CHARACTER FORMATION 2
LEADERSHIP, DECISION MAKING, MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
Dan Jerome S. Barrera
College of Criminal Justice Education
Negros Oriental State University
MODULE 3
ROLE OF MANAGERS AND POLICE MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
In this module, you will learn about the details of management. Specifically, you
have to study the role of managers in an organization and the principles of police
management. You will discover that managers’ roles in an organization is pivotal
towards the achievement of its goals and objectives. And, this can only be realized if
mangers fulfill their roles. You will also learn that police managers should base their
actions on certain principles of management. Police managers must be grounded on
sound and logical management principles in order for them to be effective.
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, you are expected to identify and effectively play the
significant roles of managers in real life situations. You are also expected to explain the
principles of police management.
CONTENTS OF THE MODULE
This module contains the following lessons:
Lesson 1: Role of managers
Lesson 2: Police Management
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
2
DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO USE THE MODULE PROPERLY
In order for you to maximize the use of this module, keep in mind that:
1. This module comprises two lessons and each is discussed with relevant course
content. You may (or may not) read other sources within the limits of your means.
2. You must be mindful of the learning outcomes of this module. Be sure you are
able to attain such aims after studying the entire module.
3. You must answer all learning exercises and activities.
4. You can contact me if you have questions, clarifications or suggestions for the
class.
Lesson 1 - ROLE OF MANAGERS IN AN ORGANIZATION
SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:
Identify the key roles of managers in an organization; and
Effectively play these roles in real-life situations.
MOTIVATING/PROMPTING QUESTIONS
What are the roles of managers in an organization? How are are these roles
important? And, how can managers play them in real-life situations? You will be able to
answer these questions after understanding this lesson. It is aimed for you to play such
roles in real-life situations - either personal or professional.
DISCUSSION
Henry Mintzberg (1990) proposed three key roles of managers in an organization
- interpersonal roles, informational roles, and decisional roles. (See Tovmasyan
[2017] also). In interpersonal roles, mangers provide information to their subordinates
or members. They process information in informational roles. And, they use
information in decisional roles. All of these roles emanate from authority and status
given to them as managers. Note further that these roles are chains of functions and
are, therefore, best seen as a cycle or process.
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
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Figure 1. Mintzberg’s roles of a manager in an organization. Taken from
https://www.testpanda.com/2018/12/henry-mintzberg-managerial-roles.html
Interpersonal roles
The first major roles of managers are interpersonal roles In this roles, the
manager is expected to build harmonious relationship with subordinates/members.
Interpersonal contacts in an organization is indispensable. It is a source of strength as
well as problem for an organization. The organization will have difficulty in achieving its
goals and objectives if the manager does not appropriately play interpersonal roles. In
interpersonal roles, the main aims of the manager is providing information. Managers
act as figureheads, leaders, and liaisons.
As figureheads, managers play a symbolic role and perform ceremonial duties.
For instance, if a police station conducts an activity, e.g seminar, it is expected that the
chief of police graces the occasion by being present and delivers a speech. He “should”
be there as a figurehead. If the police station has an important guest, the chief of police
“should” be there to welcome the guest. As leaders, managers use their character and
other personality traits to influence their subordinates or members to achieve the
organization’s goals. They sustain the morale and motivate their subordinates. As
liaisons, they develop relationships with people outside the organization to create
contacts that may be useful for the organization in the near future.
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
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Information roles
The next set of major roles are informational roles. Managers need information.
They collect and process them. Managers monitor by collecting and sorting information
from external and internal sources. Data about the organization and outside the
organization are vital for the organization. Even rumors, hearsay, and speculations may
be collected and analyzed. Suppose a manager does not talk or talks harshly to his/her
subordinates. You can be sure that such manager would not get the optimum
performance from his/her team. Managers, therefore, need to be disseminator of
information to subordinates and members.
Managers also need to be spokespersons of the organization. They provide
information not only inside the organization but also outside of it. They attend media
interviews and intentionally use platforms (e.g. newsletter, website, social media) to
spread information about the organization. For instance, if a sensational crime occurs,
the chief of police need to answer media queries.
Decisional roles
Managers not only provide and process information. They also use information to
make decisions in the organization. Managers act as entrepreneurs who survey the
environment for problems and opportunities. Their goal is to create new and innovative
ideas to solve problems in the organization. They are also disturbance handler. They
respond to actions and activities that disturb the organization. These activities may
include conflicts and attacks against the organization that reduce productivity.
Managers are resource allocators, too. They decide how to spend the budget, assign
personnel to different offices or posts, and allocate material resources. They are also
negotiators. They negotiate contracts; they negotiate between conflicting parties; and
they negotiate other external contacts.
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
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Figure 2. Interpersonal and informational roles with examples. Taken from
https://kfknowledgebank.kaplan.co.uk/mintzberg---the-ten-skills-of-the-manager-
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
6
Figure 1. Decisional roles with examples. Taken from
https://kfknowledgebank.kaplan.co.uk/mintzberg---the-ten-skills-of-the-manager-
LEARNING ACTIVITIES/EXERCISES
Instruction: Take a video (at least 2 minutes) of yourself discussing what you have
learned from this lesson. Send the video to the FB Page DJB Criminology Students.
Indicate your campus, subject, section, and full name. Thanks. God bless.
TEACHER INTERVENTION
Should you have queries/clarifications related to our class, please send me a
message through FB messenger (FB Account: Dan Jerome Barrera). Submit your outputs
to the FB Page DJB Criminology Students.
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
7
ASSESSMENT
Instruction: In your family or among your friends, describe the managerial roles you
have had in the past that you can remember. Write your answers on one yellow pad
paper. Take a photo of yourself answering the questions and the yellow pad pages.
Send the photos to the FB Page DJB Criminology Students. Indicate your campus,
subject, section, and full name. Thanks. God bless.
Roles Describe the situation and what you did
(State what, when, where, who, why & how)
Interpersonal
1. Figurehead
2. Leader
3. Liaison
Informational
4. Monitor
5. Disseminator
6. Spokesperson
Decisional
7. Entrepreneur
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
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8. Disturbance handler
9. Resource allocator
10. Negotiator
ASSIGNMENT
Instruction: Write your answers on one yellow pad paper (300 words per item). Take a
photo of yourself answering the questions and the yellow pad pages. Send the photos
to the FB Page DJB Criminology Students. Indicate your campus, subject, section, and
full name. Thanks. God bless.
1. What were the challenges you faced in working with this module? How did you
deal with them?
2. What were the interesting things you discovered upon working with this module?
REFERENCES
Mintzberg, H. (1990). The manager’s job: Folklore and fact. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved
from https://hbr.org/1990/03/the-managers-job-folklore-and-fact
Tovmasyan, G. (2017). The Role of Managers in Organizations: Psychological Aspects.
Business ethics and leadership, 1, (3), 20-26.
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
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LESSON 2 – POLICE MANAGEMENT
SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
After reading this lesson, you shall be able to:
discuss the different principles of police management;
perform the different police management principles.
MOTIVATING/PROMPTING QUESTION
Police managers are confronted with varied challenges at work. They deal with
tasks, goals, subordinates, and people outside the police organization. Their job is
complex. However, there are principles of management that could guide them and
make their work simplified and in order. What are these principles? Can they be learned?
How do they keep the organization organized? In this lesson, we attempt to answer
these questions.
DISCUSSION
Henri Fayol in the early 1900s proposed 14 principles of management that should
guide managers to make their organizations in order and productive (Giblin, 2017).
Division of work
Work in an organization should be divided according to specializations. If you
enter a police station, you will see that this is implemented. You can see that patrol is
different from the investigation section and these sections are different from the
Women and Children section and Police Community Relations section. The station
would have been disorganized and productivity would be affected if these sections were
not separate. You will notice also that these sections have designated officers who work
only within the section. They do not encroach on another section’s tasks. A patrol officer
does not perform the work of investigators and vice versa.
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
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Authority and responsibility
The authority of managers is the power to make demands from their
subordinates. The managers can demand compliance to certain targets. They can
demand that police officers in the station behave in a certain way or achieve a certain
target, for example, lower crime by 50% at the end of the year. They can also impose
sanctions on police officers who violate certain rules. Of course, authority is coupled
with responsibility. The chief of police is responsible for the accomplishment of the
organization’s goals in his/her jurisdiction. If any police officer has committed a serious
misconduct on duty, the chief of police might also be relieved of his/her post. This is
what we call command responsibility. To whom much is given much is required.
Discipline
Discipline is the obedience to and behavior towards the rules of an organization.
We can say that a police officer is undisciplined if he/she intentionally does not respect
and obey the organization’s rules and regulations as well as the laws of the land. It is the
responsibility of the chief of police to set the standards of discipline and to impose
disciplinary sanctions on misbehaving officers.
Unity of command
A police officer should receive orders from one manager only. As the Bible says,
“No one can serve two masters”(Matthew 6: 24). Imagine if a patrol section has two
managers and they give conflicting orders simultaneously. This would result to
confusion and conflicts in the section. The section should therefore have one manger
only.
Unity of direction
A manager should set one direction only as to planning and execution of that
plan. All actions should be inline with the plan; and all plans should be in line with the
organizations goals and objectives. Such objectives should be in line with the
organization’s vision and mission. In unity of direction, the chief of police, for instance,
should make all activities, actions, plans, and tasks cohere and coordinated.
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
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Subordination of individual interest to general interest
In an organization, the interest of the organization should be greater than
individual interest. Laziness or selfishness are marks of individual interests. Public service
is a public trust. Police officers should learn to make their individual desires and interest
be subordinate to their organization’s interest.
Remuneration of personnel
One of the goals of an organization is to increase employee satisfaction.
Employees should receive just compensation through wages and bonuses that could
increase satisfaction. This was the reason why the government has increased (100%
increase for some) the salaries of the country’s uniformed personnel, including police
officers in 2018.
Centralization
Centralization and decentralization are opposing state of decision-making in an
organization. If the organization is small, decision-making is likely centralized. But if the
organization is large, it should be decentralized. In centralization, decision making is
done by one person only. The opposite is true in decentralization.
Scalar chain
In an organization, there should be a chain of command in terms of authority and
communication. Power and communication should behave according to the hierarchy of
positions in an organization. This chain should be unbroken. In PNP, for example, if a
patrol officer has complaints against a fellow patrol officer, he/she should not go
directly to the PNP Chief. He should first air his/her grievance to the chief of police, his
direct supervisor.
Order
Managers need to put order in an organization. There should be a place for
everything and everything should be in its proper place. Managers should assign
personnel to appropriate positions and designations, maximizing talent and skills. If a
police officer is an IT expert, then he/she should be assigned in the anti-cyber crime
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
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unit. Moreover, properties of the police station should be properly ordered, maintained,
and secured and should be used according to their purpose.
Equity
Manager should treat all personnel with fairness and kindness. The chief of police
must not play favoritism and must hold grudges against any personnel. Workplace
justice should rule in the police station. Justice is giving to one persons what he/she
deserves to receive.
Stability of tenure and personnel
There should be stability of tenure and personnel in an organization.Instability
happens when there is constant turnover of personnel. Constantly losing personnel will
affect the organization’s productivity as newly hired ones need another set of training.
Thus, employee morale and satisfaction should be taken cared of by managers;
otherwise, they will just resign without due cause.
Initiative
Manager should acknowledge that their subordinates may have better ideas than
them. Managers should encourage employees to give their inputs in decision-making.
Police officers for instance need to air out their recommendations or suggestions on
how to improve the organization. Older police officers may have more knowledge and
experience than a very young commissioned officer.
Espirit de corps
Managers should see to it that their employees are united and work in harmony.
Their actions are coordinated and they have high morale. It should be emphasized that
no organization will succeed if employees do not have unity. Likewise, police manager
must seek unity and not dissensions in a police station.
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
13
LEARNING ACTIVITIES/EXERCISES
Instruction: Take a video (at least two minutes) of yourself stating what you have
learned from this lesson. Send the video to the FB Page DJB Criminology Students.
Indicate your campus, subject, section, and full name. Thanks. God bless.
TEACHER INTEVENTION
Should you have queries/clarifications related to our class, please send me a
message through FB messenger (FB Account: Dan Jerome Barrera). Submit your outputs
to the FB Page DJB Criminology Students.
ASSESSMENT
Instruction: Write on two pages of yellow pad paper the current status of the following
principles of management in your household. Then, describe your plans on how to
improve them. Send your output to the FB Page DJB Criminology Students. Indicate
your campus, subject, section, and full name. Thanks. God bless.
Principles of management Status (whether your family Your plans on how to
practices the principle well) improve it
1. Division of work
2. Authority and
responsibility
3. Discipline
4. Unity of command
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
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5. Unity of direction
6. Subordination of
individual interest to
general interest
7. Centralization
8. Scalar chain
9. Order
10. Equity
11. Stability of tenure and
personnel
12. Initiative
13. Espirit de corps
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
15
ASSIGNMENT
Instruction: Write your answers on one yellow pad paper (300 words per item). Take a
photo of yourself answering the questions and the yellow pad pages. Send the photos
to the FB Page DJB Criminology Students. Indicate your campus, subject, section, and
full name. Thanks. God bless.
1. What were the challenges you faced in working with this module? How did you
deal with them?
2. What were the interesting things you discovered upon working with this module?
References
Giblin, M.J. (2017). Leadership and management in police organizations. Thousand Oaks,
CA: SAGE.
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
16
Bible Verses for You1
When you need strength
“I can do all things through God, who strengthens me.” Philippians 4:13.
“Humble yourselves, therefore, under God’s mighty hand, that He may lift you up in due
time. Cast all your anxiety on Him because He cares for you.” 1 Peter 5:6-7.
When you are nervous
"Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways acknowledge Him, and He will make your path straight." Proverbs 3:6-7.
When you are feeling overwhelmed
“When spirits grow faint within me, it is you who knows my way.” Psalm 142:3.
When you experience heartbreak
“He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds.” Psalm 147:3.
When you experience grief:
“Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted.” Matthew 5:4.
When you fear the future
“Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways acknowledge Him, and He shall direct your paths.” Proverbs 3:5-6.
When you seek answers to difficult questions
“Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to
you.” Matthew 7:7.
1
Taken from https://www.theodysseyonline.com/12-bible-verses-for-struggling-college-student
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
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When you are tired
“Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Take my
yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find
rest for your souls.” Matthew 11:28-29.
When you are overcome by temptation
“So, if you think you are standing firm, be careful that you don’t fall! No temptation has
overtaken you except what is common to mankind. And God is faithful; He will not let
you be tempted beyond what you can bear. But when you are tempted, He will also
provide a way out so that you can endure it.” 1 Corinthians 10:12-13.
When you are looking for peace
“Be anxious for nothing, but in everything by prayer and supplication, with thanksgiving,
let your requests be made known to God; and the peace of God, which surpasses all
understanding, will guard your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus.” Philippians 4:6-7.
"Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do
not let your heart be troubled and do not be afraid." John 14:27.
This is a work of Dan Jerome S. Barrera of the Negros Oriental State University, College of Criminal
Justice Education. Do not use for commercial purposes.
