cone
for both Vicker's test and Brinell test
Load P
Diann»nd
undenter 136'
Suc ot
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created tn
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VHN = 1.8544
mm 2
HRB
Rockwell Hardness (HR)
HRC
Stcrl
Rockwell B hardness
(HRB)- Steel Ball as intender for test soft material.
Rockwell C hardness 120'
(HRC)- Diamond Cone of 1200 for hard material.
Measures the increase in
Apply minor load Fo, which penetrates to
penetration, when the load
depth ho Add major load Fl for 3-8 s is increased from minor
load to major load and
(F0+F1), then remove Fl
major load removed.
While still maintaining the load Fo, final penetration is
hl
F0+F1
ho hl
RI-IN =
Leeb Rebound Hardness (HL)
Spherical tungsten carbide tip accelerate m
onto the test surface by spring force.
bounce of a ball indicates the resistance
to surface deformation (i.e. hardness).
E
The Hardness value defined as the ratio E = mh
between the Rebound velocity (VR) after
HL 1000
and the Impact Velocity (VI) before the
impact of ball onto the test piece surface.
Scratch Hardness Test Mineral Name Scale Number
Scratch hardness tests are used to determine the Diamond 1
hardness of a material to scratches and abrasion. Corundum 2
Topaz 3
The test uses object made of a harder material
to scratch an object made of a softer material. Quarts 4
Orthoclase 5
Apatite 6
The Mohs scale (or some other scale) is used to measure the Fluorite 7
scratch hardness with the help of a measurement device
Calcite 8
called sclerometer.
Gypsum 9
10
Mohs hardness scale
eale
Izod impact test Starlirg position
The Izod impact testing holds the sample
vertically with the v notch facing the pendulum.
Striking point is top of the sample.
Used to test Metals and Plastics.
Can use V notch only.
End of (10 x 10 x 55 mm)
Hamnwr
Pmd.ltum 1m*t
S*dmen
Armt
Not&'
Izod
Charpy impact test
The Charpy impact testing holds the sample
horizontally with the v notch facing away from the
eale
pendulum. Striking point is middle of sample.
Can use U notch or V notch.
position
Used to test Metals.
End of
Hamnwr
S*dmen
Penoum
Mvil
alarm V•mtdl
Long time, low cost
Field tests
Testing done on location
Performed under real world conditions
Construction site, Transport line
Laboratory tests
Destructive tests Testing done on Laboratory
Performed under controlled conditions
Break or damage the sample
Using specialized equipment
Used to find strength of material
Short time, High cost
Not applicable for finished parts
Accurate results, Laboratory required
Tensile test, Brinell hardness test etc.
Nondestructive tests
Do not damage the sample Often
used for quality control
Find defects, voids, cuts in material
Approximate results, Portable, Safe to use
Ultrasonic test, Leeb Rebound test etc.
