CE5510 Advanced Structural
Concrete Design
3. Serviceability
- Stress Limitation, Crack & Deflection Control -
Part 2
Professor Tan Kiang Hwee
Dept of Civil & Environmental Engrg
National University of Singapore
Deflections & deflection control
Need for deflection control
Use of high-strength materials leading to slender
members
Lack of substantial walls and partitions
Requirements
Deformation should not affect functioning or
appearance
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Criteria for Deflection Control (ACI 435)
(a) Sensory acceptability To satisfy (b):
(b) Serviceability Total deflection is
(c) Effect on non-structural limited
elements
(d) Effect on structural To satisfy (c):
elements Incremental
deflection after
In general, members attachment of non-
satisfying (b) & (c)
may be deemed to structural elements is
meet (a) and (d) limited
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2
3
4
= tot – ’’
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Deflection Limits
Appearance and general utility
Beam, slab, cantilever subjected to quasi-
permanent loads
Pre-camber due to prestressing
≤ L/250
Damage to adjacent parts of structure
Additional ≤ L/500
under quasi-permanent loads
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Methods of Deflection Control
By limiting computed deflections
Deflections at various stages of loading are
calculated and checked against limits
By limiting span/depth ratios
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Deflection Control by Computed Deflection
Max deflection of elastic member
1 2
dx
or rx
= k (1/r)L2 = k (M/EI)L2
k = elastic deflection coefficient
M = reference moment
L = span length
E = modulus of elasticity
I = moment of inertia of section
1/r = M/EI = curvature of section M/EI
e.g. s.s. beam under uniform loading: = (5/48)(wL2/8EI)L2
k
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(1/r)cr (1/r)uncr
Ig
Icr
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EIeff = EIcr + (1 - ) EIg
The same applies to 1/r = II +(1 - )I
where = function of Mcr/M
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Concrete Member subjected mainly to flexure
Assume elastic behaviour even after cracking
Main factors affecting deflection
tensile strength of concrete
creep of concrete
elastic modulus of concrete
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Consider deformation parameter (strain,
curvature or rotation, or deflection)
= II +(1 - )I
where
I : value of parameter for uncracked condition
II : value of parameter for fully cracked condition
: distribution coeff. (= 0 for uncracked section)
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= 1 – (sr /s )2 or = 1 – (Mcr/M)2
= 1.0 for a single short-term loading; = 0.5 for sustained
loads or many cycles of repeated loading;
sr : stress in the tension reinft. based on cracked section
at 1st cracking;
s : stress in the tension reinft. based on cracked section.
Note: 0.9 /
0.3
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To account for creep, use effective modulus of
elasticity for concrete
where (, t0) : creep coefficient
Fig. 3.1 h0 : notional size = 2Ac /u
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Note: Figures applicable
only if the concrete is not
subjected to a
compressive stress greater
than 0.45fck (t0 ) at the
time of loading.
Fig. 3.1
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Shrinkage curvature
cs
As’ As’csEs
M
As AscsEs
This results in a moment M where:
M = AscsEs(d – x) + As’csEs(x – d’) = csEsS
The resulting curvature is:
1/r = M/EcI = cs(Es/Ec) S/I
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where
cs : free shrinkage strain = cd + ca (see note)
e : effective modular ratio = Es /Ec,eff
S : first moment of area of reinforcement
about centroid of section
I : second moment of area of section
Note:
cd : drying shrinkage strain; which develops slowly due to drying, and is a
function of migration of water through the hardened concrete
ca : autogenous shrinkage strain; which develops during hardening of
concrete, and is a function of concrete strength.
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cd () = kh cd,0
ca () = 2.5(fck – 10) 10-6
h0 : notional size = 2Ac /u
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Example – Deflection calculation
Qk = 40 kN/m
8000 mm
375
61 Calculate the long-term
2 H32
deflection of the beam
(1608
mm2 ) under quasi-permanent
loads (assume 2 = 0.6).
635
700
Assume loading at 28 days
4 H40 (t0 ) and 80% RH; and creep
(5026
coefficient = 2.0.
mm2 )
fck = 25 MPa
fyk = 500 MPa
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Section properties* Mid-span section:
’=0.0068 MSd = (6.56**+0.6x40 = 30.6)x82/8
= 0.0211 = 245 kNm
Ecm = 31.5 GPa Uncracked:
x = 381 mm
fctm = 0.3fck2/3 = 2.56 MPa
Ig = 16.1 x 109 mm4
(1/rb)I = MSd/Ec,eff Ig =1.449x10-6/mm
Creep coefficient & effective Mcr = fctm Ig /(h – x) = 129 kNm
modulus of concrete Cracked:
(, 28) 2.0 (EC2, Fig. 3.1b) x = 0.444d = 282 mm
Ec,eff = 31.5 / (1+2) = 10.5 GPa Icr = 10.2 x 109 mm4
e = Es /Ec,eff = 19.0 (1/rb)II =MSd/Ec,eff Icr =2.288x10-6/mm
Effective bending curvature:
*see example on crack width calculation. = 1 – 0.5(Mcr /MSd)2 = 0.861
**self-weight = 0.375 x 0.7 x 25 = 6.56 kN/m (1/rb)eff = (1/rb)II + (1 - ) (1/rb)I
= 2.171x10-6/mm
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Shrinkage curvature
Drying shrinkage
Effective shrinkage curvature:
ho = 2Ac /u = 244 mm
= 1 – 0.5(Mcr /MSd )2 = 0.861
cd = kh cd,0 = 0.806x0.285x10-3 (1/rcs)eff = (1/rcs)II + (1 - ) (1/rcs )I
= 229.7x10-6 = 0.641x10-6/mm
Autogenous shrinkage
ca = 2.5(fck – 10) 10-6 = 37.5x10-6
Deflection
Total shrinkage strain
Due to bending:
cs = cd + ca = 267.2 x 10-6
Uncracked:
wb = (5/48)(1/rb)eff l 2
x = 381 mm; Ig = 16.1x109 mm4 = 14.47 mm
S = 0.762x106 mm3 Due to shrinkage strain:
(1/rcs)I =cs e S/Ig=0.240x10-6 /mm wcs = ( 1/8 )(1/rcs)eff l 2
Cracked:
= 5.13 mm
x = 282 mm; Icr = 10.2x109 mm4
S = 1.419x106 mm3 Total deflection
(1/rcs)II =cs e S/Icr=0.706x10-6/mm w = wb + wcs = 19.6 mm
< l / 250 = 32 mm
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Deflection control w/o calculations
Limits to span/depth ratio
- to be multiply by 310/s (taken as 500 /(fyk As,req / As,prov))
K : factor to account for different structural systems
0 : reference reinforcement ratio = 10-3 fck (fck in MPa)
: required tension reinft. ratio at mid-span (at support for cantilevers)
‘ : required compression reinft. ratio at mid-span (at support for cantilevers)
As,prov : area of steel provided at mid-span / support
As,req : area of steel required at mid-span / support for ULS
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Values of K
Notes: Table has been derived for concrete class C30/37
1. Values are generally conservative; thinner members may be possible
2. For 2-way slabs, check based on shorter span. For flat slabs, check based on longer span.
3. Limits for flat slabs correspond to a less severe limitation on the midspan deflection.
4. Values of K may not be appropriate when form work is struck at an early age or when
construction loads exceed the design load.
5. Asprov /As,req should be limited to 1.5.
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Modifications
Flanged sections where flange breadth > 3 x rib
breadth: multiply l/d by 0.8
Beams & slabs (excluding flat slabs) exceeding 7 m
in span with supported partitions likely to be
damaged by excessive deflections: multiply l/d by
7/leff
Flat slabs with greater span > 8.5 m: multiply l/d by
8.5/leff
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Example – Deflection control w/o
calculation
Check for l/d limit for the beam in the earlier example.
’=0.0068 ; = 0.0211 ; 0 = 10-3 x 251/2 = 0.0050 <
s.s. beam: K = 1.0
l/d ≤ 1 [ 11 + 1.5 (25)1/2 (0.005/(0.0211 – 0.0068))
+(1/12)(25)1/2 (0.0068/0.005)1/2 ] = 14.1
l (= 8 m) ≤ 14.1 x 635 mm = 9.0 m ok
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Exercise
Refering to the exercise problem for cracking.
(a)Calculate the midspan deflection of beam under
quasi-permanent loads. Assume loading at 28
days and R.H. = 80%.
(b)Verify the serviceability limit state of deflection by
checking the l / d ratio.
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Further Reading
Nilson, A.H., Darwin, D. & Dolan, C.W., “Design of
Concrete Structures”, 14e in SI Units, Ch 6.
Wight, J.K. & MacGregor, J.G., “Reinforced
Concrete: Mechanics & Design”, 6 ed., Ch 9.
Martin, L. & Purkiss, J., “Concrete Design to EN
1992”, Ch 5.
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Test Your Understanding –
Deflections
1. Deflections of concrete beams are calculated using elastic
formulae by incorporating an effective ____________?
Ans:
2. What factors do the deflections depend on?
(a) ______ of loading
(b) _________ properties of concrete
(c) _________ & ____________ section properties
(d) _________ stress level
Ans:
3. Deflections due to additional imposed loads can be calculated
without considering existing loads on the beam. T or F?
Ans:
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