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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF
BUILDING SCIENCE
MODULE 3: THERMAL COMFORT IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Dr. E. RAJASEKAR
Architecture and Planning
Module Contents
Thermal comfort
Factors influencing thermal comfort
Comfort zone
Thermal comfort models
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Thermal Comfort
Human body produces heat continuously – metabolic processes
Heat output – 70W (sleep) – 700 W (heavy physical activity)
Heat dissipation to environment
Core-body temperature – 37oC
Skin temperature – 31oC – 34oC
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M ± Rd ± Cv ± Cd − Ev = ∆S
first proposed by Gagge (1936)
M = metabolic heat production
Rd = net radiation exchange
Cv = convection (incl. respiration)
Cd = conduction
Ev = evaporation (incl. in respiration)
∆ S = change in stored heat
Ideally, M ± Rd ± Cv ± Cd − Ev = 0 means thermal comfort
However, as per definition “the condition of mind that expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment”
Gives rise to two notions –
a. Physiological
b. Physio-psychological
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Influencing Factors
Environmental Personal Contributing factors
Air temperature Metabolic rate (activity) Food and drink
Air movement Clothing Body shape
Humidity State of health Subcutaneous fat
Radiation Acclimatisation Age and gender
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Air temperature –
o determines convective heat dissipation
Air movement –
o accelerates convection;
o alters skin and clothing surface heat transfer coefficient;
o increases evaporation from the skin;
High humidities –
o restrict evaporation;
A real-time example
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A real-time example
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A real-time example
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Radiation Exchange
MRT, or mean radiant temperature
o Average temperature of the surrounding surface
elements, each weighted by the solid angle it
subtends at the measurement point
Cannot be measured directly
Globe thermometer
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MRT = GT + 0.24V0.5(GT-DBT)
(Belding’s formula)
In warm climate with lighter clothing,
2 1
Perceived environmental temperature = 3 𝑀𝑅𝑇 + 3 𝐷𝐵𝑇
In cold climate with heavier clothing,
1 1
Perceived environmental temperature = 2 𝑀𝑅𝑇 + 2 𝐷𝐵𝑇
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Ref.: http://www.labeee.ufsc.br/antigo/arquivos/publicacoes/Thermal_Booklet.pdf
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Personal Factors
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Metabolic Rate
Energy released by metabolism depends on
muscular activity.
Metabolism is measured in Met
(1 Met = 58.15 W/m2 body surface).
Body surface for normal adult is 1.7 m2.
A sitting person in thermal comfort will have a heat
loss of 100 W.
Average activity level for the last hour should be
used when evaluating metabolic rate, due to body’s
heat capacity.
Ref.: http://www.labeee.ufsc.br/antigo/arquivos/publicacoes/Thermal_Booklet.pdf
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Insulation in Clothing
• 1 Clo = Insulation value of 0.155 m2 oC/W
Ref.: http://www.labeee.ufsc.br/antigo/arquivos/publicacoes/Thermal_Booklet.pdf
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Comfort Zone
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International Model
Ref.: ASHRAE
standard 55 - 2010
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Indian Model
Ref.: BIS, SP:41
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Indian Model
Ref.: BIS, SP:41
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A worked example – City: Ahmedabad
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Other considerations
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Radiation
Draught Asymmetry
Vertical Air
Temperature Floor
Differences Temperature
Ref.: http://www.labeee.ufsc.br/antigo/arquivos/publicacoes/Thermal_Booklet.pdf
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Radiant Temperature Asymmetry
Ref.: http://www.labeee.ufsc.br/antigo/arquivos/publicacoes/Thermal_Booklet.pdf
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Vertical Air Temperature Differences
Ref.: EN ISO 7730
Ref.: http://www.labeee.ufsc.br/antigo/arquivos/publicacoes/Thermal_Booklet.pdf
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Ref.: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_chill#/media/File:Windchill_effect_en.svg
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Heat Stress
Ref.:
https://www.qpic.qa/PoliciesA
ndRegulations/QPICRLCPro
cedure/old/RLC%20Heat%20
Stress%20Guidelines.pdf
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Thermal comfort models
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Index Ti Tg Va Pv RH Top Tw Met Clo
Wet bulb temperature
Effective temperature
Equivalent temperature
Corrected effective temperature
Operative temperature
Resultant temperature
Heat stress index
Wet bulb globe temperature
Index of thermal stress
Predicted Mean Vote
Humid operature temperature
Skin wettedness
Standard effective temperature
KSU TSV
Tropical summer index
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International Models
Widely revised and used models
“Two-node model” of the J B Pierce Laboratories (New Haven)
Fanger’s “comfort equation”
Indian Model
Tropical Summer Index by CBRI, Roorkee
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Summary of two-node model
Treats heat transfer form core to skin
and then skin to environment
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Fanger’s Predicted Mean Vote
Ref.: EN ISO 7730
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Ref.: EN ISO 7730
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PMV variation in Ahmedabad PMV variation in Chennai
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PMV variation in Chennai
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Tropical Summer Index
𝑻𝑺𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟖 × 𝒕𝒘 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟓 × 𝒕𝒈 − 𝟐. 𝟎𝟔 × 𝑽 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟏
Where
Tw = wet-bulb temperature (oC)
Tg = globe temperature (oC)
V = air velocity (m/sec)
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RECAP
Thermal comfort
Factors influencing thermal comfort
Comfort zone
Thermal comfort models
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