SPH4U: Physics, Grade 12, University Preparation CONSTANTS AND EQUATIONS

CONSTANTS
g = 9.8 m/s 2 rearth = 6.38 × 10 6 m me = 9.11 × 10 -31 kg e = 1.6 × 10 -19 C k = 9.0 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 /C 2
G = 6.67 × 10 − 11
N ⋅ m2 m earth = 5.98 × 10 24 kg m p = 1.67 × 10 -27 kg c = 3.0 × 10 8 m/s µ 0 = 4π × 10 −7 T ⋅ m / A
kg 2

CONVERSIONS
f = 10 −15 p = 10 −12 n = 10 −9 µ = 10 −6 m = 10 −3 k = 10 3 M = 10 6 G = 10 9 T = 10 12 P = 10 15

MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS
b2 + c2 − a 2 sin A sin B sin C o a o
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C cos A = = = sin θ = cos θ = tanθ = A = πr2 C = 2π r
2bc a b c h h a
FORMULAS
Kinematics
v v
d v ∆d v ∆v r (vr1 + vr2 ) r r r r r 1r r r 1r r2 vr
v av = v av = a av = d= t v 2 = v1 + a t d = v 2 t − at 2 d = v1 t + a t 2 2
v 2 − v 1 = 2a d
∆t ∆t ∆t 2 2 2
Dynamics
r r r r r r r r
FNet = m a Fg = m g Fk = µ k FN Fs ,max = µ S F N
Circular Motion and Universal Gravitation
v v2 v 4π 2 r v v v Gm1m2 GmE m
ac = ac = 2 Fc = mac Fg = vs = g=G G = 6.67 × 10-11 N·m 2 /kg 2
r T r2 r r2
v T = 1/ f
ac = 4π 2 rf 2
Work and Energy
v v 1 v v 1 2
W = F ⋅ ∆d Wtotal = ∆E K EK = mv 2 E G = mgh ETH = F f ⋅ ∆d ES = kx FS = − kx
2 2

Momentum
v v v v v v v v v v  m − m2 v v  2m 1 v
p = mv J = Fnet ∆t = ∆ p m1v1 + m2 v 2 = m1v '1 + m2 v ' 2 v 1′ =  1  v 1 v ′2 =   v 1
 m1 + m 2   m1 + m2 
Electrostatics
vkq1 kq1
q = Ne ε = E E = qV V = k = 9.0 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 /C 2
v v r2 r
kq q
FE = qε FE = 12 2 v F kq1 q 2 e = 1.6 × 10 -19 C
r a= E EE =
m r V = ε ⋅d me = 9.11 × 10 -31 kg
m p = 1.67 × 10 -27 kg
Magnetism
Φ B = BA cos θ µ 0 = 4π × 10 −7 T ⋅ m / A v ∆Φ
v FM µ0 I 1 I 2 V =− µ0 I µ 0 NI
vv v = B= B=
FM = qv B sinθ FM = ILB sin θ L 2πd ∆t 2πr L

Waves and Light

c
n= c = λf v=λ f c = 3.0 × 10 8 m/s
v
Two Point Sources and Double Slit Diffraction
 1
Pn S 1 − Pn S 2 =  n − λ , n = 1 ,2 ,3 ,... Pm S 1 − Pm S 2 = m λ , m = 0 ,1 ,2 ,...
 2
xn  1λ xm mλ
= sin θ n =  n −  , n = 1 ,2 ,3 ,... ≈ sin θ m = , m = 0 ,1 ,2 ,...
L  2 d L d Note: In these equations, the
Single Slit Diffraction Diffraction Gratings subscript ‘n’ represents minima
or nodes; whereas, ‘m’ represents
xn nλ  1λ
≈ sin θ n = , n = 1,2,3,... sin θ n =  n −  , n = 1 ,2 ,3 ,... maxima or anti-nodes.
L w  2 d
 1
 m + λ mλ
≈ sin θ m = 
xm 2 sinθ m = , m = 0 ,1 ,2 ,...
, m = 1,2,3,... d
L w
Reflection from Thin Films Transmission through Thin Films
nλ n = 0 , 2 , 4 (dark) nλ n = 0 , 2 , 4 (bright)
t= t=
4 n = 1, 3 , 5 (bright) 4 n = 1, 3 , 5 (dark)

Special Relativity
∆t s mv mc 2 mc 2
v2 ∆t m = p= ETotal = EK = − mc 2 E Rest = mc 2
Lm = Ls 1− 2 v2 2 2 2
c 1− 2 v v v
1− 1− 1−
c c2 c2 c2