ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Demands
Water Supply
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Importance of Water Supply Systems
• Basic requirement
• Comforts of living
• Variety of purposes
• Drinking
• Bathing
• Washing
• Laundering
• Gardening
• Different other use for recreational and other purposes
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Development of public water supply
• Pressure from the dwellers
• Migration of peoples from rural to urban areas
• Multipurpose requirements
• Congestion of population at single spot
• Civilization advancements
• Trend of high-rise buildings
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Need for protected water supply
From the public heath point of view, it is necessary that all
water supplies must be invariably free from all types of
impurities whether suspended or dissolved in water and
no untoward risk should occur to the health of the public
as a result of any water contamination.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Objectives of water supply systems
• To supply safe and wholesome water to consumers
• To supply water in adequate quantity
• To make water easily available to consumers so as to
encourage personal and household cleanliness
• To provide economical water supply system
• To supply water to the consumers at a good pressure
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Role of agencies
• To provide a better and economical system
• To look after and maintenance of different components
• To maintain the quantity and quality of water
• To execution of new water supply systems
• To manage the whole system properly
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Quantity of water
• Estimating requirements is of prime importance in the
design of the water supply system, is the framing of an
estimate giving the total quantity of water that will be
required by the community after the completion of the
works. The estimate enables the determination of sizes
and capacities of all the constituents of the water supply
system. This is arrived at with the help of two factors:
• The probable population estimated at the end of the
design period
• Rate of water supply per capita per day
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Design period
• This is the period into the future for which the estimate is
to be made. The period should neither be too long so that
full financial burden is not thrown on the present
generation , nor should it be too short so as to avoid the
design becoming uneconomical. In practice, a period
varying from 20 to 30 years is considered sufficient for
design purpose.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Per capita consumption
• For the purpose of estimating total requirement of water
of a community, it is usual to calculate the consumption or
an average basis and express it in liters per capita per day
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Factors affecting per capita consumption
• Climate
• Class of consumer
• Industries and commerce
• Quality of water
• Pressure in distribution
• Extent of metering system
• Sewage facilities
• System of supply
• Number of habitants
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II Effect of population on rate of consumption
a= with maximum permissible variation of 20%
b= industrial plus commercial uses including air conditioning or
180 lpcd which ever is greater
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Consumption for various uses
• Domestic use
• Industrial use
• Commercial use
• Public use
• Loss and waste
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Per capita per day estimation of 135 lit.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II Water supply requirements for public
buildings other than residences
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Fire demand
• It is the quantity of water required for fire-fighting
purposes. As compared to the total consumption, it is
seldom more than 5 - 10 per cent. Heavy demands for
brief periods are usually the deciding factors in fixing
capacities for pumps, reservoirs and service-pipes of
distribution system.
• Fire demand is a function of population but with a
minimum limit, because greater the population, greater the
number of buildings and greater the risk of fire. By the
minimum limit of fire demand is meant the amount and
rate of water supply required to extinguish the largest
possible fire that could be started in the community.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Fire demand
• The estimate of fire demand can be made with the help of
the following empirical formulae
National Board of Fire Underwriters Formula:
Q = 4637 (P)0.5 [1 - 0.01(P)0.5]
Freeman Formula:
Q = 1136.5 (P/5 +10)
Q = Fire Demand in lpm.
P = Population in thousands
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Fire demand
• The above formula usually gives quite high results. The
following empirical formula has been found to give
satisfactory results:
Q = 3182(P)0.5
At a demand rate to be maintained at a minimum pressure
at the hydrant of 1-1.5 kg./sq.cm. lasting for at least four
hours and with automobile pumping in service.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Indian Standards* recommend that the fire reserve
should be provided at the rate of 1800 lpm for every
50,000 population and an additional 1800 lpm for
each 0.1million population more than 0.3 millions.
For towns of population 0.1million and below, the
total requirement should be doubled. The fire reserve
should be maintained for at least 4 hours.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Fluctuation in rate of consumption
So far we have considered per capita consumption which
is only an average amount of water per day over a period
of a year that the community on the basis of one person
will require. In practice, it will be found of little use as
consumption varies depending upon the season- or month,
day and hour. These are variously termed as seasonal or
monthly, daily and hourly variations or fluctuations in the
rate of consumption.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Fluctuation in rate of consumption
• Seasonal or monthly variations are prominent in tropical
countries like India. The rate of consumption reaches a
maximum during the summer season owing to greater use
of water for street and lawn sprinkling etc. It goes down
during the succeeding months and becomes minimum
during winter season. The fluctuation in the rate of
consumption may be as much as 150 per cent of the
average annual consumption
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Fluctuation in rate of consumption
Daily and hourly variations depend on various factors as general
habits of the consumers, character of district being served (whether
residential, industrial. or commercial) and climatic conditions. Thus
higher consumptions on Sundays and other holidays may be due to
washing of clothes, bathing etc. Consumption on Sundays may not
begin to rise until 8 hours (8 A.M.) whereas it may be earlier say 6
hours (6 A.M) on other week days. The peak flow hours may be at 8
-10 hours (8 A.M.-I0 A.M.) and minimum flow 04 hours (12 A.M. -
4 A.M.). Certain industries may be working in day and night shifts
and consuming more water. It is, therefore, essential to study the
characteristics of the district before deciding upon the rate of
consumption. Taken on an average, the maximum daily
consumption may be 250 per cent of the average daily consumption
and the maximum hourly consumption 200 per cent or more of the
average hourly consumption of the day.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Hourly rate of consumption
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Fluctuation in rate of consumption
The effect of these variations is pronounced in the design
of water works system. Monthly variations are of much
use in the design of large impounding or storage
reservoirs, while daily and hourly variations find
applications in the design of pumps, service reservoirs,
mains etc. As for an instance water mains in the
distribution system are normally designed to discharge
250-300 per cent of the average daily requirement of
water.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Prediction of population
The present population-may be obtained from recent
census with reasonable alterations. Future prediction is
based on a knowledge of city and its environments, trade
and expansion, development of surrounding country, raw
materials and communications around and such
extraordinary possibilities as discoveries of mineral
deposits, oil, coal and power generations, railway
stations etc. Helpful in predictions will be the study of
population trends of similar cities and consultations with
local officials.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Prediction of population
• Annual rate of increase method
• Arithmetical progression method
• Geometrical progression method
• Incremental increase method
• Changing rate of increase method
• Graphical method
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Annual rate of increase method
In this method, the rate of increase per annum is first
determined and the population predicted there from.
Pn = P (1 + i)n
Pn = Population at the end of n years
P = Population at any time
i= annual rate of increases of population
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Arithmetical progression method
In this method, a constant increase in the growth of
population is added periodically: The population may be
determined at the end of n years or n decades.
Pn = P + ni
P = Present population
i = Per year or per decade increase of population.
The method is good for old cities or small towns which
have stabilized.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II Geometrical progression method
In this, a constant percentage growth is assumed for equal
periods of time. Thus, the population at the end of n years
or decades is given as
Pn = P (1 + i/100)n
i= Per year or per decade percentage rate of increase.
This method should be used carefully as it may give
erroneously high results when applied to young and
rapidly advancing cities having expansion of short
duration only.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Incremental increase method
In this, the average of increase in population is found
out as per Arithmetical Progression method and to that
is added the average of the net incremental increase
once for every future decade. Evidently, this method
embodies the advantages of both the preceding
methods and the value of population obtained is
therefore more correct.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II Changing rate of increase method
This is similar to the Geometrical Progression method
except that a changing rather than a constant rate of
increase is assumed. The changing rate for large and
grown up cities is usually considered to be a
decreasing rate. This method gives quite rational
results.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II Graphical method
These mostly involve extension of the plotted data on
a population-time curve. Considering towns which
were in similar situations over 30 or 40 years ago and
drawing graphs of their increase of population, the
extension of plotted data for the city under
consideration can then be reasonably assumed. This
method being logically based gives quite accurate
prediction of population and is therefore frequently
used when population figures of other similar cities are
known.
