Name________________________________________period________ AP Chemistry Unit 6 worksheet

Read chapters 5 and 19

1. What is the SI unit for heat?
2. What is an exothermic reaction? What is the sign of ΔH for an exothermic reaction?
3. What is an endothermic reaction? What is the sign of ΔH for an endothermic reaction?
4. Consider the following reaction, which occurs at room temperature and standard pressure:
2Cl (g)  Cl2 (g) ΔH = -243.4 kJ
Which has higher enthalpy under these conditions, 2Cl (g) or Cl2(g)

5. Consider the following reaction:

2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s) ΔH = -1204 kJ
a. Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic?
b. Calculate the amount of heat transferred when 2.4 g of Mg react.

c. Will the surroundings get warmer or colder when the reaction proceeds?
d. How many kilojoules of heat are absorbed when 7.50 g of MgO decomposes?

6. How much heat is released when 15.0 g of copper with a specific heat capacity of 0.385 J g-1K-1 is cooled from 80
⁰C to 35 ⁰C?

7. How many kilojoules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 10.00 kg of liquid water from 24.6 °C to
46.2 °C? Water specific heat = 4.18 J g-1K-1

8. If 500 J of heat are added to 100.g sample of each of the substances listed below, which will have the largest
temperature increase?
Gold specific heat = 0.129 J g-1K-1 Silver specific heat = 0.237 J g-1K-1
-1 -1
Copper specific heat = 0.385 J g K Water specific heat = 4.18 J g-1K-1

9. If 400.0 J of heat are added to a 150.0 g sample of water at 25.0 ⁰C, what is the final temperature of the water?

10. What are more thermodynamically favored, exothermic or endothermic reactions?

11. The heat released from the combustion of 0.0500 g of white phosphorus increases the temperature of 150.0 g
of water from 25.0 ⁰C to 31.5 ⁰C. Calculate the value of the enthalpy change in kJ mol-1 of the combustion of
phosphorus.

12. When a 6.50 g sample of solid sodium hydroxide dissolves in 100.0 g of water in a Styrofoam cup, the
temperature rises from 21.6 ⁰C to 37.8 ⁰C. Calculate ΔH (in kJ mol-1) for the solution process. Assume the
specific heat of the solution is the same as pure water.

13. Consider the combustion of liquid methanol:

CH3OH (l) + 3/2 O2(g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ΔH = -726.5 kJ

a. What is the enthalpy change for the reverse reaction?

b. Balance the forward reaction with whole-number coefficients. What is ΔH for the reaction represented by this
equation?

c. Which is more likely to be thermodynamically favored the forward or reverse reaction?

d. If the reaction were written to produce H2O (g) instead of H2O (l), would you expect the magnitude of ΔH to
increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.
14. Given the following enthalpies of reaction:
P4(s) + 3O2(g)  P4O6 (s) ΔH = -1640.1
P4(s) + 5O2(g)  P4O10(s) ΔH = -2940.1
Calculate the enthalpy change for P4O6(s) + 2O2(g) P4O10(s)

15. Given the following enthalpies of reaction:

H2(g) + F2(g)  2HF(g) ΔH = -537kJ
C(s) + 2F2(g)  CF4(g) ΔH= -680 kJ
2C(s) + 2H2(g)  C2H4(g) ΔH=52.3 kJ
Calculate the enthalpy change for C2H4 (g) + 6F2(g)  2CF4(g) + 4HF(g)

16. Which of the following does not have a standard heat of formation value of zero at 25 ⁰C and 1.00 atm?
a. Cl2(g) b. I2 (s) c. Br2(g) d. Na(s)

17. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reactions

a.Fe3O4 (s) + 2C(s)  3Fe(s) + 2CO2 (g)

b. SiCl4(l) + 2H2O(l)  SiO2(s) + 4HCl(g)

c. 4FeO(s) + O2 (g)  2Fe2O3(s)

Given the following ΔHf

Fe3O4 (s) -118 kJ mol-1 CO2 (g) -394 kJ mol-1 H2O(l) -285.8 kJ mol-1 SiO2(s) -910.1 kJ mol-1
SiCl4(l) -640.1 kJ mol-1 FeO(s) -271.9 kJ mol-1 Fe2O3(s) -822.16 kJ mol-1 HCl(g) -93.3 kJ mol-1

18. Is breaking bonds endothermic or exothermic? Is forming bonds endothermic or exothermic?

19. Using the given bond energies, find the enthalpy change for the following reactions.
a. C2H4 + H2  C2H6 bond bond energy bond bond energy

b. 2H2 + O2  2H2O C-H 413 kJ/mol H-H 436 kJ/mol

C-C 348 kJ/mol O=O 495 kJ/mol
C=C 614 kJ/mol O-H 463 kJ/mol
20. a. What is entropy?
b. During a chemical process the system becomes more disordered. What is the sign of ∆S for the process?

21. How does the entropy of the system change when the following occur?
a. A solid melts b. a liquid vaporizes c. a solid dissolves in water d. a gas liquefies

22. For each of the following pairs, choose the substance with the higher entropy per mol at a given temp.
a. Ar(l) or Ar(g) b. He(g) at 3 atm or He(g) at 1.5 atm

23. Predict the sign of the entropy change for each of the following
a. 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2 SO2(g)
b. Ba(OH)2 (s)  BaO(s) + H2O(g)
c. CO(g) + 2H2(g)  CH3OH(l)
d. FeCl2(s) + H2(g)  Fe(s) + 2HCl (g)

24. Calculate ∆S, given the following S values

2CH3OH(g) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

CH3OH(g) S= 237.6 J/K O2(g) S=205 J/K CO2(g) S = 213.6 J/K H2O(g) S= 188.8 J/K
 25. For a certain chemical reaction, ∆H = -35.4 kJ and ∆S=-85.5 J/K
a. Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?
b. Does the reaction lead to an increase or decrease of disorder?
c. Calculate ∆G for the reaction at 298 K.
d. Is this reaction spontaneous at 298 K?

26. Find ∆G at 25 °C for each and tell if it is spontaneous or not.

a. N2 + 3F2  2NF3 ∆H = -249 kJ ∆S= -278 J/K
b. N2F4 2NF2 ∆H = 85 kJ ∆S= 198 J/K
c. N2 + 3Cl2  2NCl3 ∆H = 460 kJ ∆S= -275 J/K

27. A particular reaction is spontaneous at 450 K. The reaction is endothermic by 34.5 kJ. What can you conclude
about the sign and magnitude of ∆S for the reaction?

PRACTICE FRQ

28.
sample of CH3CH2NH2 is placed in an insulated container, where it decomposes into ethene and ammonia
according to the reaction represented above.
Substance Absolute Entropy, S°,in J/(mol⋅K) at 298 K
CH3CH2NH2(g) 284.9
CH2CH2(g) 219.3
NH3(g) 192.8

a. Using the data in the table above, calculate the value, in J/(molrxn⋅K), of the standard entropy change, ΔS°,
for the reaction at 298 K.

b. Using the data in the table below, calculate the value, in kJ/molrxn , of the standard enthalpy change, ΔH°,
for the reaction at 298 K.

Bond C–C C=C C–H C–N N–H

Average Bond Enthalpy(kJ/mol) 348 614 413 293 391

c. Based on your answer to part (b), predict whether the temperature of the contents of the insulated container
will increase, decrease, or remain the same as the reaction proceeds. Justify your prediction.

d. Is the reaction spontaneous at 298 K?

Review:
29. HCl and NH3 gases are released into opposite ends of a 1 meter vertical glass tube at 25ᴼC. Their reaction
quickly produces a white fog of ammonium chloride. If the two gases are released at exactly the same time,
which of the following most closely approximates where the fog would form?
a. 40 cm from the side where NH3 was released
b. 50 cm (the center of the tube)
c. 65 cm from the side where NH3 was released
d. 80 cm from the side where NH3 was released
 30. Which of the following is not a direct application of photoelectron spectroscopy (PES)?
a. PES provides direct evidence for the shell model of electron configuration in atoms
b. PES can quantify the amount of energy needed to eject electrons from a particular element
c. PES can be used to quantify the number of electrons at each level
d. PES can determent the spin of an electron in a particular orbital
31. Find the mass for each of the following
a. 6.75 mol zinc nitrate b. 3.01 x 10 23 atoms of F

32. Find the number of moles in each of the following a. 0.11 kg sodium oxide b. 2.25 x 10 25 atoms Zn

33. Which of the following would have the highest boiling point and why? H2O or H2S

34. What kind of attractive forces must be overcome to

a. Boil water b. Melt KCl c. Sublime(solid to gas) I2 d.Boil H2S

35. Nitrogen and carbon monoxide have almost equal masses. Explain why the boiling point of carbon monoxide is
slightly higher than that of nitrogen

36. CH4(g) + 2Cl2(g)  CH2Cl2 (g) + 2HCl(g)

Methane gas reacts with chlorine gas to form dichloromethane and hydrogen chloride, as represented by the
equation above.
a. A 25.0 g sample of methane gas is placed in a reaction vessel containing 2.58 mol of Cl2(g).
(i) Identify the limiting reactant when the methane and chlorine gases are combined. Justify your answer
with a calculation.

(ii) Calculate the total number of moles of CH2Cl2(g) in the container after the limiting reactant has been
totally consumed.

Initiating most reactions involving chlorine gas involves breaking the Cl–Cl bond, which has a bond energy
of 242 kJ mol-1.
b. Calculate the amount of energy, in joules, needed to break a single Cl–Cl bond.

c. Calculate the longest wavelength of light, in meters, that can supply the energy per photon necessary to
break the Cl–Cl bond.

37. Write a balanced net ionic reaction

Solid mercury(II) oxide decomposes as it is heated in an open test tube in a fume hood.
(i) Balanced equation:

(ii) After the reaction is complete, is the mass of the material in the test tube greater than, less than, or
equal to the mass of the original sample? Explain.

42. Answer the following questions related to sulfur and one of its compounds.
a. Consider the two chemical species S and S2 - .
(i) Write the electron configuration (e.g., 1s2 2s2 . . .) of each species.

(i) Explain why the radius of the S2− ion is larger than the radius of the S atom.

(ii) Which of the two species would be attracted into a magnetic field? Explain.

b.The S2− ion is isoelectronic with the Ar atom. From which species, S2− or Ar, is it easier to remove an electron? Explain.