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Q1) How does IOT device organize data?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of objects or devices that are connected to the Internet,
usually via sensors, and can relate to each other and the data they generate.
The lifecycle of data within an IoT system proceeds from data production to aggregation, transfer,
optional filtering and preprocessing, and finally to storage and archiving.
Production, collection, aggregation, filtering, and some basic querying and preliminary processing
functionalities are considered online, communication-intensive operations. Intensive preprocessing,
long-term storage and archival and in-depth processing/analysis are considered offline storage-
intensive operations.
Important data capabilities.
● Versatile connectivity and ability to handle data variety: IoT systems have a variety of
standards and IoT data adheres to a wide range of protocols (MQTT, OPC, AMQP, and so on).
Also, most IoT data exists in semi-structured or unstructured formats. Therefore, your data
management system must be able to connect to all of those systems and adhere to the
various protocols so you can ingest data from those systems. It is equally important that the
solution supports both structured and unstructured data.
● Edge processing and enrichments: A good data management solution will be able to filter
out erroneous records coming from the IoT systems—such as negative temperature readings
—before ingesting it into the data lake. It should also be able to enrich the data with
metadata (such as timestamp or static text) to support better analytics.
● Big data processing and machine learning: Because IoT data comes in very large volumes,
performing real-time analytics requires the ability to run enrichments and ingestion in sub-
second latency so that the data is ready to be consumed in real time. Also, many customers
want to operationalize ML models such as anomaly detection in real time so that they can
take preventive steps before it is too late.
● Address data drift: Data coming from IoT systems can change over time due to events such
as firmware upgrades. This is called data drift or schema drift. It is important that your data
management solution can automatically address data drift without interrupting the data
management process.
● Real-time monitoring and alerting: IoT data ingestion and processing never stops. Therefore,
your data management solution should provide real-time monitoring with flow visualizations
to show the status of the process at any time with respect to performance and throughput.
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The data management solution should also provide alerts in case any issues arise during the
process.
Q2.What do you understand with firmware.Explain with examples.
The firmware is a piece of code that resides in a non-volatile part of the device that allows and
enables the device to perform the functions for which it was created. It consists of several
components, such as the kernel, bootloader, filesystem and additional resources. In addition, the
firmware makes various hardware components work properly.
different components are.
1. Bootloader: It is responsible for numerous tasks such as the initialization of several
critical hardware components and allocating the necessary resources.
2. Kernel: It is one of the main components of the entire integrated device. Speaking at
a very general level, a kernel is simply an intermediate layer between the hardware
and software.
3. File System: Is where all the individual files required for performance of the device
are stored. This also includes components such as web servers and network services.
the firmware contains several sections embedded within it.Therefore, the first step to analyze a
firmware and get a deeper view of it, is to identify the different sections that work together to make
a full firmware. The firmware is no longer a binary piece of data, which when opened with a
hexadecimal editor, the different sections containing the binary, identified by observing the
signature bytes of each section individually disclosed.
Q3) What does M2M mean? Give examples of M2M.
Machine-to-machine, or M2M, is a broad label that can be used to describe any technology that
enables networked devices to exchange information and perform actions without the manual
assistance of humans. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) facilitate the
communication between systems, allowing them to make their own autonomous choices.
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The main purpose of machine-to-machine technology is to tap into sensor data and transmit it to a
network. Unlike SCADA or other remote monitoring tools, M2M systems often use public networks
and access methods -- for example, cellular or Ethernet -- to make it more cost-effective.
M2M systems are often isolated, stand-alone networked equipment. IoT systems take M2M to the
next level, bringing together disparate systems into one large, connected ecosystem.
M2M systems use point-to-point communications between machines, sensors and hardware over
cellular or wired networks, while IoT systems rely on IP-based networks to send data collected from
IoT-connected devices to gateways, the cloud or middleware platforms.
Data collected from M2M devices is used by service management applications, whereas IoT data is
often integrated with enterprise systems to improve business performance across multiple groups.
Another way to look at it is that M2M affects how businesses operate, while IoT does this and affects
end users.
For example, in the product restocking example above, M2M involves the vending machine
communicating to the distributor's machines that a refill is needed. Incorporate IoT and an
additional layer of analytics is performed; the vending machine can predict when particular products
will need refilling based on purchase behaviors, offering users a more personalized experience.M2M
also allows patients to be monitored in their own homes instead of in hospitals or care centers. For
example, devices that track a frail or elderly person’s normal movements can detect when he or she
has had a fall and alert a healthcare worker to the situation. M2M comes to the rescue, helping
energy companies automatically gather energy consumption data, so they can accurately bill
customers. Smart meters can track how much energy a household or business uses and
automatically alert the energy company, which supplants sending out an employee to read the
meter or requiring the customer to provide a reading. This is even more important as utilities move
toward more dynamic pricing models, charging consumers more for energy usage during peak times.
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Q4.Q4) Explain various levels of deployment of IOT System.
IoT architecture elements vary based on applications of use. Based on this fact, various levels are
defined for the IoT system.
IoT Level 1
• The data is stored locally.
• The data analysis is done locally.
• Monitoring & Control is done using Mobile app or web app.
• The data generated in this level application is not huge.
• All the control actions are performed through the internet.
• Example: Room temperature is monitored using a temperature sensor and data is stored/analysed
locally. Based on analysis made, control action is triggered using a mobile app or it can just help in
status monitoring.
IoT Level 2
• This level consists of an air conditioner, temperature sensor, Big data (Bigger than level -1, data
analysis done here) , cloud and control & monitoring app.
• This level-2 is complex compared to level-1. Moreover, the rate of sensing is faster compared to
level-1.
• This level has a voluminous size of data. Hence cloud storage is used.
• Data analysis is carried out locally. Cloud is used for only storage purposes.
• Based on data analysis, control action is triggered using a web app or mobile app.
• Examples: Agriculture applications, room freshening solutions based on odour sensors etc.
IoT Level 3
• As shown in the figure, this level consists of an air conditioner, temperature sensor, big data
collection (Bigger than level-1) , cloud (for data analysis) and control & monitoring app.
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• Data here is voluminous i.e. big data. Frequency of data sensing is fast and collected sensed data is
stored on the cloud as it is big.
•Data analysis is done on the cloud side and based on analysis control action is triggered using
mobile app or web app.
• Examples: Agriculture applications, room freshening solutions based on odour sensors etc.
IoT Level 4
• This level consists of multiple sensors, data collection and analysis and control & monitoring apps.
• At this level-4, multiple sensors are used which are independent of the others.
• The data collected using these sensors are uploaded to the cloud separately. The cloud storage is
used at this level due to the requirement of huge data storage.
• The data analysis is performed on the cloud and based on which control action is triggered either
using web app or mobile app.
IoT Level 5
• This level consists of multiple sensors, coordinator nodes, data collection and analysis and control
& monitoring app.
• This level is similar to level-4 which also has huge data and hence they are sensed using multiple
sensors at much faster rate and simultaneously.
• The data collection and data analysis is performed at the cloud level.
• Based on analysis,control action is performed using mobile app or web app.
References: https://www.informatica.com/resources/articles/iot-data-management-and-industrial-
iot.html
https://www.puffinsecurity.com/the-key-to-everything-firmware-on-iot-devices/
https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/machine-to-machine-M2M
https://www.rfwireless-world.com/IoT/IoT-Architecture-Levels.html
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