PIPELINE INSPECTOR
OVERVIEW
SYLABUS – SNI 13-6568
Service Standard
liquid/gas Code
Site Visit Installation
(ANSI B
31.4 / 8) Standard
Komponen
KK & LL Utama
(Linepipe
API 5L dsb)
Standard
Quality Pengelasan
Assurance (ASME IX &
API 1104)
Gambar & Pipeline Material
Lay Out
Selection
Pipa Inspector
Pengetesan Hydraulic
Tekanan Design
Structural
Koneksi and
cabang Stability
Design
Crossing
(Road, Corrosion
Railway, Constr. — Protection
River, Lake) On Shore &
Off Shore
Standard/code
Komponen
• Material Selection
ANSI B31.4 • Hydraulic Design
SNI 1373 • Structural and Stability
Design
ANSI B31.8 • Corrosion Protection
• Construction — On Shore &
SNI 1374 Off Shore
• Crossing (Road, Railway,
River, Lake)
PL Inspector API 5L
• Koneksi cabang
• Pengetesan Tekanan
• Gambar & Lay Out Pipa
ASME IX • Quality Assurance
• KK & LL
API 1104
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITY
Inspektur Perpipaan Penyalur:
tenaga kerja yang mempunyai tugas utama melaksanakan
inspeksi perpipaan penyalur migas sejak awal pemasangan
sampai dengan selesai pemasangan dan pemeliharaan
sesuai dengan Peraturan Perundang-undangan dan standar
yang berlaku.
PIPELINE STANDARD
PIPELINE STANDARD
The design and operation of a pipeline system will be governed
by the legislation relevant to the countries it crosses.
Country Design code
USA ASME B31.4 (liquid)
ASME B31.8 (Gas)
UK BS8010
Canada CAN/CSA-Z183-M90
CAN/CSA-Z184-M86
International ISO 13262
PIPELINE STANDARD LIQUID - GAS
GENERAL STATEMENT - SNI
Prakata – Hal i
SNI 3473:2011 mengacu dari standar ASME B31.4-2006
Prakata – Hal vii
Bilamana ada bagian-bagian yang kurang jelas dalam standar (SNI
3474) ini, seharusnya merujuk kepada standar asli ASME B31.8, Gas
Transmission and Distribution Piping System, Edisi terbaru.
TABLE OF CONTENT
SNI 3473 - 2011 SNI 3474 - 2009
Chapter I Scope and Definition General provisions and definitions
Chapter II Design Chapter I Material and Equipment
Chapter III Materials Chapter II Welding
Chapter IV Dimensional Requirement Chapter III Piping system components
Chapter V Construction Welding and and fabrication details
Assembly Chapter IV Design, installation, and
Chapter VI Inspection and Testing testing
Chapter VII Operation and Chapter V Operating and
Maintenance Procedures maintenance procedures
Chapter VIII Corrosion Control Chapter VI Corrosion control
Chapter IX Offshore Liquid Pipeline Chapter VII Miscellaneous
System Chapter VIII Offshore gas transmission
Chapter IX Sour gas service
APPLICABILITY
LIQUID SYSTEM
Crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied
petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia,
and liquid petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank
farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, stations, ammonia plants,
terminals (marine, rail, and truck), and other delivery and receiving points.
GAS SYSTEM – Para 802.12
Standar ini tidak berlaku untuk :
a) perancangan dan pembuatan bejana tekan yang dicakup oleh ASME
Boiler and pressure vessel code;
b) perpipaan dengan suhu logam di atas 450oF atau di bawah -20 oF.
(Untuk suhu rendah di dalam rentang yang dicakup standar ini, lihat
butir 812)
c) dst
DESIGN FACTOR
The ratio between the allowable operating (hoop) stress in a pipeline and its yield stress.
The hoop stress caused by the internal pressure of the transported fluid will determine the
pipe wall thickness.
Hoop stress is given by the formula;
PD
op
2t
Where: op = operating stress (psi)
P = pressure (psi)
D = diameter (inches)
t = wall thickness (inches)
POPULATION DENSITY –
LOCATION CLASS
the term population density index has been eliminated
Location Class
the number of buildings intended for human occupancy for an onshore
pipeline
lay out a zone ¼ mile wide along the route of the pipeline with the
pipeline on the center line of this zone, and divide the pipeline into
random sections 1 mile in length such that the individual lengths will
include the maximum number of buildings intended for human
occupancy
1 mile
¼ mile
LIQUID PIPELINE
There is no requirement to take account of population
density in pipeline design or routing
No specified minimum separation distance from occupied
buildings
Pipeline design factor of 0.72 in any location
GAS PIPELINE
Wall thickness and design factor are determined in relation to
Location Class
Minimum distance from occupied buildings required
Design factor as low as 0.3/0.4 in populated areas
LOCATION CLASS
Location Description Design
Class Factor
Class 1 0 - 10 Buildings (i.e. Rural) 0.72
Class 2 11 – 45 buildings (e.g. towns, 0.6
fringe areas around cites,
industrial areas)
Class 3 46 or more dwellings (e.g. 0.5
suburban and schools, hospitals
etc.)
Class 4 Areas with multi-story buildings 0.4
(more than 4 stories)
LOCATION CLASS – SNI #83
LOCATION CLASS – SNI #85
LOCTION CLASS - OFFSHORE
0.72 design factor to offshore pipelines
increasing to 0.6 “close to the platform” (within a 500m radius)
ISO13623 now allow the use of risk based design methods to justify a
higher design factor.
PIPELINE MATERIAL
The most common material used to construct high pressure pipelines for
the oil & gas industry is carbon-manganese steel (iron typically with
around 0.08% carbon content and 1.5% & Manganese plus small
amounts of other alloying elements). This is prevalent because of it’s
high strength, high toughness, weld-ability and relative cheapness.
In most parts of the world line pipe is fabricated to conform to the API
5L specification (American Petroleum Institute).
In API 5L Pipe steel grade is identified by the yield strength, where
the number refers to the yield strength in thousands of pounds per
square inch, ksi. For example X52 has a yield strength of 52ksi or
52,000psi.
The API 5L specification is the minimum requirement to provide
serviceable pipes and most operators impose additional requirements.
TERMINOLOGIES - LINEPIPE
Product Specification Level (PSL); Double/Single
Random Length; Pipe Schedule; Nominal Pips Size;
Carbon Equivalent; Mill Certificate; Coils; Heat
Number; Tensile Test; Charpy Test; Ovality; Out of
Roundness; Mill Tolerance;
LINEPIPE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Seamless (non-welded)
a billet of hot steel is extruded by rollers around a piercer to
produce a length of pipe. This is mainly for small / medium
diameter pipe (up to a maximum of 24”) and it can be difficult
to accurately control the wall thickness and roundness (tolerances
can be +/- 15%).
Welded
oERW pipe
oSAW/UOE pipe
oand Helical (Spiral)
ERW – Steel strip is uncoiled
and passed through a
sequence of rolls to form a
pipe. The seam is pressed
together and Electrical
Resistance Welded. The pipe
is then passed through sizing
rolls and heat treated to
improve its mechanical
properties.
ERW can produce small /
medium diameter pipe (24”)
and is relatively cheap. There
can be quality problems with
the seam.
SAW / UOE – The plate is cut
to size then bent into a U
shape then an O shape. The
edges are joined by a
Submerged Arc Weld and
expanded by a hydraulic die
into a circular pipe.
This method is used for large
diameters (up to 56”) and
heavy wall pipe.
Spiral – A coil of strip is
uncoiled, straightened
and helically wound to
form a pipe. The seam is
welded using SAW.
This can produce large
diameters of pipe to
good tolerances but can
experience quality
problems in the spiral
weld.
PIPELINE COMPONENT
PIPELINE COMPONENTS - ONSHORE
The main components of an onshore pipeline system are as follows:-
terminals
pumping & compression
metering
pig traps
valve stations
pipeline
storage
PIPELINE SCHEMATIC – P&ID
Flange & Gasket
PIPELINE COMPONENTS - OFFSHORE
Risers – offshore pipelines require a riser from the sea bed to the topside facility.
Pumping & compression – is much more expensive
Pig traps – can only be installed on facilities so pigging loops may be required for
flowlines.
Valves – are only usually installed at the start and end of the line there are no
intermediate valves as with onshore lines.
Slug catcher – as less processing is available offshore there may be liquids drop out in
gas lines requiring a slug catcher at the end of the line.
Subsea Wyes – are required to allow future lines to tap into the export system.
PIPELINE COMPONENTS
Wye Sled
Prototype
PIPELINE CORROSION
CONTROL
CORROSION CONTROL – SNI 3474
Minimum requirements and procedures for:
corrosion control of exposed, buried, and
submerged metallic piping and components.
controlling external (including atmospheric) and
internal corrosion.
Applicable to the design and installation of new
piping systems and to the operation and maintenance
of existing piping systems.
862.11 BURIED STEEL FACILITIES
862.111 General.
All new transmission pipelines, compressor station piping,
distribution mains, service lines, and pipe-type and bottle-
type holders installed under this Code shall, except as
permitted under para. 862.113, be externally coated and
cathodically protected
862.112 Coating requirements
862.113 Cathodic protection Requirements
862.114 Electrical isolation
862.115 Electrical connections and monitoring points
862.116 Electrical interference
862.117 Casings
862.21 BURIED STEEL FACILITIES - EVALUATION
The records of leakage surveys and normal maintenance work shall
be continuously reviewed for evidence of continuing corrosion.
Electrical survey methods - may be used as an indication of
suspected corrosive areas where surface conditions permit
sufficiently accurate measurements.
Common methods of electrical survey include:
1) pipe-to-soil potentials;
2) surface potential (cell-to-cell);
3) soil resistivity.
c) The continued effectiveness of a cathodic protection system shall
be monitored in accordance with para. 862.217.
PIPELINE INSPECTION/TESTING
ASME B31.4/SNI 13-3473
INSPECTION
436.2 Qualification of Inspectors
capable of performing the following inspection services:
(a) right-of-way and grading
(b) ditching
(c) use of explosives
(d) road and railroad casing and crossing
(e) pipe stringing and pipe and material handling
(f) bending
(g) lineup and pipe surface inspection
(h) welding
(i) coating
(j) tie-in and lowering
(k) backfilling and clean up
(l) pressure testing
(m) special services for testing and inspection of facilities,
436.6 Repair of Defects
436.6.1 Defects of fabricated items and in pipe wall shall be
repaired or eliminated in accordance with para. 434.5.
436.6.2 Welding defects shall be repaired in accordance with para.
434.8.7.
436.6.3 Holidays or other damage to coating shall be repaired in
accordance with para. 461.1.2.
437 TESTING
437.1 General
437.1.3 Testing of Fabricated Items
437.1.4 Testing After New Construction
437.1.5 Testing of Replacement Components.
437.4 TEST PRESSURE
437.4.1 Hydrostatic Testing of Internal Pressure Piping
(a) Portions of piping systems to be operated at a hoop stress of more
than 20% of the specified minimum yield strength of the pipe shall be
subjected at any point to a hydrostatic proof test equivalent to not less
than 1.25 times the internal design pressure at that point (see para.
401.2.2) for not less than 4 hr.
(b) API RP 1110 may be used for guidance for the hydrostatic test.
(c) The hydrostatic test shall be conducted with water, except liquid
petroleum that does not vaporize rapidly may be used, provided
…….
437.4 TEST PRESSURE
437.4.3 Leak Testing.
A 1-hr hydrostatic or pneumatic leak test may be used for piping
systems to be operated at a hoop stress of 20% or less of the
specified minimum yield strength of the pipe. The hydrostatic test
pressure shall be not less than 1.25 times the internal design
pressure. The pneumatic test gage pressure shall be 100 psi (7 bar)
or that pressure which would produce a nominal hoop stress of 25% of
the specified minimum yield strength of the pipe, whichever is less.
ASME B31.8/SNI 13-3474
TESTING AFTER CONSTRUCTION
TESTING AFTER CONSTRUCTION
841.3.3 Tests Required to Prove Strength for Pipelines and Mains to Operate
at Hoop Stress Level of Less Than 30% of the Specified Minimum Yield
Strength of the Pipe, but in Excess of 100 psig (690 kPa).
841.3.4 Leak Tests for Pipelines or Mains to Operate at 100 psig (690 kPa)
or More
841.3.5 Leak Tests for Pipelines and Mains to Operate at Less Than 100
psig (690 kPa)
841.3.6 Safety During Tests.
841.4 COMMISSIONING OF FACILITIES
841.4.1 General.
841.4.2 Cleaning and Drying Procedures.
841.4.3 Functional Testing of Equipment and Systems.
841.4.4 Start-Up Procedures and Introduction of Transported Gas.
841.4.5 Documentation and Records.
The following commissioning records shall be maintained as permanent records:
(a) cleaning and drying procedures
(b) cleaning and drying results
(c) function-testing records of pipeline monitoring
(d) control equipment systems
(e) completed prestart checklist
PIPELINE OPERATION &
MAINTENANCE
O & M - SNI 3473 - 2011
450 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES AFFECTING THE
SAFETY OF LIQUID AND SLURRY TRANSPORTATION PIPING SYSTEMS
451 PIPELINE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
452 PUMP STATION, TERMINAL, AND STORAGE FACILITIES OPERATION
AND MAINTENANCE
453 CORROSION CONTROL
454 EMERGENCY PLAN
455 RECORDS
456 QUALIFYING A PIPING SYSTEM FOR A HIGHER OPERATING PRESSURE
457 ABANDONING A PIPING SYSTEM
451 PIPELINE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
451.1 Operating Pressure
451.2 Communications
451.3 Line Markers and Signs
451.4 Right-of-Way Maintenance
451.5 Patrolling
451.6 Pipeline Integrity Assessments and Repairs
451.8 Valve Maintenance
451.9 Railroads and Highways Crossing Existing Pipelines
451.10 Inland Waters Platform Risers
451.11 Leak Detection
451.12 Strain Criteria for Existing Pipelines
O & M - SNI 3474 - 2009
850 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES AFFECTING THE
SAFETY OF GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES
851 PIPELINE MAINTENANCE
852 DISTRIBUTION PIPING MAINTENANCE
853 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES MAINTENANCE
854 LOCATION CLASS AND CHANGES IN NUMBER OF BUILDINGS
INTENDED FOR HUMAN OCCUPANCY
855 PIPELINE SERVICE CONVERSIONS
856 ODORIZATION
857 UPRATING
851 PIPELINE MAINTENANCE
851.1 Periodic Surveillance of Pipelines
851.2 Pipeline Patrolling
851.3 Leakage Surveys
851.4 Repair Procedures for Steel Pipelines
851.5 Testing Repairs to Steel Pipelines or Mains
851.6 Pipeline Leak Records
851.7 Pipeline Markers
851.8 Abandoning of Transmission Facilities
851.9 Decommissioning of Transmission Facilities
851.10 Recommissioning of Transmission Facilities
851.11 Repositioning a Pipeline in Service
851.12 Pressure Testing for Integrity Assessment of In-Service Pipelines
851.4 Repair Procedures for Steel Pipelines (add note ANSI B31.8 2018)
Additional guidance may be found in ASME PCC-2, Repair of Pressure
Equipment and Piping, and in the following PRCI documents: Pipeline Repair
Manual (original or updated version), and Pipeline Defect Assessment — A
Review and Comparison of Commonly Used Methods. Information on these
documents is found in Mandatory Appendix A.
The use of nonmetallic composite repair is prohibited for repairing leaks on
pipelines operating over 100 psig (690 kPa). The use of nonmetallic
composite repair is not recommended for repairing cracks or pipe
manufacturing defects in pipelines unless reliable engineering analysis or
testing demonstrates the effectiveness of the repair device and installation
procedure when applied to such defects.
Repair materials or equipment for which no standards or specifications are
referenced in this Code shall only be permitted if qualified in accordance
with para. 811.2.4. Such repairs shall be described in detail in
documentation that is retained by the operating company.
PIPELINE INSTALLATION
TERMINOLOGY (SNI – ASME)
ONSHORE PIPELINE:
Right of Way; grading; Survey and Staking or Marking; Handling;
Hauling; Stringing, Storing; crossings; Ditching; buried
Pipelines; Backfilling; Block and Isolating Valves; Bends, Miters, and
Elbows; Tie-In; Alignment Sheet; etc
OFFSHORE PIPELINE:
Buckle; buckle detector; buckle arrestor; flexible pipe; offshore
pipeline riser; hyperbaric weld; pipe collapse; weight coating; soil
liquefaction; negative buoyancy; splash zone; bathymetry; vortex
shedding; etc
COMMON STEPS
ONSHORE CONSTRUCTION OFFSHORE INSTALLATION
Pre-survey & Survey Pre-survey & Survey
Clearing and/or grading Clearing and/or grading
Trenching Trenching (pre/post trenching)
Pipe stringing and bending Pipe Storing/aligning
Welding; NDT & Coating Welding; NDT & Coating
Lowering in & Backfilling Laying & Backfilling
Testing (hydro-testing) Testing (hydro-testing)
Site Restoration Site Restoration (if any)
ROUTE SELECTION
Phase I – Conceptual Studies
Desktop studies
Initial route evaluation
Route and profile for hydraulic design
Identify basic environmental, social and land use constraints
Initial routing team field assessment by subject experts
Confirmation of desktop routes (pinch points)
Constructability, surface geology, ROW conditions
Data collection for cost estimates
Preliminary corridors for ESIA
ROUTE SELECTION
Phase II – Basic Design
Remote sensing of route alternatives
Develop digital terrain models for route evaluation, to support environmental,
engineering, construction, and operations
Evaluation of route alternatives
Detailed routing team field assessment by subject experts
Confirm / optimize routing
Identify preferred route
Further support of ESIA
Detailed route survey
Data collection for detailed design, construction planning, facilities locations,
land acquisition, and permitting
Data for development of construction alignment sheets
ROUTE SELECTION
Phase III – Detailed design and construction
Pre-Construction survey
Staking of route and facilities to reflect IFC drawings
Survey support during construction, including line changes, reroutes,
etc.
As-Built survey
Record final location of pipeline and facilities
Provide data for as-built drawings
STRINGING
the pipe is and set out on wooden blocks along the RoW.
TRENCHING
Trenching can take place earlier
of later in the sequence
depending on the rates which
can be achieved and the soil
conditions.
The equipment used will also
depend on soil conditions. In
easily excavated soil a bucket
wheel trencher or excavator will
be used.
WELDING
NDE (NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION)
BEND DIMENSIONAL TERM (ASME B16.49)
COLD BEND REQUIREMENT – SNI 3474
MITER
In the figure above, dotted lines are where the pipe should be cut. Each dotted cut
line has a vertical reference line marked at following distances from pipe end.
L2 : Distance of first and last reference line from pipe ends.
L1 : Distance between reference lines.
Cut Back : Offset distance of cut lines from reference lines at the top and bottom of
pipe.
PIPELINE SURVEY
SSS IMAGES
TUGAS – 1; WATCH AND LEARN
https://youtu.be/5dT37_t6EA4
https://youtu.be/81R72Cywc0c
