TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Ayala Boulevard, Ermita Manila

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

REPORT DOCUMENTATION

SUBMITTED BY:

BSEE 5D

GERMONO, ARIS G.
GOLLENA, JENRICK M.
GUEVARRA, JAEMIE C.
ILLORIN, JOHN PATRICK N.

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. ARJUN G. ANSAY

JUNE 11, 2020

 Solar Power Plant

Introduction

A solar power plant is any type of facility that converts sunlight either directly, like

Photovoltaics, or indirectly, like Solar Thermal plants, into electricity.

They come in a variety of 'flavors' with each using discretely different techniques

to harness the power of the sun.

We'll take a quick look at the different types of solar power plants that harness the

sun's life-giving sunlight to produce electricity.

Types of Solar Power Plant

1. Photovoltaics

Photovoltaic power plants use large areas of photovoltaic cells, known as PV or

solar cells, to directly convert sunlight into usable electricity. These cells are usually made

from silicon alloys and are the technology most people have become familiar with -

chances are you may have one on your roof.

The panels themselves come in various forms:

- Crystalline solar panels - As the name suggests these types of panels are made

from crystalline silicon. They can be either monocrystalline or poly- or multi-

crystalline. As a rule of thumb monocrystalline versions are more efficient (about 15-

20%) but more expensive than their alternatives (tend to be 13-16% efficient) but

advancements are closing the gap between them over time.

 - Thin-film solar panels - These types of panels consist of a series of films that

absorb light in different parts of the EM spectrum. They tend to be made from amorphous

silicon (aSi), cadmium telluride (CdTe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), and copper indium

(gallium) diselenide. This type of panel is ideal for applications as flexible films over

existing surfaces or for integration within building materials like roofing tiles.

These types of plant generate electricity that is then, usually, directly fed into the

national grid. These kinds of power plant tend to have the following basic components: -

- Solar panels that convert sunlight into useful electricity. They tend to generate DC

current with voltages up to 1500 v;

- These plants need investors to transform the DC into AC

- They usually have some form of a monitoring system to control and manage the

plant and;

- They are directly connected to an external power grid of some kind.

- If the plant generates in excess of 500 kW they will usually also employ step-up

transformers.

2. Solar Thermal Power Plants

Solar Thermal power plants, on the other hand, focus or collect sunlight in such

a manner as to generate steam to feed a turbine and generate electricity. Solar thermal

power plants can also be subdivided into a further three distinct types: -
2.1 Linear, Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal and Solar Dish Power plants

This is the most common form of a solar power plant that is characterized by their

use of fields of either linear U-Shaped, parabolic trough collectors pr solar dishes. These

types of facility tend to consist of a large 'field' of parallel rows of solar collectors.

They tend to consist of three discrete types of system:

2.1.1. Parabolic trough systems

Parabolic troughs use parabola-shaped reflectors that are able to focus between 30

and 100 times normal sunlight levels on to the collector. The method is used to heat a

special type of fluid, which is then collected at a central location to generate high-pressure,

superheated steam.

These systems tilt to keep track of the sun throughout the day. Because of their

parabolic shape, these kinds of reflectors are able to focus between 30 and 100 times the

normal sunlight intensity on the collector.

The longest operating solar thermal plant in the world, the Solar Energy Generating

Sytems (SEGS) in the Mojave Desert, California, is one of these types of power plants.

The first plant, SEGS 1, was built in 1984 and operated to 2015 with the second, SEG 2,

operating between 1984 and 2015.

The last plant built, SEGS IX, with an electricity generation capacity of 92

megawatts (MW), began operation in 1990. Today there are currently seven operating

SEGS plants with a combined capacity of 357 MW - this makes it one of the largest solar

energy thermal electric power plants in the world.

2.1.2 Linear concentrating systems

Linear concentrating systems, sometimes called Fresnel reflectors, also consist of

large 'fields' of sun-tracking mirrors that tend to be aligned in a north-south orientation to

maximize sunlight capture. This setup allows the banks of mirrors to track the sun from

east to west throughout the day.

2.1.3 Solar Dishes and engines

Solar dishes also use mirrors to focus the suns energy onto a collector. These tend

to consist of oversized satellite dishes that are clad in a mosaic of small mirrors that focus

energy onto a receiver at the focal point.

Brief History

Though solar energy has found a dynamic and established role in today’s clean

energy economy, there’s a long history behind photovoltaics (PV) that brought the concept

of solar energy to fruition. With the way the cost of solar has plummeted in the past decade,

it’s easy to forget that going solar had a completely different meaning even just 15 years

ago. Let’s go back a few centuries to the origins of solar PV and explore the history of solar

energy and silicon solar technology.

In theory, solar energy was used by humans as early as 7th century B.C. when

history tells us that humans used sunlight to light fires with magnifying glass materials.

Later, in 3rd century B.C., the Greeks and Romans were known to harness solar power

with mirrors to light torches for religious ceremonies. These mirrors became a normalized

tool referred to as “burning mirrors.” Chinese civilization documented the use of mirrors

for the same purpose later in 20 A.D.

 Another early use for solar energy that is still popular today was the concept of

“sunrooms” in buildings. These sunrooms used massive windows to direct sunlight into

one concentrated area. Some of the iconic Roman bathhouses, typically those situated on

the south-facing side of buildings, were sunrooms. Later in the 1200s A.D., ancestors to

the Pueblo Native Americans known as the Anasazi situated themselves in south-facing

abodes on cliffs to capture the sun’s warmth during cold winter months.

In the late 1700s and 1800s, researchers and scientists had success using sunlight

to power ovens for long voyages. They also harnessed the power of the sun to produce

solar-powered steamboats. Ultimately, it’s clear that even thousands of years before the era

of solar panels, the concept of manipulating the power of the sun was a common practice.

The development of solar panel technology was an iterative one that took a number

of contributions from various scientists. Naturally, there is some debate around when

exactly they were created and who should be credited for the invention. Some people credit

the invention of the solar cell to French scientist Edmond Becquerel, who determined

light could increase electricity generation when two metal electrodes were placed into a

conducting solution. This breakthrough, defined as the “photovoltaic effect,” was

influential in later PV developments with the element selenium.

In 1873, Willoughby Smith discovered that selenium had photoconductive potential,

leading to William Grylls Adams’ and Richard Evans Day’s 1876 discovery that selenium

creates electricity when exposed to sunlight. A few years later in 1883, Charles

Fritts actually produced the first solar cells made from selenium wafers – the reason some

historians credit Fritts with the actual invention of solar cells.

 However, solar cells as we know them today are made with silicon, not selenium.

Therefore, some consider the true invention of solar panels to be tied to Daryl Chapin,

Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson’s creation of the silicon photovoltaic (PV) cell at Bell

Labs in 1954. Many argue that this event marks the true invention of PV technology

because it was the first instance of a solar technology that could actually power an electric

device for several hours of a day. The first ever silicon solar cell could convert sunlight at

four percent efficiency, less than a quarter of what modern cells are capable of.

Other major events in the history of solar energy.

• Solar panels in outer space – Some of the earliest uses of solar technology were

actually in outer space where solar was used to power satellites. In 1958, the

Vanguard I satellite used a tiny one-watt panel to power its radios. Later that year

the Vanguard II, Explorer III and Sputnik-3 were all launched with PV technology

on board. In 1964, NASA was responsible for launching the first Nimbus spacecraft,

a satellite able to run entirely on a 470-watt solar array. In 1966, NASA launched

the world’s first Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, powered by a one-kilowatt

array.

• First solar residence – In 1973, the University of Delaware was responsible for

constructing the first solar building, named “Solar One.” The system ran on a hybrid

supply of solar thermal and solar PV power. It was also the first instance of building

integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) – the array didn’t use solar panels but instead had

solar integrated into the rooftop, similar to the design for Tesla’s new roof product.
• Achievements in solar conversion efficiency – Between 1957 and 1960, Hoffman

Electronics made a number of breakthroughs with photovoltaic efficiency,

improving the efficiency record from 8% to 14%. The next major achievement was

in 1985 when the University of South Wales achieved 20% efficiency for silicon

cells. In 1999, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory collaborated with

SpectroLab Inc. to create a solar cell with 33.3% efficiency. The University of

South Wales broke that record again in 2016 when researchers reached 34.5%

efficiency.

• Solar-powered airplanes – In 1981, Paul MacCready built Solar Challenger, the

first aircraft to run on solar power, and flew it across the English Channel from

France to the U.K. In 1998, the remote-controlled solar airplane “Pathfinder” set an

altitude record after reaching 80,000 feet. NASA broke that record in 2001 when

they reached 96,000 feet with their non-rocket aircraft. In 2016, Bertrand Piccard

completed the first zero-emissions flight around the world with Solar Impulse 2,

the world’s largest and most powerful solar-powered airplane today.

• Solar-powered presidencies – In 1979, President Jimmy Carter had solar panels

installed on the White House during his term as president. However, in 1981,

President Ronald Reagan ordered the White House solar panels to be removed. In

2010, President Barack Obama requested that solar panels and a solar water heater

be installed on the White House. Both were installed during Obama’s first term.

• Cost of solar over time – Prices for solar panels have dropped substantially over

the past few decades, leading to a surge in consumer demand that has produced

more than one million U.S. installations as of early 2016. In 1956, solar panels cost
 roughly $300 per watt. By 1975, that figure had dropped to just over $100 a watt.

Today, a solar panel can cost as little as $0.50 a watt. Consider this: since the year

1980, solar panel prices have dropped by at least 10 percent every single year. The

plummeting cost of solar is largely responsible for the growing popularity of solar

and the legitimacy of PV as a reliable energy source in today’s world.

Basic Principles of Operations

Electricity is generated at power plants and moves through a complex system,

sometimes called the grid, of electricity substations, transformers, and power lines that

connect electricity producers and consumers. Most local grids are interconnected for

reliability and commercial purposes, forming larger, more dependable networks that

enhance the coordination and planning of electricity supply.

1. Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant

In a PV system, the PV cells exercise this effect. Semi-conducting materials in the

PV cell are doped to form P-N structure as an internal electric field. The p-type (positive)

silicon has the tendency to give up electrons and acquire holes while the n-type (negative)

silicon accepts electrons. When sunlight hit the cell, the photons in light excite some of the

electrons in the semiconductors to become electron-hole (negative-positive) pairs. Since

there is an internal electric field, these pairs are induced to separate. Therefore, the

electrons move to the negative electrode while the holes move to the positive electrode. A

conducting wire connects the negative electrode, the load, and the positive electrode in

series to form a circuit. As a result, an electric current is generated to supply the external

load. This is how PV effect works in a solar cell:

• When a light of certain frequency falls on the surface of a metal

• Electrons will absorb the energy

• If incident light energy is greater than the work function (minimum energy required

to remove the loosely bound valence electrons of the metal

• Then the photo electrons will be emitted and

• The excess energy is converted to the kinetic energy of electron.

• When solar panels are placed in the sunlight

• , photons will strike the surface and emits electrons.

• As a result, electron hole pair is created in the solar cell.

• When external circuit is connected to the solar cell, electrons flow in the circuit and

the current is generated.

 In case of a consumer-based installation of the solar photovoltaic cells:

After the Generation of energy from the power plant, the output from the power

plant will go through a step-up transformer for transmission. It will enter the grid and go

to your local power post’s Step-Down transformer for a consumer building to utilize

2. Concentrated Solar Power Plant (Thermal)

 • Power towers (also known as 'central tower' power plants or 'heliostat' power

plants).

• These designs capture and focus the sun's thermal energy with thousands of

tracking mirrors (called heliostats) in roughly a two square mile field.

• A tower resides in the center of the heliostat field. The heliostats focus concentrated

sunlight on a receiver which sits on top of the tower.

• Within the receiver the concentrated sunlight heats molten salt to over 1,000 °F

(538 °C).

• The heated molten salt then flows into a thermal storage tank where it is stored,

maintaining 98% thermal efficiency, and eventually pumped to a steam generator.

• The steam drives a standard turbine to generate electricity.

The solar power tower, also known as 'central tower' power plants or 'heliostat' power

plants or power towers, is a type of solar furnace using a tower to receive the focused

sunlight. It uses an array of flat, movable mirrors (called heliostats) to focus the sun's rays

upon a collector tower (the target). Concentrated solar thermal is seen as one viable solution

for renewable, pollution-free energy.

Early designs used these focused rays to heat water, and used the resulting steam to

power a turbine. Newer designs using liquid sodium have been demonstrated, and systems

using molten salts (40% potassium nitrate, 60% sodium nitrate) as the working fluids are

now in operation. These working fluids have high heat capacity, which can be used to store
the energy before using it to boil water to drive turbines. These designs also allow power

to be generated when the sun is not shining.

Parts and Functions of Photovoltaic Solar Power Plant

The 4 Main Components of Photovoltaic Solar Power Plant are:

• Solar Panel

• Controller

• Batteries

• Inverter

1. Solar Panel

A solar panel is a collection of solar (or photovoltaic) cells, which can be used to

generate electricity through photovoltaic effect. These cells are arranged in a grid-like

pattern on the surface of solar panels.

Thus, it may also be described as a set of photovoltaic modules, mounted on a structure

supporting it. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged and connected assembly of 6×10

solar cells.

When it comes to wear-and-tear, these panels are very hardy. Solar panels wear out

extremely slow. In a year, their effectiveness decreases only about one to two per cent (at

times, even lesser).

 Most solar panels are made up using crystalline silicon solar cells. Installation of

solar panels in homes helps in combating the harmful emissions of greenhouse gases and

thus helps reduce global warming. Solar panels do not lead to any form of pollution and

are clean. They also decrease our reliance on fossil fuels (which are limited) and traditional

power sources. These days, solar panels are used in wide-ranging electronic equipment like

calculators, which work if sunlight is available.

2. Controller

A solar charge controller manages the power going into the battery bank from the

solar array. It ensures that the deep cycle batteries are not overcharged during the day, and

that the power doesn’t run backwards to the solar panels overnight and drain the batteries.

Some charge controllers are available with additional capabilities, like lighting and load

control, but managing the power is its primary job.

A solar charge controller is available in two different technologies, PWM and MPPT. How

they perform in a system is very different from each other. An MPPT charge controller is

more expensive than a PWM charge controller, and it is often worth it to pay the extra

money.

3. Batteries

A device that reserves energy for later consumption that is charged by a connected

solar system. The stored electricity is consumed after sundown, during energy demand

peaks, or during a power outage. Most common on residential or commercial buildings.

batteries are used for to store energy offline (DC). If we direct use to any load it

works but on the time like night, there no sun light in this time if we connect the load to

active we need this.

 4. Power Inverter

A solar inverter or PV inverter is a type of electrical converter which converts the

variable direct current output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency

alternating current that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-

grid electrical network.

it is one type of converter.it is convert the Dc to the 230-volt AC as per need of

application
 Parts & Functions of Solar Tower Power Plant

The 5 Main Components used in Solar Tower System are:

• Mirror System

• HTF System (Heat Transfer Fluid)

• Heat Exchanger

• Thermal Energy Storage

• Control System

• Mirror System

The Mirror System includes all the mirrors (or reflectors) installed in a tracking

system that enables the mirrors to follow the sun's motion across the sky and to concentrate

and focus the sunlight onto a thermal receiver. Depending on the type of technology - as
described in Section 4.2 – the mirror system differs in the shape of the mirrors and in the

tracking systems:

• Parabolic Troughs (parabolic mirrors / 1 axis tracking system)

• Fresnel Systems (flat mirrors / 1 axis tracking system)

• Power Tower (heliostats – usually plane / 2 axis tracking system)

• Dish/Engine Systems (parabolic concave mirror – dish / 2 axis tracking system)

• HTF System

The mirror system concentrates the sunlight into an intense solar beam that heats a

working fluid, or Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF), which flows into a glass receiver tube, also

called the solar/thermal receiver, absorber or collector.

 The HTF, heated to high temperature, is pumped and flows through the solar field

and thermal storage systems, if any, conveying heat to the steam-water heat exchangers in

the power block. The HTF determines the operational temperature range of the solar field

and thus the maximum power cycle efficiency that can be obtained.

Heat transfer fluids (HTF) vary from water, heavy oil to molten salts: • Water,

which compared to other HSFs, has the advantage that is free (other than the cost of being

de-ionized). Furthermore, as the steam is generated directly in the receiver before going

straight to the steam turbine generator, there is no need for heat exchangers. Hence the

investment cost in a CSP using water as HTF is low. However, the water pressure increases

significantly with temperature and the circulation of high-temperature steam at high-

pressure is a challenge, especially with mobile receivers. Using water as HTF does also not

allow an easy storage solution.

• Synthetic oil or organic oil, a preferred HTF to resolve the high-pressure issue of

the water. The problem with heavy oils however, is that the hydrocarbon breaks down when

heated to high temperature around 400°C (752°F). Therefore, oil as HTF limits the working

temperature of a CSP plant to approx. 400°C (752°F) - making it ineffective for use in

power towers, which are typically designed for operation at temperatures above 500°C

(932°F).

• Molten salts, a mixture of nitrate salts (mainly sodium nitrate NaNO3 and

potassium nitrate KNO3 at a 60-40 ratio). They are cheaper, denser, and can retain more

energy per volume than oil-based HTFs. They can achieve temperatures up to 550 °C,

allowing steam turbines to operate at greater efficiency. Among other advantages, molten

salts can be easily stored allowing simple TES solutions and, as the HTF becomes the
storage medium, the investment cost in heat exchangers between the HTF and the storage

medium can be avoided. However, salts usually solidify below 238°C and are kept above

290°C for better viscosity. This requires higher expenses in pumping and heating the

molten salt to protect it against freezing, hence solidifying.

Sophisticated salt blends with lower melting points, nano-fluids or pressurized gas

with high thermal energy transfer properties are new potential HTF options for future CSP

applications but are still under testing and in development phases.

• Heat Exchanger

The heat exchanger, also called steam generator, "exchanges" the thermal energy

from the HTF to the feed water to create high pressure steam that efficiently drives the

steam turbine / generator. It is formed of several heat exchangers connected in series; the
first (preheater) preheats the feed water to its saturation temperature; the second (steam

generator) evaporates the water into steam; and the third (superheater) superheats the steam

which is then injected into the high-pressure steam turbine. A fourth heat exchanger

(reheater) is used to re-superheat the steam coming from the outlet of the high-pressure

turbine before it is re-injected into the low-pressure section of the steam turbine.

• Thermal Energy Storage

Thermal energy storage (TES) is a critical component in achieving high use of CSP

technologies as it allows CSP plants to overcome output variability and deliver power

beyond daylight hours. Molten salt TES technology has proved to be the best. Other forms

of TES, such as graphite or phase-change materials, are in development or even starting to

see limited commercial application but are still a way off in real terms. The advantage of

molten salt as a medium is that it is liquid at atmospheric pressure, its operating

temperatures are compatible with today's steam turbines, and it is non-flammable and non-

toxic.
 The TES system works by taking cold molten-salt from the cold storage tank, where

is kept "cold" at 288 °C (550 °F) and running it through the heat exchangers where the

molten salt is heated by the HTF up to 566 °C (1,051 °F) and stored in the hot storage tank

for later use. Later, when the energy in storage is needed, the system simply operates in

reverse to reheat the HTF using the hot molten-salt from the hot storage tank generating

the steam to run the power plant. This TES technology is referred to as an indirect system

because it uses a fluid for the storage medium that is different from the HTF that circulates

in the solar field. Using the same molten salt as HTF and as TES medium reduces the cost

of the TES system considerably and eliminates the need for expensive heat exchangers. It

also allows the solar field to be operated at higher temperatures. But unfortunately, molten-

salts freeze at relatively high temperatures from 120°C to 220°C (250°F-430°F), hence

special care must be taken to ensure that the salt does not freeze in the solar field piping

during the night.

 • Control System

The control system consists of two parts that must be properly integrated: the

distributed control system (DCS) and the solar plant control system. The latter is

responsible for calibrating the mirrors (or heliostats) and controlling their operation, to

maintain the optimum HTF distribution on the heat exchanger, protecting it from higher

than allowed concentrated HTF, and for monitoring weather conditions to protect the

equipment. For the scope of this paper the solar plant control system is considered as part

of the Mirror System.

 Specifications of parts

• Specification in consideration for solitude power generating plant for 14MVA

Power plant.

• Specifications are considered uniquely depending on the design of the engineer.

Parts of PV Solar Power Plant:

1. PV Modules

2. Arrays

3. Inverters

4. Transformer

5. Medium Voltage Transformer

6. Main Substation

7. Step-up Transformer

• PV Modules

o Approx. 62, 860 modules

o 60 – Cell Polycrystalline type or Higher

o Output of 260Wp / Module or Higher at Standard Temperature Condition

The solar panels will be in polycrystalline silicon, guaranteed for 25 years with an

efficiency of 80%.
• Array of Modules

o 6 to 12 pieces

o 104 to 144 arrays

o 12 inputs – IP54 Array Box

o Types 2 – 1250Vdc – 15/40 kA

• Inverters

o 20 or 12 pieces, depending on the rating

o 680 kVA / 1165 kVA

o with lightning protection

• Transformers

o 6 or 7 pieces, depending on brand

o Schneider minera type or equivalent (Oil Immersed 3150kVA, 36 kV, 50/60

Hz)

o 380v to 400v

o 22 kV

o 380 V to 400 V low voltage switchgear

• Medium Voltage System

o Inverters and transformers are located in 6 or 7 PV boxes

o PV Box are connected in one feeder to the main substation

• Main Substation

o The substation is composed of one outdoor transformer 22/66kV (14MVA),

it’s auxiliaries and protection equivalent.

(General Plan)

(Module Inclination)
Specifications from other Solar power systems:

Solar Concentrator (Solar Dish)

• Energy production:

o Thermal power: 45 KW

o Thermal Eff: 73%

o Third Party HCPV: 20 KW

o CPV Module Eff: 37%

o Sun concentration: 1000X

o Max Direct Temp: 800 C

o Max Fluid Temp: 270 C

• Dimension and Area:

o Reflector Diameter: 9m

o Gross Area of Collector: 63 m2

 o Focal Point Distance: 444mm

o Mounting Post: 4.4m

o Collector Weight: 292kg

o Total Weight: 1150kg

• Absorber Dimension (for thermal Fluid)

o Absorber Size: 10” x 10”

o Gross Area of Absorber: 99 sq. In

o Volume of Fluid in Absorber: 550 ml

• Solar Beam Parameters

o Tracking: Dual Axis Slew Drive

o Max op. pressure: on customer

o AC Power interruption Protection: Survival Position (115 Vertical Axis)

• Operating Parameters

o Wind speed when tracking: 55km/hour

o Wind speed when safety mode: 160km/hour

• Solar Beam Power Consumption

o Input Voltage : 24DC

o Vertical Axis Motor : 48W 2A

o Horizontal Axis Motor : 24W 1A

o Power Back Up : 750VA

• Enclosure Protection

o IP66 or NEMA 4X
Control System:
 Auxiliary parts

Solar Array Mounting Racks:

DC Disconnect:
 • A solar PV system typically has two safety disconnects. The first is the PV

disconnect (or Array DC Disconnect). The PV disconnect allows the DC current

between the modules (source) to be interrupted before reaching the inverter.

• The second disconnect is the AC Disconnect. The AC Disconnect is used to

separate the inverter from the electrical grid. In a solar PV system, the AC

Disconnect is usually mounted to the wall between the inverter and utility meter.

The AC disconnect may be a breaker on a service panel or it may be a stand-alone

switch.

Battery Pack:
 • Solar power systems produce electricity during the daytime, when the sun is shining.

Your home demands electricity at night and on cloudy days – when the sun isn’t

shining. To offset this mismatch, batteries can be added to the system.

Charge Controller:

• The charge controller – also known as charge regulator – maintains the proper

charging voltage for system batteries.

• Batteries can be overcharged, if fed continuous voltage. The charge controller

regulates the voltage, preventing overcharging and allowing charging when

required.
 Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:

• Pollution free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after installation.

• Reduced dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels.

• Renewable clean power that is available every day of the year, even cloudy days

produce some power

• Return on investment unlike paying for utility bills.

• Virtually no maintenance as solar panels last over 30 years

• Excess power can be sold back to the power company if grid intertied

• It can be installed virtually anywhere; in a field to on a building

• Use batteries to store extra power for use at night

• Solar can be used to heat water, power homes and building, even power cars

Disadvantages:

• Needs lots of space as efficiency is not 100% yet.

• No solar power at night so there is a need for a large battery bank.

• Devices that run on DC power directly are more expensive.

• Depending on geographical location the size of the solar panels vary for the same

power generation.

• Lower production in the winter months.

 Local Solar Power Plants

CALATAGAN SOLAR POWER PLANT

63.3 MW

CALATAGAN, BATANGAS

CADIZ SOLAR POWERPLANT

132.5 MW

CADIZ, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL

 CITICORE POWER

60 MW

TOLEDO CITY, CEBU

BURGOS SOLAR FARM

150 MW

BURGOS, ILOCOS NORTE

 Foreign Solar Power Plants:

PAVAGADA SOLAR PARK

2050 MW

INDIA

KURNOOL ULTRA MEGA SOLAR PARK

1000 MW

INDIA
LONGYANGXIA SOLAR PARK

850MW

CHINA