SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Comprehensive analysis of application of Biomimicry

in architecture to enhance functionality

Dissertation Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the 9th
Semester of Bachelor of Architecture (B. ARCH.)
(GOURISHA BAJAJ-16028006002)
Dec 2020
 SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Certified that this Dissertation titled ‘Comprehensive analysis of application of Biomimicry

in architecture to enhance functionality’ is the bonafide work of (Gourisha bajaj-
16028006002) who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified further that to the best
of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other Dissertation on the
basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other
candidate.

Dissertation Supervisor
Ar. Aastha Kalia

Dissertation Supervisor
Ar. Pulama Oinam

Department Dean
Prof. Shaleen Sharma

July-Dec 2020

GOURISHA
16028006002
B.Arch. SEM 9
December 2020
 SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE,

Plot No. 1, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029

STATEMENT OF SOURCES

I hereby declare that I, GOURISHA BAJAJ, Roll Number 16028006002 the sole author of this
Dissertation, titled, “Comprehensive analysis of application of Biomimicry in architecture
to enhance functionality”, and that no part of this Dissertation, in part or full, has been
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GOURISHA
16028006002
B.Arch. SEM 9
December 2020
 SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE,
Plot No. 1, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029

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GOURISHA
16028006002
B.Arch. SEM 9
December 2020
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 5
1.1 What is Biomimicry? ...................................................................................... 5
1.2 History ............................................................................................................. 7
1.3 Inspiration from Nature ................................................................................... 7
1.4 Definitions ....................................................................................................... 8
1.5 Current Scenario............................................................................................ 10
1.6 Problem Statement ........................................................................................ 11
2 RESEARCH DESCRIPTION ........................................................................... 12
2.1 Aim ................................................................................................................ 12
2.2 Objectives ...................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Scope ............................................................................................................. 12
2.4 Limitation ...................................................................................................... 12
2.5 Hypothesis ..................................................................................................... 12
2.6 Research Methodology.................................................................................. 13
3 LITERATURE REVIEW (to be completed).................................................... 16
3.1 Published papers............................................................................................ 16
3.2 Published Books ............................................................................................ 17
3.3 Case Studies .................................................................................................. 18
3.3.1 East gate center building ........................................................................ 18
3.3.2 Eden project ........................................................................................... 20
3.3.3 Lavasa Hill city ...................................................................................... 22
3.3.4 BIQ House ............................................................................................. 23
3.3.5 Beijing Olympic Stadium ...................................................................... 27
3.3.6 St. Mary axe ("Gherkin" or "Swiss Re")................................................ 31
3.3.7 Council House CH2 ............................................................................... 34
3.3.8 Pearl river tower ..................................................................................... 37
3.3.9 Milwaukee art museum, Wisconsin ....................................................... 39
3.3.10 Wuhan New Energy Center ................................................................... 42
3.3.11 National Taichung Theater .................................................................... 44
4 Research Specific Chapters ............................................................................... 47
4.1 Levels of Biomimicry.................................................................................... 47
4.1.1 NATURE AS MODEL (Organism level) .............................................. 48
4.1.2 NATURE AS MEASURE (Process level) ............................................ 50
4.1.3 NATURE AS MENTOR (Ecosystem level).......................................... 52
4.2 Principles of Biomimicry .............................................................................. 55
4.3 Approaches to Biomimicry ........................................................................... 57
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 4.3.1 Problem based approach-Design looking to Biology ............................ 57
4.3.2 Solution based approach-Biology influencing design ........................... 59
5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 60
5.1 Benefits of Biomimicry ................................................................................. 60
5.2 Criticism ........................................................................................................ 61
5.3 Future Scope .................................................................................................. 61
5.4 Final Conclusion ........................................................................................... 61
6 INFERENCES .................................................................................................... 62
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................... 64

TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1-Fan vaults-structure form derived from the trees- Gloucester Cathedral ........ 7
Figure 2- Sketch of airplane, form inspired from birds by Leonardo Da Vinci ............ 7
Figure 3-Guggenheim Museum interiors ..................................................................... 10
Figure 4- Gherkin mimics the shape and lattice structure of the Venus Flower Basket
Sponge.......................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5- Guggenheim Museum .................................................................................. 10
Figure 6- Research Process followed in the dissertation ............................................. 14
Figure 7- Factors studied from larger topic to concise the dissertation ....................... 15
Figure 8-East gate Building Elevation ......................................................................... 18
Figure 9-Zoomed in view of the facade ....................................................................... 18
Figure 10- Section of Air movement inside a room of the East gate........................... 19
Figure 11- - Air flow of termite mound ....................................................................... 19
Figure 12- Air flow inside throughout the night .......................................................... 19
Figure 13- Visual similarity of..................................................................................... 19
Figure 14- Air flow inside throughout the day ............................................................ 19
Figure 15- The Eden project ........................................................................................ 20
Figure 16-Fibonacci series found in a pine cone and sunflower ................................. 20
Figure 17-Inside Mediterranean biome of The Eden Project....................................... 21
Figure 18- Inside Rainforest Biome of The Eden ........................................................ 21
Figure 19- Self-sustaining mechanism of the Eden project (inter-dependent.............. 21
Figure 20- Lavasa city Bird's eye view ........................................................................ 22
Figure 21- Sketch of the city street view ..................................................................... 22
Figure 22- Sketch of the city........................................................................................ 22
Figure 23-The BIQ house ............................................................................................ 23
Figure 24-Functioning of the living algae facade ........................................................ 24
Figure 25- Living Algae Facade Close up ................................................................... 26
Figure 26-Beijing Olympic Stadium in night .............................................................. 27
Figure 27-Structure formulation of the stadium .......................................................... 29
Figure 28-Exploded axonometric details of the stadium ............................................. 30
Figure 29- St. Mary axe commonly known as ............................................................. 31
Figure 31- Planned lobbies for better ventilation ........................................................ 31
Figure 30- Openable windows provided ...................................................................... 31
Figure 32-Air flow movement to resist the wind ......................................................... 32
Figure 33- The shape development responding to the high intensity wind flow ......... 32
Figure 35- Día-grid structure ....................................................................................... 33

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Figure 34- Similarity of form of the building with the sea sponge .............................. 33
Figure 36-Council House 2 .......................................................................................... 34
Figure 37-Section showing the functioning of the council house 2............................. 35
Figure 38- The pearl river tower .................................................................................. 37
Figure 39- Air flow of the building.............................................................................. 38
Figure 40-Milwaukee art museum ............................................................................... 39
Figure 41- Milwaukee art museum model ................................................................... 40
Figure 42- Perspective view......................................................................................... 40
Figure 43- Details of the Brie Soleil ............................................................................ 41
Figure 44-Wuhan New Energy Center ........................................................................ 42
Figure 45- Form similarity with Cala lily .................................................................... 42
Figure 46- Characteristics achieved by mimicking the lily form ................................ 43
Figure 47-National Taichung Theater .......................................................................... 44
Figure 48- Curved interiors of the building ................................................................. 44
Figure 49- Initial model of the theatre ......................................................................... 45
Figure 50- Staircase in the form of a Shell .................................................................. 45
Figure 51- Dramatic Facade to create sense of a Cave entrance ................................. 46
Figure 52- Bird's Eye view .......................................................................................... 46
Figure 53-Factors affected by Biomimicry .................................................................. 47
Figure 54- Biological cycle followed in cradle-to-cradle approach ............................ 48
Figure 55- Wind turbines inspired from the humpback whale flippers ....................... 48
Figure 57- The animal pangolin with flexible scales all over...................................... 49
Figure 56- Waterloo international terminal roof inspired pangolin ............................. 49
Figure 58-Facade developed by Chen, inspired by a pinecone ................................... 50
Figure 59-BIQ house, smart facade ............................................................................. 51
Figure 61- Cradle to cradle system approach followed by Mobius project ................. 53
Figure 60- Mobius Project, Cradle to Cradle system................................................... 53
Figure 62- The oak tree functioning ............................................................................ 54
Figure 63-Principles of Nature..................................................................................... 55
Figure 64-The processes that are followed by Nature ................................................. 56
Figure 65-Two different approaches for Biomimicry in design .................................. 57
Figure 66- Velcro hook design functioning inspired from .......................................... 57
Figure 67-The Biomimicry Design Spiral ................................................................... 58
Figure 68-Lotus flower cleaning process, inspiration for developing self-cleaning
paint.............................................................................................................................. 59

TABLE OF FIGURES
Table a-Learnings of the case studies .......................................................................... 62
Table b- Learnings of the case studies ......................................................................... 63

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ABSTRACT

Nature has always been an inspiration for design as long as humans have existed.
Only after the 1990’s the term Biomimicry was introduced and described as the
process that seeks solutions to human challenges by emulating Nature’s Time-tested
patterns and strategies. Biomimicry expounds and helps in emerging a methodological
framework for translating biological strategies into design innovations. The
inspiration from nature is a driving force in architecture, resulting in majestic works
of architecture. Nature has existed for 3.8billion years and has subsisted in the most
fascinating ways and is still flourishing. Nature has immense amounts of knowledge
we just have to look in the right direction and comprehend the most of it.
Biomimicry is a simple elixir.
Despite all the accomplished instances, in the 21st-century people are still unaware
about the applications of Biomimicry in architecture. The notions seem to be clear but
the ways to associate the two fields is a conundrum. Therefore, the research uses an
analytical approach and literature reviews to evaluate the simulation of Nature with
Architecture. The key principle for this dissertation is to arrive at a better
understanding of the levels of implementation and applications of Biomimicry in
current architectural design, resulting in a set of design approaches, levels and
principles.
KEYWORDS; Biomimicry, Architecture, Applications, Implementation, Design
approaches

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is Biomimicry?

Biomimicry is a design inspired by Nature and comes from Greek - Bio, which means
Life and Mimos, which means mimic (Benyus, 2002). Living organisms have managed to
exist in total harmony with a world created by Mother nature (Benyus,2002). Over the last
few years, Biomimetic approach to technology and innovation has been recognized to
suppress the pernicious effects of the industrial age. Sustainability has become a vital
element for the built environment to be resource-efficient and biomimicry helps to
expand upon thinking through ‘principles’ that include interdependence and
integrating processes. Sustainability and Nature go hand in hand as the principles
(i.e., Sunlight, Functionality, Recycling, zero waste etc.) around which nature
revolves are extensively feasible with that of sustainability. And by following these in
an insightful manner it would help us to create a pleasant environment to live in.
Biomimetic approach to technology and innovation has been recognized to suppress
the pernicious effects of the industrial age.
With the current world population of 7.6 billion (2018; World Bank data) and
increasing, humans should just go back to nature as with current practices there
seriously would be no world left to live in. The functioning of Nature is such that it
does not produce waste energy; it works on the principles of Reusing and recycling
therefore it is a viable source to be inspired from.

Seeing buildings as living forms (Berkebile and McLennan 2004). Buildings also breathe
therefore the lifecycle of the building can be correlated with that of a Human or any
Living organism. For instance, the youth time of a human, a tree and a building can be
called as the most active years of their lifetimes, the kids are the most energetic at that
time, and trees produce the maximum number of fruits and the building functions at
its peak. Similarly, in the older years, the humans become weak, lazy and slow, the
trees produce lesser amounts of fruits, turns pale and weak likewise the functionality
of the building also slows down, it ages beautifully and all these eventually lead to an
end, the human, the tree and the building die. If the functioning and operating are
alike why not the concepts applied for enhanced functionality be similar. Therefore,
applying the concepts of how Nature operates can be applied upon a building which
would lead it to be celebrated and remembered edifice.

With the industrial revolution, the environment is the one affected most out of it. And
a major percentage of the issues are caused by the built typologies. Keeping all these
factors in mind Architects, Designers are acquiring knowledge from Nature. As a
holistic creation, use of Nature as a mentor enables the understanding of the concepts
of ecologically sustainable design and its design vocabulary. After 3.8 billion years of
evolution, Nature has become supremely efficient and sustainable by carrying forward
what works, what is appropriate and what lasts (Benyus 1997). Nature embraces a wealth
of knowledge having enormous potential. In today's context, sustainable design has
turned to Nature in search of answers to solve problems through an approach now
known as Biomimicry. Unsurprisingly, biomimicry is capable of initiating a paradigm
shift in creative and problem-based learning necessary for education towards
sustainability (Staples 2005:7).
The idea behind the concept of biomimicry is emphasizing sustainability as a major
objective of biomimicry which when applied to building design in order to increase

5
the strength of materials through self-healing and self-assembling properties. Studying
innovative natural methods that mimic the environment to minimize negative
environmental impacts. By studying these approaches under a broad definition of
ecological architecture, which is designing with the environment in mind by
incorporating it into the design as well as preventing harm to the environment through
alternative design and energy strategies. Biomimetic architecture seeks solutions for
sustainability in nature not by replicating the forms but by understanding the rules of
the forms. It is an integrated approach to sustainable design that works upon a set of
principles.
Biomimicry works on three levels.
1. The organism
2. It’s behaviour
3.The ecosystem

Biomimicry is a new way of viewing and valuing nature. It introduces an era based
not on what we can extract from the natural world, but what we can learn from it.

Biomimicry is related with biological factors of life sciences of different organisms.

Ample amount of research and exploration of any Process, organism and Ecosystem
needs to be done before applying it in architectural functioning or concepts.
Therefore, the organism study needs additional time hence, it is a limitation in the
field of architecture. Even if an error arises the complete project would fall miserably.
Also, there are probabilities that the biological prototype is miscalculated or
misjudged at any point it would cause biomimetic architecture to break down.
Benyus writes in her book Biomimicry: Innovation inspired by nature, "what will
make the Biomimicry revolution any different from the Industrial Revolution?" She
argues that once the world sees what nature is capable of, it may be used to create
designs that "campaign against life" rather than provide for it. She uses the Wright
Brothers airplane as a prime example, the brothers studied birds, (vultures
specifically). "To learn the nuances of drag and lift." In 1903 the bird taught humans
how to fly for the first time and in 1914 we were using this technology as a weapon of
war to drop bombs from the sky. Benyus specifies that if humans are to "fit in on
Earth" it will only be possible if we change our thinking and become sensible,
sensitive and susceptible towards nature.

This research pertains to the levels of biomimicry and its implementation in the field.
Therefore, this study explores a biomimetic approach to augment architectural
functionality. The goal is to acquaint Designers and Architects about the concepts,
principles and maneuvers of biomimicry, and using them to devise a well thought
design.

6
1.2 History

Since ancient times designers and philosophers have looked towards natural
organisms for the balance of aesthetics and functionality. The relationship of
architecture and nature can be noticed in the earliest civilizations such as Egyptian,
Mayan, Polynesian, Incan and many others, the common factor found in all these is
the strong alliance of life and nature with their cultures.
Otto Schmitt (an American
inventor), coined the term
“biomimetics” in the 1960s and
described it to transfer ideas from
biology to technology (Schmitt, 1938).
Later in 1990’s, biomimicry was
famed by Janine Benyus who is
commuting the plausibility and
credibility of Biomimicry in a
Figure 1-Fan vaults-structure form derived from the
design approach to the fresh set
trees- Gloucester Cathedral of designers through her book
Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired
by Nature (Benyus, 1997). Biomimicry, as defined today, involves learning from and
emulating biological forms, processes, and ecosystems tested by the environment and
refined through evolution (Baumeister, 2014)

1.3 Inspiration from Nature

Biomimicry has always been a source that could be researched to initiate a design.
Earliest examples where Biomimicry is used as inspiration are known to be from the
Stone Age where the nomads mimicked the animals' way of feeding, shelter and
living for a better and safer livelihood. In later
years during the Renaissance period,
Leonardo Da Vinci (1485) was influenced by
the flying proficiency of Birds and created
drawings using their flapping techniques to
depict flying machines. Even Wright brothers
(1899) spent time observing birds flutter and
applied similar principles in their airplane
module. And now we all know how efficient
Airplanes are.
Architects and designers have also looked in
the direction of biology for inspiration since
the beginnings of science in the early
Figure 2- Sketch of airplane, form inspired
from birds by Leonardo Da Vinci
nineteenth century. They have endeavored to
imitate the forms of animals and plants despite
that discovered upon the intents of
progressions in Nature.
In various architectural-historical periods, a group of designers apprehending and
designing keeping harmony with nature have been found. Similarly, in the modern era
of architecture architects like Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright can be named
from the many. Le Corbusier declared biology to be the “great new word in
architecture and planning”.

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1.4 Definitions

The dissertation addresses various words the definitions of which are mentioned
below:
1) Algorithms: set of well-defined instructions or methods used to solve a problem
2) Biogenesis; The scientific investigation of life.
3) Biological strategy: A characteristic, mechanism, or process that performs a
function for an organism.
4) Biomimicry Approach: A design approach that seeks to comprehend the
effective adaptation and integration strategies of nature’s processes.
5) Biomimicry thinking: The analogue thinking it often inspires leads to several
unexpected benefits that have a dramatic impact in the practice of biomimicry.
6) Biomimicry; Emulating or taking creative inspiration from nature.
7) Bionics: application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the
study and design of engineering systems and modern technology.
8) Biotechnology: Technologies based on biology Biomimetic Transformation of
the form, structure or function of biological materials, mechanisms and processes
to human systems.
9) Design Propositions: Theoretical or practical understanding that informs design
that is expressed through design requirements.
10) Eco mimesis; Emulation of ecosystems in design.
11) Eco mimicry Design of communities and built environments that emulate or
take creative inspiration from nature.
12) Ecologically sustainable development: Using, conserving and enhancing the
resources - ecological processes, life depends, maintaining quality of life.
13) Ecosystem; a community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living
components of their environment, interacting as a system.
14) Emulate; to mimic deep patterns or principles rather than directly copying them.
15) Enhance; to improve value, quality.
16) Environment; The external conditions of an organism or population.
17) Environmental sustainability; Cross-generational maintenance of ecosystem
components and functions.
18) Epistemology; the philosophical study of nature, origin, and the extents of
human knowledge.

8
19) Ecosystem engineers; Organisms with the ability to control the resources
distribution that may cause change in the ecosystem
20) Evolution; change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over
successive generations.
21) Factor; A component or independent variable.
22) Habitat: A type of natural environment in which a species of organism lives,
reproduces and functions.
23) Holistic/Holism; The view that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
24) Hydromorphic materials: Materials that respond to the changes is environment
by changing its geometry(form)
25) Integration; bringing together parts of a whole.
26) Mentor; an experienced and trusted adviser. In this case it is referred to nature.
27) Methodology: A set or system of methods, principles, and rules for regulating a
given discipline.
28) Methods; Research techniques and tools.
29) Model: a thing used as an example to follow or imitate. In this case it refers to
organisms of nature.

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1.5 Current Scenario

An Architect, Engineer, interior designer, product designer or anybody who originates

and creates anything needs a reliable source. What better inspiration would be
learning and scrutinizing the oldest existing life form- NATURE.
In today’s scenario, of rapid development we need to apply mechanisms which reduce
the harmful effects. Architects and designers favor and idolize the concepts of nature.
Janine Benyus has developed a website with experts which connects one to the
knowledge of nature to obtain solutions to society’s greatest challenges. The
algorithm of the website provides information about the viable processes of
functioning, formulations and fundamentals of various organisms which may be of
help in different fields of innovations, designing and inventing. Looking for biological
inspirations in the right place and the right organism results in the desired outcome.

Talking about Architecture we can find various examples of buildings which work
with Biomimicry as their key point. Be it modern day architecture or the buildings
from Greek, Roman, Renaissance or Byzantine period. At present prominent
architects such as Santiago Calatrava, Norman Foster, Michael Pawlyn, Moshie
Safdie and Frank Lloyd Wright are designing keeping Biomimicry as their concept
which concludes to generate a sustainable building design.
“The best way to predict the future is to
design it” (Mansour, H. "Biomimicry: strategy integrating
with nature in a sustainable way") to achieve
sustainability working in the field of
architecture on form regulation, skin of the
building and various other methods are
being mimicked. Incorporating
technological advancements with Nature
has given architecture a whole new
direction which is aesthetical and maintains
the ecological balance.

Figure 4- Gherkin mimics the shape and lattice

structure of the Venus Flower Basket Sponge

Figure 5- Guggenheim Museum

Figure 3-Guggenheim Museum interiors
designed similar to the form of a Shell
(Conch)
10
1.6 Problem Statement

Humans are parting away from nature because of all the advancements happening and
have created massive sustainability problems for future generations. The irresponsible
use of resources has led to severe exploitation of surroundings.
Main goal of Biomimicry is to create processes, policies and products which lead to
new ways of living that are well adapted to life on earth for a very long term.
Similarly coming back to our roots and making our way by studying the problem-
solving operations of nature to achieve the ecological fraction. Architecture is a field
which brings major impact. And by bringing the smallest of changes with the cliché
features would be rewarding and fruitful.
After all these years the most abundant factor on Earth comprises of Flora, Fauna and
other living organisms who have already been dealt with situations similar to those
which are being faced by humans.
“DESIGN IS INVISIBLE”- Design is one factor which can be found anywhere or
everywhere we just have to have an eye to see it and a functioning brain. And
architects have the potential and authority to do it and leave an influence.
Globally various discussions, seminars and TED talks are being conducted concerning
the environmental changes occurring and how we can revamp everything from being
as small as a design of the glove to designing a wholesome city in any part of the
world. These practices sow the seeds of interest which leads to productive outcomes.

11
2 RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
2.1 Aim
To analyze the applications in architecture of the three levels of Biomimicry and
evolving a framework which are suitable in architecture to enhance functionality.

2.2 Objectives

To achieve the aim, the following research objectives will be attained.

● Identifying the different levels of biomimicry.

● Determining the approaches of biomimicry and its applications in the field.
● Learning about the principles and characteristics in defiance to Biomimetic
architecture
● Researching the effects of biomimicry in the field of architecture.
● Analyzing the significance of architectural functionality.
● Identifying the future perspectives of biomimicry in architectural design.

2.3 Scope

The dissertation will focus on researching the levels, approaches and applications of
Biomimicry. Focal point of the research would revolve around the application of
principles of biomimicry in the building. The main attention will only be drawn
towards the aspects of biomimicry which intend upon enhancing the architectural
functionality.

2.4 Limitation

● The biggest limitation in this research is lack of case studies available in the
country.
● Biomimicry is a vast topic therefore the research limits till application-based
study in correlation between Biomimicry and architecture.
● Amidst the pandemic the movement is restricted therefore assessing any
building for the concept of Biomimicry is also limited.
● Also, Biomimetic is a less known term, hence there are limited authentic
materials to study upon.

2.5 Hypothesis

It seems that conscious emulation of nature ‘s genius through the biomimetic

approach could be a solution to solve buildings functionality challenges aiming to
optimize the efficiency.

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2.6 Research Methodology
The methodology used in this paper is based on the solution-based approach for
generating biomimetic architectural concepts. The research is based on the analytical
methods.

Dissertation follows the following flow of work and research.

13
Figure 6- Research Process followed in the dissertation

14
Figure 7- Factors studied from larger topic to concise the dissertation

15
3 LITERATURE REVIEW (to be completed)
3.1 Published papers
1. Biomimicry in Architecture (Journal by Raj Shekhar Rao) -
Description- The journal explores the applications of biomimicry in architecture
in the present architectural innovations and practices based upon approaches,
principles and levels of Biomimicry. It has also identified the architects
designing with nature’s functioning and formulating as their core concept.

2. The implementation of nano-biomimicry for sustainability in architecture

(journal by Dr. Wijdan Deyaa Abdul Jalil,Hussaen Ali Hasan Kahachi)-
Description-The paper describes the development of architectural biomimicry
philosophies. It also explores the technologies associated with Biomimicry. It
also presents the conceptual knowledge and ways to put these in application.

3. Learning from nature: Towards a research-based biomimicry approach to

ecologically sustainable design (research paper by Arosha Gamage, Ranjith
Dayarathne) –
Description-The paper identifies various projects and separates them on the
basis of different categories. Also, it identifies the theory of biomimicry and its
techniques in design processes. The paper also gives an understanding and co-
relationship of the species (nature as a mentor) with buildings. (paper by Arosha
Gamage, Ranjith Dayarathne)- The paper identifies various projects and segrates
them based on different categories. Also, it identifies the theory of biomimicry
and its techniques in design processes. The paper also mentions understanding
and co-relationship of the species (nature as a mentor) with buildings.

4. Biomimicry dissertation (Ar. Ratna Gandhe 2010) -

Description-This study focuses on understanding biomimicry and its
implementations in the field of architecture. It also explores the use of forms and
shapes seen in nature. According to the study, biomimicry helps to create
processes and designs that are sustainable, performs well, saves energy, cuts
material costs, redefines and eliminates waste. It also has thorough analysis
about buildings that are built upon the concepts of Biomimicry and highlights the
key features.

5. Biomimicry, Architecture learnt from nature (Ateeb Husseein 2015) -

Description- The paper offers an alternative approach on the three levels of
biomimicry and develops a typological approach. Paper also details the
characteristics of biomimicry buildings on the three different levels of
Biomimicry.

16
3.2 Published Books

1. Biomimicry innovation (book by Janine Benyus) -

Description- The book describes the term Biomimicry, the factors affecting it
and its principles. The book expresses the need for Biomimicry in the current
scenario. The book also explains about the advantages of using Biomimicry.
Additionally, the author has stated various fields which are impacted by
Biomimicry citing research and studies about the same. Also, the book has some
examples looking towards the creative edge of nature and applications of its
principles in architecture.

17
3.3 Case Studies

3.3.1 East gate center building

Location- Harare, Zimbabwe
Completion date- 1996
Function- Energy efficiency increased
Typology- Office building
Biomimicry Inspiration- Termite mound
Architect- Mick Pearce

It is a mixed land use typology

having shopping center and
office building. In Harare’s
climate, the purchase,
installation, and maintenance of
a traditional air-conditioning
system for a building has
immediate and long-term costs.
The challenge was to create a
self-regulating ventilation
system that would keep the
building at temperatures that are
comfortable for workers and
Figure 8-East gate Building Elevation residents. Architect Mick
Pearce worked with the construction company Arup to design the Eastgate Centre.
The façade of the building has traditional patterns and stonework to make it uniquely
Zimbabwean in its design.
The architect was inspired by models of internal temperature regulation in termite
mounds. At the time of the building’s design, researchers had proposed that termite
mounds maintained stable internal climates by having a physical structure that enables
passive internal airflow. Therefore, ample research on termite mounds was done
providing an understanding of the function of mound structure.
Instead of using the regular HVAC system to
control temperature within the building, the
building is designed to achieve more passive
and energy-efficient mechanisms of climate
control. This process is supported by
mechanical fans that function in a well-timed
cycle to enhance heat storage during the
warm daytime and heat release during the
cool nighttime. Various openings throughout
the building further enable passive internal
airflow driven by outside winds. These
design features work together to reduce
temperature changes within the building
interior as temperatures outside fluctuate.
The building has saved 10% on costs up-
Figure 9-Zoomed in view of the facade front by skipping the addition of the HVAC
system. The Eastgate Centre still achieves a controlled internal climate with the help
of cost-effective and energy-efficient mechanisms originally inspired by termite
mounds.
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 The termite is said to be one of nature's successful
builders, creating towering structures and also
protecting themselves from the harsh outside
temperature. Termite mounds are extremely strong
structures of mud, comprising of buttresses and, in
compass mounds, a definite shape optimizes the effects
of the sun.
Inside the building thick insulating walls are created
leaving low openings to top holes for air. This is
known as stack effect, in which the hot air rises up and
cool air sinks down. In the mound, the termites are
constantly modifying these openings for optimum
performance, sometimes adding wet mud that aids
cooling with its evaporative effects.
Figure 13- Visual similarity of
Termite mound and East gate
building

Figure 14- Air flow inside throughout the day Figure 12- Air flow inside throughout the
night

Figure 11- - Air flow of Figure 10- Section of Air movement inside a room of the East gate
termite mound

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3.3.2 Eden project
Location- Cornwall, UK
Completion date- 2001
Function- Energy efficiency increased
Typology- Office building
Biomimicry Inspiration- Soap bubbles
Architect- Nicholas Grimshaw

Figure 15- The Eden project

It is a project for the public, it is not only a tourist attraction but also a research and
educational tool. The Eden Project Functions on the methods of composting puts
nutrients back into the soil, feeds earthworms, and diverts food waste from going to
landfills, no waste is produced as all of it is utilized in some or the other way. The
Eden project is the world’s largest greenhouse
Majorly inspired from the honeycomb of bees and even the multifaceted eyes of a fly
and also the soap bubbles, and their ability to settle on any shaped surface. Creating
a very strong, yet light-weight, solution to build on the uneven sand pits of site. Also,
the shape of the biomes is inspired by Geodesic domes. Eden Project promotes the
understanding and responsible management of relationships between plants, people,
and resources, leading towards a sustainable future for all
The Eden Project applies various design strategies that help in completing its goal of
sustainability. Jolyon Brewis of Grimshaw Architects was inspired by growth of
plants. He used the mathematical concept of plant which helps it bloom and designed
the biomes to be constructed on Fibonacci’s series, where each number is the sum of
two previous digits. Similar to the sunflower and pinecone.

Figure 16-Fibonacci series found in a pine cone and sunflower

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 The Eden project has three biomes: the
humid–tropics biome, the warm
temperate biome, and the moderate
temperate biome. Cushions of ETFE
(polytetrafluoroethylene) transparent
foil are used for the glazing. This very
lightweight material weighs
approximately 1% of glass. In addition,
its strength and the trait that it is self-
cleaning makes it suitable for this
project.
Figure 17-Inside Mediterranean biome of The
Eden Project The Eden Project teaches ways by
which man can learn to be efficient by
mimicking nature. By being aware of
how nature solves problems we can
improve our everyday lives. Small
things such as composting can make a
big difference. One example of such
technique is that while the construction
of the project they saved hundreds of
pounds of Stone from saving it out from
dump and using it as paving.
The project aims to become carbon-
neutral: CO2 emission will be cut by
about 80%.
Figure 18- Inside Rainforest Biome of The Eden

The Eden Project tries

to utilize heat and
light and moreover,
will supply these
resources to
approximately 5,000
residents in the
neighborhood.
Transparent
“honeycombs” create
a thermal cushion – in
summer the building
doesn’t need artificial
lighting or heating. In
winter-time the Figure 19- Self-sustaining mechanism of the Eden project (inter-
dependent
appropriate
temperature is maintained by means of biodegradable wastes recycling. The water
collection process is also automated as in any genuine ecosystem. The project
explores new uses for secondary products gives them a new task to be a part of.

21
3.3.3 Lavasa Hill city
Location- Pune, India
Completion date- 2020
Function- Ecologically sustainable environment
Typology- Urban city
Biomimicry Inspiration- Deciduous forest, Fig leaf
Architect- HOK Architects

Figure 20- Lavasa city Bird's eye view

Constructed by HCC Group with the help of an architectural firm, HOK. The idea
while designing the city was to restore 70% of the deforested land through detailed
landscaping, reforestation and slope greening, reduce 30% of carbon emissions, 65%
of potable water consumption, and 95% of waste sent to landfills. The site’s original
ecosystem was a moist deciduous forest, which was converted into an arid landscape
in recent times. The city’s rooftops are inspired by the morphology of the native
banyan fig leaf, whose pointed spear shape at the end that hastens the water run-off
and cleans its surface in the process. It has led to the development of tiled shingle
rooftops that shed water in the same way. Since the Western Ghats region is prone to
seasonal flooding from monsoons and a strategy based on ant nests has been adopted
to channel water through the city. This efficient plan is inspired from the local
harvester ants that divert water away from their nests through multi-path, low-grade
channels. Further, water has been stored in networked building foundations, much like
tree roots.

Figure 21- Sketch of the city street view Figure 22- Sketch of the city

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3.3.4 BIQ House
Location- Hamburg, Germany
Completion date- 2013
Function- Passive Energy house
Typology- Residential unit
Biomimicry Inspiration- Living Algae Façade
Architect- HOK Architects

Figure 23-The BIQ house

BIQ house is also termed as “building with a Bio-Intelligent Quotient”.

Live facade of the residential building is also a source of energy; it provides thermal
heating and generates biomass also. The algae are continuously supplied with liquid
nutrients and CO2 via a water circuit running through the façade. The light rays are
absorbed by the façade and generate heat the same way a solar thermal unit does,
which is then either used directly for hot water and heating or stored in the ground
using boreholes. The ‘living’ wall is consistently transforming. The algae need to be
fed continuously and is always moving and changing different shades of green.
The finished building cost for the facade was $6.68 million (approximately 50crores)
providing renewable energy for the current residents. Now the amount has been
revived in terms of cost per kilowatt-hour produced by the algae bioreactors, would be
seven times as much as solar power and fourteen times as much as crude oil (Article by
The New York Times). The bioreactor façades on the southeast and southwest sides of the
building (200 square meters) are used for production of biomass and heat.

23
They consist of 129 sun-tracking reactor modules, called photobioreactors (PBRs), 70
cm wide, 270 cm high and 8 cm thick, arranged in groups. The PBRs are mounted on
a steel frame that is simultaneously used for wiring and supporting the vertical axis.
The PBRs are filled with water (culture medium), in which microalgae are cultivated.
As a nutrient, CO2 is added to the culture, for which flue gas from a biogas-fuelled
micro-CHP (combined heat and power unit) is used. The CO2 converts the growing
algae to biomass.

Figure 24-Functioning of the living algae facade

In addition, the façade also serves the conventional purposes of insulating the
building from sound, heat, and cold, and provides shade in bright sunlight.
The living space has underfloor heating.
The algae reactor modules PBRs are the main point of all energy processes. Heating
and electricity needs are covered by converting and distributing different types of
energy. Following the scheme, a brief explanation of this integrated energy cycle is
given below:
• Bioreactor façade: Due to sunlight and a constant turbulence to avoid algae
aggregation, microalgae grows inside the PBRs producing heat (38% of
efficiency vs 60-65% with a conventional solar thermal) and biomass (10% of
efficiency vs 12-15% with a conventional PV). The bioreactor façade is

24
 competitive in comparison to other technologies, due to the façade providing a
similar efficiency level and removing a high amount of CO2 by using flue gas
delivered in the gas burner to produce biomass in the PBRs. It achieves up to 6
tonnes per year of CO2 reduction.
• Algae Biomass: The biomass resulting from the growth (30KWh/m2.year) is
automatically harvested through an algae separator and collected in a
temperature-controlled container. Then, this amount is removed to an outdoor
biogas plant to produce biogas.
• Heat: The associated heat production of about 40ºC (150KWh/m2y) is
reintroduced to the system via the heat exchanger in the heating network or
stored in the geothermal boreholes.
• Biogas: Upon arrival to the external biogas plant, up to 80% of biomass is
converted into methane.
• Boreholes for storage: The boreholes consist of wells located under the
building subsoil and are used to store heat from 16 to 35 degrees depending on
the season.
• Heat pump: When a higher temperature is required for heating or hot water, a
highly efficient heat pump is used in pumping it back into the system.
• Gas burner: A unit is operated to provide the CO2 nutrient (flue gas) required
by the microalgae in the bioreactor façade and, at the same time, to cover the
supply of hot water at 70ºC or heating in the energy network.
• Control centre: A central building management system (BMS) called
Rockwell SPS manages all the processes necessary to operate the bioreactor
façade and to fully integrate it with the energy management system of the
building. This includes the control of the algae cell density and the
temperature in the culture medium.
• District heating system: "Wilhelmsburg Central Integrated Energy Network"
is the name of the local network which provides/receives heat to/from this
building.

25
Figure 25- Living Algae Facade Close up

26
3.3.5 Beijing Olympic Stadium
Location- Chaoyang, China
Completion date- 2008
Function- Compact & Optimum design, Improved Ventilation
Typology- Sports Stadium
Biomimicry Inspiration- Bird’s Nest
Architect- Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron

Figure 26-Beijing Olympic Stadium in night

Beijing National Stadium, is an excellent example of the use of these biometric

principles in modern architecture. As implied by Its nickname - a 'bird's nest, the
stadium rises out of the landscape in the shape of a giant upturned bird's nest. The
seemingly random pattern of the steel structural members as the twigs is actually
governed by advanced geometrical rules to ensure a compact and optimum design, the
seating bowl was established first, with the outer façade wrapping around it. The
design ensures that all spectators are as close as possible to the action and have clear
sight lines. The Chinese National Stadium was the 2008 Olympic Games' most
striking structure, recognized all over the world. The building's dynamic form and
vast scale create a new icon for China and the city of Beijing
The Exterior Shell – Inflated Cushions as a Filler
Just as birds stuff the spaces between the woven twigs of their nests with a soft filler,
the spaces in the structure of the stadium are filled with inflated ETFE cushions. On
the roof, the cushions are mounted on the outside of the structure to make the roof
completely weatherproof. Whilst the rain is collected for rainwater recuperation the
sunlight filters through the translucent roof providing the lawn with essential UV
Radiation. On the facade, the inflated cushions are mounted on the inside of the
structure where necessary, e.g., to provide wind protection Since all of the facilities -

27
restaurants, suites, shops and restrooms are all self-contained units, it is possible to do
largely without a solid, enclosed facade. This allows natural ventilation of the stadium
which is the most important aspect of the stadium's sustainable design

Provide best possible spectator view from all directions

Sight lines and spectator viewing the ailment circular footprint optimizes the viewing
and atmosphere by bringing all the spectators as close to the actions sensible the
stands are designed without any interruption to evoke the image of a bowl. This
evenly constructed shape serves to focus attention on the spectators and the events on
the field. The human crowd forms the architecture the facility provides good comfort,
excellent views and a superb atmosphere. It will generate crowd excitement and drive
athletes to outstanding performances.
Complex structural challenges
Since the entire structure is constructed of steel and concrete with a combined weight
of around 50,000 tones Hence, Computer simulation, synchronized control and
structure monitoring techniques were all used to ensure accurate operation even
unloading und timely observation All these provided for a structure that mutually
supported each other and converged into a grid-like formation - almost like a bird's
nest with its interwoven twigs To form a structure largely dominated by large spank
and digital screens.
Earthquake resistance
Due to the fact that Beijing is located in an earthquake zone, it was imperative to be
able to withstand the earth’s movement. By building the stadium in two separate
parts, including a steel lattice structure and a concrete bowl separated by 50ft, the
designers were able to create a structure flexible enough to handle the considerable
seismic activity. The bird’s nest is prepared to withstand an earthquake of up to
magnitude 8 on the Richter scale.

28
Figure 27-Structure formulation of the stadium

29
Figure 28-Exploded axonometric details of the stadium

30
3.3.6 St. Mary axe ("Gherkin" or "Swiss Re")

Location- London, England

Completion date- 2004
Function- HVAC, Structurally
strong
Typology- Commercial High-Rise
Biomimicry Inspiration- Venus
flower basket
Architect- Foster and Partners

Sky time 30 St Mary Axe is rooted

in a radical approach - technically,
architecturally, socially and
spatially Generated by a radial
plan, its energy conscious
enclosure resolves walls and roof
into a continuous triangulated skin,
allowing column-free floor space,
light and views.
The "egg" shape of the building
Figure 29- St. Mary axe commonly known as
"GHERKIN"
also helps the sustainable approach
that the design team took in this project It reduce the number of volatile winds at
pedestrian level and smoothens air flows through the are so there is less heat loss over
the surface of the building This low. Pressure system also allows the designers to have
large light wells at heights that would be otherwise unfeasible.

Figure 30- Planned lobbies for better ventilation

Figure 31- Openable windows provided

31
Figure 32-Air flow movement to resist the wind

Venus flower basket. Skeleton of sponge provides strength with lightweight material
via its siliceous composition.

Figure 33- The shape development responding to the high intensity wind flow

Silica is widely used as a skeletal material in a great diversity of organisms One such
example is found in the siliceous skeletal system of the Western Pacific hexactinellid
sponge, Euplectello aspergillum or The Venus Flower Basket In this species, the
skeleton comprises an elaborate cylindrical lattice-like structure with hierarchical
span levels. This strategy when applied to construction helps building stronger
structures with minimal materials.
32
The other advantages are;
The benefit of this is that it creates a more pleasant environment for pedestrians at
street level. It also means that the wind loads against the building were brought down
to a minimum and so the structure of the building could also be reduced.
Building wind-resistant structures, Fracture-resistant materials, provides architecture
that aids ventilation, Fiber optics and making high performance ceramics, Easy self-
assembly processes.

Figure 35- Similarity of form of the building Figure 34- Día-grid structure
with the sea sponge

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3.3.7 Council House CH2

Location- Melbourne, Australia

Completion date- 2006
Function- HVAC
Typology- Office Building
Biomimicry Inspiration- Plant’s Ecology
Architect- Foster and Partners

Figure 36-Council House 2

Council House 2 is a 10-storey office building for about 540 City of Melbourne staff,
located at 240 Little Collins Street, Melbourne Australia. It has ground-floor retail
spaces and underground parking and was officially opened in August 2006.
CH2 has been designed to copy the planet's ecology using the natural 24-hour cycle
of solar energy, natural light, air and rainwater, to power, heat, cool, and water the
building.
Melbourne Council House 2 (CH2) is a multi-award winning and inspirational
building that has reduced CO2 emissions by 87%, electricity consumption by 82%,
gas by 87% and water by 72%. The building purges stale air at night and pulls in
100% fresh air during the day. The building exterior moves with the sun to reflect and
collect heat, and turns sewage into usable water. The building has improved staff
effectiveness by 4.9% and will pay for its sustainable features in a little over a decade.

34
Heating
CH2's north façade has 10 dark colored air ducts that absorb heat from the sun; the
hot air rises taking the stale air up and out of the building. The south façade has light-
colored ducts that draw in 100% fresh air from the roof and distribute it down through
the building. The west façade has louvers made from recycled timber that move
according to the position of the sun and are powered by photovoltaic roof panels.

Water
CH2 takes about 100,000 liters of toilet water every day from a nearby sewer in Little
Collins Street. This sewage is then processed, along with sewage from the building,
through a multi-water treatment plant on site. The system filters out the water and
sends the solids back to the sewer. (City sewers typically hold about 95% of water,
this water is a burden to the system and would otherwise be wasted). The extracted
water is treated using a micro-filtration system that creates A-grade clean water
suitable for non-drinking uses. Some of the recovered water is used for water-cooling,
plant watering and toilet flushing, the rest is used in other council buildings, city
fountains and used to water plants. Based on biomimicry in its design, CH2 has
managed to earn a six-star energy rating, the highest possible in Australia and a rough
equivalent to LEED Platinum.

Figure 37-Section showing the functioning of the council house 2

35
Technologies involved

• Undulating high thermal mass concrete ceilings which improve air circulation,
cooling and natural light and reduce energy demands by 14% in summer.
• Photovoltaic cells, which power a façade of louvers. These track the sun to
ensure the building is shaded.
• Water mining plant delivering 100,000 liters of recycled water per day.
• Roof top solar panels for water heating.
• Shower towers' that cool water and air using low amounts of energy.
• Green roof space generating oxygen.
• Roof mounted wind turbines that purge air during the night and generate
electricity during the day.
• Solar shading on the exterior and interior of the building.
• Automatic night-purge windows to cool the concrete ceilings.

The design is passive in its approach to energy, often not needing to the tap into
the phase change plant system until late in the day.

36
3.3.8 Pearl river tower

Location- Guangzhou, China

Completion date- 2011
Function- HVAC
Typology- Office Building
Biomimicry Inspiration- Sea
sponge skin
Architect- Skidmore Owings &
Merrill

Pearl River a 71-story tower Pearl

River Tower, Guangzhou designed by
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill's that
completed in 2011 is an award-
winning building. The design won a
competition calling for sustainable
design. Designers turned to the sea
Figure 38- The pearl river tower sponge for inspiration.
Pearl River Tower is a self-sustaining,
environmentally intelligent building. Every element is designed to optimize the
building’s energy and sustainability performance. The unique shape is derived from
the behaviour of the natural elements on the site and was optimized to local solar and
wind patterns, harnessing the energy of these resources and utilizing this natural
power to sustain the building. Wind is funnelled down the vertical face of the tower
toward a series of energy generating wind turbines and photovoltaic panels in the
building’s skin absorb and retain solar energy.
The two sets of wind turbines are integrated directly into the building and located at
each mechanical floor. These turbines serve to generate power that is fed to the
mechanical equipment with minimal losses. By adding curvature to the double wall
facade, the entire building acts as an air intake to the turbines, maximizing the
velocity and the potential energy rendered from the system. The energy created by the
turbines is used immediately or stored in batteries for later use. Additional energy
comes from a geothermal heat sink that is utilized throughout the building. The intent
of this system is to reduce the electrical and water energy consumption associated
with the facilities cooling system.
Typical HVAC cooling systems use cooling towers to remove all the heat energy
from the building and reject the heat to the outdoors. This process requires large
37
quantities of fan energy and, with evaporative type tower, large volumes of water are
consumed by the system. Pearl River Tower's HVAC equipment passes the cooling
tower water through embedded tubes, within the building’s caissons, prior delivering
it to the cooling towers. Using the energy of the earth, the amount of fan energy and
water consumption is reduced greatly. The system will also have the capability of
“recharging” the energy in the earth, during hours when the water, within the cooling
tower, falls bellows the natural temperature in the ground. This reduces energy
consumption on the following day.
Pearl River Tower, Guangzhou.
They took the structure of the
sponge that is about taking gallons
of water and organisms into itself in
a day and they used this idea to
consume less energy in their
designs. Sponges can pump
thousands of gallons of water a day,
from which they draw their food.
They also shelter and protect a
multitude of tiny inhabitants, which
benefit from the flow of food-
bearing water. This porous tower
has four holes that house wind
turbines A turbine in one of the four
intakes in the Pearl River Tower to
Figure 39- Air flow of the building
create electricity from the strong
winds that blow above the ground Sponge like function of Pearl River Tower. The
building soaks up energy from the sun as well, thanks to its photovoltaic system
integrated to the building’s external solar shading system and glass outer skin. With
these and other energy-saving measures such as radiant cooling, the building’s energy
use is reduced by 58 to 60 percent

38
3.3.9 Milwaukee art museum, Wisconsin

Location- Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Completion date- 2001
Function- Façade system, Ventilation
Typology- Recreational center, Museum
Biomimicry Inspiration- Bird Wings
Architect- Santiago Calatrava
The Milwaukee Art Museum (MAM) campus has three buildings: The War memorial
Centre, Quadracci Pavilion and the Reiman pedestrian bridge. It is located on Lake
Michigan in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and has a collection of 30,000 works of art and
serves over 3,50,000 visitors a year. The Museum's stated mission is to "collect and
preserve art, presenting it to the community as a vital source of inspiration and
education. The Quadracci Pavilion is a postmodern, sculptural addition to the
Milwaukee Art Museum completed in 2001 and designed by Santiago Calatrava and
is more specifically, a ship with wings. Calatrava’s designs are often inspired by

Figure 40-Milwaukee art museum

nature, featuring a combination of organic forms and technological innovation. The

Milwaukee Art Museum expansion incorporates multiple elements inspired by the
Museum’s lakefront location. Among the many maritime elements in Calatrava’s
design are: movable steel louvers inspired by the wings of a bird; a cabled pedestrian
bridge with a soaring mast inspired by the form of a sailboat and a curving single-
story galleria reminiscent of a wave. Calatrava’s vision was inspired for a building
that could take flight by the wings of a bird.

The design features a large pavilion containing a glass-enclosed reception hall with
aerodynamic planes and mechanical Brise Soleil, which opens and folds like bird

39
Figure 41- Milwaukee art museum model
wings. The project responds to the culture of the lake: the sailboats, the weather, the
sense of motion and change.

The biggest challenge in the design of the Burke Brise-Soleil was to understand the
behavior with wind load on
the structure. A wind tunnel
study was conducted using a
1:400 aeroelastic model
which included the sunscreen,
a portion of the underlying
structure, and surrounding
buildings in downtown
Milwaukee.
Figure 42- Perspective view
Museum’s signature wings
with a wing span of 217-foot form a moveable sunscreen and is called The Burke
Brise Soleil. It varies in length from 26 to 105 feet and is made up of 72 steel fins.
The entire structure weighs 90 tons. To open or close the wings take 3.5 minutes.
Sensors are fitted in the fins to continuously monitor the wind speed and direction.
Whenever the wind speed exceeds 23 mph for more than 3 seconds, the wings close
automatically.

40
Figure 43- Details of the Brie Soleil

41
3.3.10 Wuhan New Energy Center

Location- Wuhan,China
Completion date- 2013
Function- Solar Façade
Typology- Office building
Biomimicry Inspiration- Flowers
Architect- Grontmij and Soeters Van Eldonk Architects

Figure 44-Wuhan New Energy Center

Located in Wuhan, the Wuhan New Energy Center (also

called the Energy Flower) was designed to resemble a lily,
with a 140-meter tower in the center surrounded by lower
towers in the shape of flowers and covered in vegetation.
The center tower expands upwards into a bowl and is
coated in a large solar array facing the sun, soaking up rays
Figure 45- Form similarity just like a real plant. A vertical axis wind turbine shoots up
with Cala lily
out of the center of the tower like a pistil. Rainwater is
collected in the bowl and a 120-meter solar chimney in the tower helps expel hot air
from the building while pulling in cooler air below. The stem acts as a solar chimney
expelling the hot air entering the buildings and cooler air through the opening edge of
the bowl to heat and cool the building through the principle of natural ventilation. All
windows are equipped with magnetic sensors that detect if the windows are open or
closed. When the windows are open, the sensor provides a signal to the building
management system; mechanical air supply is blocked.
These tubes bring daylight into the windowless space to help reduce the requirement
for lighting. The Energy Flower is the focal point of a vast new center of
sustainability research. It is hoped that the knowledge and expertise developed here
will help China to meet its international obligations to cut carbon emissions - and
reduce the choking smog in its cities - the country moves from fossil fuels to more
sustainable energy sources. The structure has gained a Chinese Three Star Green
Building certification, with a 99.8% rating, and is awaiting its BREEAM certification
However, the proof of the building' success will be revealed through its in-use
performance, and the client is aiming to achieve a Chinese green building in use
certification.
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Figure 46- Characteristics achieved by mimicking the lily form

43
3.3.11 National Taichung Theater

Location- Taichung, Taiwan.

Completion date- 2016
Function- Improved Acoustics, Earthquake resistant
Typology- Recreational, Theatre
Biomimicry Inspiration- Sound Cave
Architect- Da-Ju Architects

The Architects drew inspiration from the formation of rocks, caves and the transience
of water. The design is notable for its cavernous, curved and folded interior forms,
which produce a dramatic and complex section that is neatly resolved into a
rectilinear exterior form. This building is a city-center sound cavity.

Figure 47-National Taichung Theater

Christian Dercks, senior engineer at Arup, who turned the structure into reality, says
the building's design is rooted in the way sound
carries through space. “The shape was optimized by
acoustic consultants. I was told: 'That's the shape,
you're not allowed to change it, not even for structural
optimization.”
Barely contained by the boxy enclosure of its
concrete-and-glass skin, hourglass-shaped volumes
define the interior of Ito’s building. These sinuous
forms cinch in and balloon out with remarkable
plasticity, the inside wall of one doubling as the outer
surface of the neighboring space.
Figure 48- Curved interiors of the
building

44
Figure 49- Initial model of the theatre

Together these tubelike elements create a spectacular interior dreamscape of deep

caverns and soaring canyons within the building. The 2,007-seat theatre's arrangement
of circular rooms, known as catenoids, London-based Arup borrowed a method from
Japan, putting mesh sheets against the prefabricated structure, two meters at a time,
then pouring concrete into the cavity.

Figure 50- Staircase in the form of a Shell

"Normally, if you have a concrete structure you need formwork to keep it in place,"
"That meant we would have needed to build the building three times over."
Not only did the building need to meet the design's ambitious aesthetic and acoustic
requirements, but structurally it also needed to cope with Taiwan's frequent
earthquakes.

45
Figure 51- Dramatic Facade to create sense of a Cave entrance

The building consists of 58 catenoids interlinked across four distinct floor levels. The
curved geometry has resulted in a total surface area of 21,640 square meters of 400-
millimetre-thick concrete (finished by hand) on an underlying truss-wall structure.
Each catenoid is defined by a system of prefabricated truss frameworks onto which
layers of reinforcement were fastened.
28,670 truss sections compose the building, each one curved in only two dimensions
but modelled with radial grid lines to compose the complex forms. Truss wall units
were created as compounds of 10-20 truss sections and modelled with x, y and z
coordinates to optimise construction logistic and workflow.

Figure 52- Bird's Eye view

46
4 Research Specific Chapters
4.1 Levels of Biomimicry
Nature acts as a MEASURE, MODEL, and MENTOR through which it integrates
biology with design processes.

Figure 53-Factors affected by Biomimicry

47
4.1.1 NATURE AS MODEL (Organism level)
This level connects with the replication of an organism. Like mimicking the form,
texture etc.
Nowadays, designing is done as mass production which tends to be uncomfortable to
all, whereas nature has a diverse classification and is constantly evolving with time.
Humans design strategies in a linear format without thinking about the by-products on
the other hand nature designs with closed loop concepts with no wastage of any
aspect.
This working is also known as Cradle-to-cradle
technology, one of the most celebrated examples of
this technology is The Eden project designed by
Michael Pawlyn. Michael Pawlyn states that our
planet gets immense amounts of sunlight, yet we
are unable to make the most out of it and are
lagging behind from reaching our maximum
potentials. Sunflower is the most suitable organism
to study, which moves with movement of sun to
attain the last bits of sunlight also.
Biomimicry in architecture is a possible solution
for designing cities with less or no amounts of
renewable energies (Goodall,2012).

Figure 54- Biological cycle followed

in cradle-to-cradle approach

A Canadian corporation analyzed

the flipper of a Humpback whale
and determined the flippers had
bumps throughout the edges and
produced ‘tubercle effect’.
Tubercles are the bumps at the
front of a humpback whales ‘fins,
and they permit this very large
creature to be agile in water. This
is an influential example teaching
how nature moulds itself to
improve the outputs. Through this
research it can be said that
biomimicry has the ideas to
generate a higher amount of
energy with lesser power and
tools. The design of the product
would not have been possible
without looking up to the
humpback whale. This is
important as wind turbines have a Figure 55- Wind turbines inspired from the humpback
"minimum speed of whale flippers
operation below which they will stop turning and only turn on again once the wind
speed has picked up enough to overcome Inertia" (Pawlyn, 2011).
48
Another example of nature as a model is Grimshaw's design for The Waterloo
International Terminal which is inspired from the flexible structure of scaled exterior
of the animal pangolin. The design had to accommodate variable pressures and
shifting forces which occurred as train arrive and depart from the station and the
organization of a scaled exterior façade allows for these fluctuations

Figure 57- Waterloo international terminal roof Figure 56- The animal pangolin with flexible
inspired pangolin scales all over

This level of biomimicry encourages a designer to discover, organism introduced

ways and creating a life friendly proved and tested outcome out of it. Also, this level
relates the form and function of organisms and its association with yielding an
enhanced outcome. Biophilic design referring to aesthetical factors and beautiful ideas
is a part of this level of biomimicry.
This carries us to the next level and discovering how it can inspire us to establish an
improvised characteristic.

49
4.1.2 NATURE AS MEASURE (Process level)
This level investigates how an organism works and then mimics its behavior, like how
an organism develops its form in order to protect itself. This is the most explored level
out of all the three levels, as the results are visible mostly with the naked eye which
makes the exploration interesting.
Pawlyn (2011) states that this area potentially displays the biggest gap between
engineering and biology, because buildings are not designed to be 'alive' in a way that
is like any life form. Although the ability to develop materials and integrate them into
a building would be a great opportunity for architects in addressing a variety of
sustainability challenges.
Living organisms experience similar environmental and physical problems that
humans come across. And these organisms have certain limitations to function in their
habitat to overcome those problems. These limits work within the boundaries to
protect themselves which results in evolution of the organism and also well-adapted
organism behavior’s and relationship patterns between organisms or species.
Animal architecture is the term used to define the ways through which organisms
manipulate their habitat. Undoubtedly, Humans are the architects, engineers and
mathematicians but studying the how other species amend their environments with
limited sources available.
In behaviour level biomimicry, the organism is not mimicked but its behaviour is. As
an example of application of this approach, Chen, a student of art discovered that a
pinecone consisted of two layers: one is absorbent and the other impermeable. When
the pinecone becomes wet the porous outer layer expands "causing the scale to bend
and close the cone" (Goodwin. 2015).
Chen imitated the
intricate "seed-
preserving tactic by
using fabric, a thin film
and a layer of veneer"
the absorbent veneer
fibers swell and
envelope the fabric,
creating a tile which
curls when dry and
flattens when wet. The
product as a material
can be used as a
building skin, which
would contract as a
Figure 58-Facade developed by Chen, inspired by a pinecone response to sunlight and
flattens to protect from
rain. This example is one of the many possibilities of where the processes of nature
can inspire for developing naturally responsive designs. In architecture, this method is
extensively used in designing facades which are climate responsive. This is the most
fascinating and intriguing process as it requires ample time for researching the
changing process of an organism and analyzing the factors to which it responds.

50
 Using biomimetic principles,
the BIQ house is setting
examples for advanced
facade systems. Instead of
taking inspiration from algae,
the designers have used
living microalgae contained
within glass panels to act as a
bioreactor. The algae facade
acts as a buffer between the
indoors and the outdoors.
The moveable panels allow
for occupants to use them as
protectors to cover up their
balcony space or as blinds to
cover the windows.
Biomass, a non-renewable
Figure 59-BIQ house, smart facade
energy form of Algae
produces food for livestock’s
it also produces fuel. The process level of biomimicry is an intriguing way for
designing buildings and urban areas which are climate responsive and comparatively
efficient.
Moving forward to another level, which discusses how man-made manufacturing can
be manipulated by mimicking natural ecosystems.

51
4.1.3 NATURE AS MENTOR (Ecosystem level)
This is the last level of Biomimicry and involves a deeper understanding of the
ecosystem that the organism inhabits; it discovers how this network thrives and what
are the basic fundamentals required by the organism to thrive and mutate according to
the changing environment. Ecosystems maintain themselves through the ability to
conserve and reuse water, energy and raw materials sustainably (Pawlyn, 2011).
"Nature as a mentor. Biomimicry is a new way of viewing and valuing nature. It
introduces an era based not on what we can extract from the natural world, but what
can we learn from it." (Benyus, 2002).
One of nature's most interesting achievements is how it respects waste, human-made
systems see waste as a useless leftover, which exits a building as pollution, sewage, or
is sent to a landfill to be destroyed (Pawlyn, 2011). As discussed earlier, Humans design
with a linear system whereas Nature creates a closed loop network and utilizes the
product as well to carry forward the loop uninterrupted.
The nature’s closed network can be clearly seen in trees, as everything produced by
trees is used by either tree itself or any other living organisms. As a model it achieves
everything an architect should follow while designing buildings and cities.
The oak trees follow a similar working and creates a sustainable ecosystem. The
ecosystem functioning of Oak tree is shown in the Figure (figure61)
When all the three different are interdependent to each other even if one of them
breaks the whole system collapses.
The Oak tree is said to be the healthiest when all the three cycles function together as
it generates the maximum energy.
The Cradle-to-Cradle approach is to see waste as food, as a nutrient for what's to
come." It is important, in this modern age, to move away from the 'Cradle-to-Grave'
linear way of thinking and provide opportunities to conserve our resources, especially
now that we understand the destruction that the fossil fuel age has caused. The
Architects and Designers are now designing with a holistic approach towards Natural
systems. One of the brilliant examples of implementation designing with sustainable
ecosystem design is The Mobius project, the project is inspired by ecosystems
interdependent on each other forming a closed loop. The input and output resources
are connected in forming a closed loop system. The diagram(figure60) below shows
the functioning of the Mobius project.
Designing buildings and cities on a similar concept of closed loop system of activities
would lead to lesser amount of waste and would handle the problems we are facing
with the increase in population, and conservation of resources. As we could discover
the ecosystems reliance on one another, even if one of the activities tumbles the
overall functioning would get affected. Here is where the real challenge is faced by
the Architects and Designers to design a module mimicking biological methods
similar to that of the Mobius project, which is a self-dependent, sustainably efficient
project. It is a great example to explore and be inspired by.

52
Figure 61- Mobius Project, Cradle to Cradle system

Figure 60- Cradle to cradle system approach followed by Mobius project

53
Figure 62- The oak tree functioning

54
4.2 Principles of Biomimicry
Biomimicry also has nine principles or laws upon which it functions. They solely
concentrate upon nature and its associates.
1. Nature runs on sunlight
2. Nature uses the energy only it needs
3. Nature fits form to function
4. Nature recycles everything
5. Nature rewards cooperation
6. Nature banks on diversity
7. Nature demands local expertise
8. Nature curbs excessive from within
9. Nature taps the power of limits

Figure 63-Principles of Nature

55
Figure 64-The processes that are followed by Nature

These principles are mentioned by Janine Benyus in her book Biomimicry; Innovation
inspired by nature and she implies that humans have a lot to learn from Nature’s
progressing experience of 3.8billion years.
In architectural context, the nine principles of biomimicry can also be used in
designing buildings. If we remodel these according to Architecture, the principles that
arrive are:
1. Architectural planning is done w.r.t sun
2. Architecture improves if form follows function
3. Architecture transforms with context
4. Architecture improves with local elements
5. Architecture works with collaborative partnership

56
4.3 Approaches to Biomimicry
There are two approaches as a design process largely divided in two categories; One-
On the basis of behaviors, functions and characteristics of a single organism also
known as “Biology influenced design”. Two-Designing according to the human needs
or problem solving termed as “Design looking to biology”.

Figure 65-Two different approaches for Biomimicry in design

4.3.1 Problem based approach-Design looking to Biology

Also known as top-down approach. In this approach, designers recognize the
challenge and then determine the organisms that have solved similar problems.
Design looking at biology functions on the process through which design parameters
should be modified according to the qualities of a biological model. The figure below,
the spiral method introduced by Janine Benyus for the Biomimicry institute, is said to
be the working plan for this research type. It describes the seven stages that should be
followed while working on a problem-based approach. The figure explains all the
steps in a brief manner.
An Example of this type of approach
is the invention of the Velcro hook in
the 1940s by George Mestral, who
was inspired by the observation of
the behaviors and qualities of the
natural hook surface of a cocklebur,
under a microscope. A deep scientific
understanding of the organism is
required to apply this approach,
mimicking forms is a simplified
approach as compared to mimicking
the ecosystem level without
Figure 66- Velcro hook design functioning inspired collaboration with biology. Despite
from these disadvantages, such an
approach might be a way to begin transitioning the built environment from an
unsustainable to efficient to effective paradigm (McDonough, 2002). However, designing
with such an approach, caters the local context leading to an improved design
outcome.

57
Figure 67-The Biomimicry Design Spiral

58
4.3.2 Solution based approach-Biology influencing design
Also known as bottom-up approach. In this approach any biological information. The
design outcome is dependent upon the amount of research done by a scientist or
biologist.

Figure 68-Lotus flower cleaning process, inspiration for developing self-cleaning paint

An example is the analysis of the lotus flower blooming clean despite being in muddy
waters, this phenomenon has inspired many design innovations, including
Sto’sLotusan paint which building’s facade to be cleaning itself just like the lotus
flower. A benefit of this approach therefore is that biology may influence humans in
some ways that might be a design problem solved by nature already. A disadvantage
with this approach is that the exploration should be done first later relating it with the
design context. Biologists and ecologists therefore are able to evaluate the potential of
their research through real time applications. Unlike problem-based approach, there
is no specified way to progress in this approach. The solution here is already known;
we just need to match it with the right question for the most suitable results.

59
5 CONCLUSION
Nature has been in existence for millions of years and has pertained its identity
throughout, similarly the organisms have survived and evolved to be energy efficient.
But with humans the scenario changed post industrialization the efficiency cycle was
disturbed which led to sustainability issues, all of which led to inclining our research
methodology towards nature and emulating it for solution finding. Nature is always
present to play its role as a mentor and act as a source of inspiration. Also, it educates
us about utilizing and attaining the maximum from the available resources.
Biomimicry in Architecture can be called a new terminology even so it can be
understood that it has existed since the evolution of mankind. Nature has always been
a part of all the activities happening around, corresponding to the fact it has also
inspired the developments happening. Initially by living in caves or by using it as
building materials or by simply mimicking the natural activities.
A comprehensive analysis of buildings designed with biomimicry as their main
concepts and inspiration has been presented in the dissertation which have been a
pragmatic resolution for ameliorating the overall building functionality in numerous
ways. The biomimicry concepts have been anlysed upon the factors in which the
biomimetic concept has been approached, how it has been implemented and the
achievements attained by its execution.
On which account the inferences helped to realize the capabilities and potential
Biomimicry as a concept has. Detailed study of the three levels and two approaches of
biomimicry has been presented which help in providing a direct and coherent way for
reaching towards a solution.
Through the analysis done, it can be stated that incorporating biomimicry principles in
architecture at initial levels of the designing process can bring a significant change in
the complete project and impact on architectural efficiency and sustainability factors
etc.

5.1 Benefits of Biomimicry

By summarizing the findings and learning from the selected case studies, it can be
culminated that by following certain aspects (mentioned below) can lead to a design
that has comparatively better functioning.
1. Keeping the context of the site as the main user group, considering the existing
environment, material and local aspects leads to a suitable architectural design
solution.
2. Linking the design brief with natural factors improves the understanding of the
its working process leading to a comparatively sustainable approach.
3. Biomimetic approach can emphasize the thinking approach and bridges
architecture and environment for more responsive buildings.
4. Designing with a Biomimetic point of view can surely increase the
sustainability, help in subduing environmental issues such as material wastage,
and support in using lesser non-renewable resources.
5. By the research it can expressed, with all the technological advancements
happening in the industry and depletion of resources Biomimicry in
architecture can influence the designing methods for a better development for
humans and nature.

60
5.2 Criticism

After learning in detail about biomimicry and its characteristics and linking them with
architecture considering them on a practical level the following aspects can be pointed
out. There are definitely some downsides of everything hence the drawback of
Biomimicry in architecture are mentioned below-

1. Nature may not have solutions for the evolutions done by humans, the
scope of nature is restricted at various levels. It is a local process
instead of a global process. One solution may not be successful all over.
2. Natural developments acquire maintenance at continuous intervals
which is an advantage in various projects such as cradle to cradle or
taking a functioning project the mobius project but mostly it is a
reminder to not imitate nature obstinately.
3. Also, designing just for the sake of aesthetics is not always the solution,
largely biomimicry is related with form building ignoring the real
meaning and reason behind it, therefore a detailed study about the
mimicking process is necessary before applying it.

5.3 Future Scope

With the passing years nature can be called the most efficient functioning synthesis.
In architectural context fusing Biomimicry with building planning, construction and
executing can be a sustainable solution. Considering the changes occurring, designing
sustainably is the need and applying biomimetic principles logically can be a wise
approach.

5.4 Final Conclusion

Summarizing the concepts, approaches and levels outlined in the research, at a

personal level it can be concluded that Biomimicry as an architectural approach paired
with technological advancements can result as an insightful solution. Nature is
available as a readily available source of inspiration but also the solutions derived
from it are tried and tested over the years and evolved with the human’s progress and
enhancements. The trait of developing with time comes with the human psyche
similarly nature has been evolving therefore it can be a trusted source of inspiration.
Hence, through the Comprehensive analysis (table a and b below) conducted with all
the case studies this can presented that biomimicry can be taken as inspiration for
enhancing the architectural functionality of the building relating the functioning of
local organisms and the building.

61
6 INFERENCES

BUILDING BIOMIMICRY
BUILDING TYPOLOGY FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATION INFERENCES
NAME INSPIRATION

Ch2 uses ventilation strategy similar to termite The building comprises of two bio-mimicry
mound using convention, ventilation stacks, inspirations, mimicking the plants 24-hr
thermal mass, and water for cooling. The council functioning and ventilation system similar to
COUNCIL HOUSE OFFICE PLANT’S house also mimics the planet's ecology using the termite mound this results in enhanced
HVAC
CH2 BUILDING ECOLOGY natural 24-hour cycle of solar energy, natural functioning and improved thermal
light, air and rainwater, to power, heat, cool, and conditions.
water the building.
The form of the high rise tower emulates the The 71-storey building has mimicked a
functioning of sea sponge skin. Sponges pump mere process of water transportation of a sea
thousands of gallons of water into their holes, sponge and managed to create a system
from which they draw their food. Likewise, the similar to create wind energy using
PEARL RIVER OFFICE SEA SPONGE ENERGY tower sucks winds into its four holes to create enormous fans at higher levels of the
TOWER BUILDING SKIN PRODUCTION electricity by wind turbines. The form tends to building.
invite winds into designated slots that provide
pressure relief and hence improves wind
resistance. Wind turbines are incorporated in
the wind slots.
Bio-mimic inspiration in this architectural The building’s bio-mimicry inspiration
design is the Burke Brise Soleil is notably module acting as a shading device
RECREATIONAL inspired from avian forms, even classifying each responsive of the sun not only improves the
MILWAUKEE FAÇADE SYSTEM, i n d i v i d u a l s t r u c t u r e a s “ w i n g s ” . T h e thermal comfort but also acts as a
CENTER, BIRD WINGS
ART MUSEUM VENTILATION symmetrically-winged shade structure responds magnificent piece of attraction.
MUSEUM
to light and wind conditions and is a light weight
structure.
The building mimics the energy production Mimicking the form of calla lily flower the
process of a flower, The form of the building is building is one of the zero-emission building
identical to a lily. The rim of the bowl collects and manages to recycle the rain water.
WUHAN NEW OFFICE FLOWER rainwater and it is used to supply water to the Mimicking the form and using it’s elements
SOLAR FACADE
ENERGY CENTRE BUILDING PHOTOSYNTHESIS building. to ameliorate the efficiency.

The building mimics the structure of a sound The curvilinear form of the building has
cave that have been existing since decades and resulted in astounding acoustically treated
IMPROVED managed to stay withstand all the natural theater without using any particular
NATIONAL
ACOUSTICS, calamities. Similarly because of the building’s treatments. Also, the building is a tourist
TAICHUNG RECREATIONAL SOUND CAVE
EARTHQUAKE construction in such manner the theater has no attraction because of it’s unusual form.
THEATER
RESISTANT special acoustics system.

Table a-Learnings of the case studies

62
 BUILDING BIOMIMICRY
BUILDING TYPOLOGY FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATION INFERENCES
NAME INSPIRATION

The building functions similar to that of a The termite is a part of local Fauna of the
termite mound, internal conditions are regulated State and the exists in the harsh climate.
ENERGY to be optimal and thermally stable and the Mimicking the materials and planning of the
EAST GATE OFFICE TERMITE building is working without a HVAC system. It termite mound the temperature is regulated
CENTER BUILDING MOUNDS EFFICIENCY
INCREASED functions in the same way a termite mound does throughout the year with no need of HVAC
in a larger context. systems.

The building has the form similar to honeycomb The Eden project is modern approach of
of bees and even the multifaceted eyes of a fly as designing an indoor Biome. The biomes
ENERGY these creatures use their surroundings most have a geothermal electricity plant which
OFFICE SOAP BUBBLES effectively to create a very strong, yet light- generates about 4MWE, enough to supply
EDEN PROJECT EFFICIENCY
BUILDING weight, solution. Eden and about 5000 households.
INCREASED

The urban city as a whole functions similar to The city has reduced 30% of carbon
a deciduous forest and individual buildings emissions, 65% of potable water
ECOLOGICALLY follow fig leaves functioning. Foundation consumption, and 95% of waste sent to
LAVASA HILL URBAN DECIDUOUS stores water. Drip tip system water to clean its landfills. The city is self sustaining and
CITY VILLAGE FOREST SUSTAINABLE
ENVIRONMENT surface. Responds to the seasonal flooding. functions like various components of trees.

The facade of the building has lining algae that Also known as Solar Leaf-Building. The
produces bio-mass and heat. The facade also bio-reactive façade provides around one
serves the conventional purposes of insulating third of the total heat demand of the 15
BIQ HOUSE RESIDENTIAL LIVING ALGAE PASSIVE ENERGY the building from sound, heat, and cold, and residential units. The algae functions all year
UNIT FACADE HOUSE provides shade in bright sunlight. round and increase the solar thermal
efficiency.

Super-structure of the stadium is inspired by the Mimicking the structure of bird’s nest for
structure of a bird’s nest. Series of triangulations building the stadium of such great scale has
BEIJING COMPACT & devoid evolve stiffness in the structure. Facade resulted in a successful bio-mimetic
SPORTS BIRDS NEST OPTIMUM DESIGN, openings for natural ventilation-panels reduce solution, the reduced structural load, lesser
OLYMPIC
STADIUM IMPROVED the dead load supported by the roof. use of materials and increased ventilation.
STADIUM
VENTILATION

The building employs an aerodynamic form The building form and curves makes it wind-
similar to Venus flower that improves wind resistant , fracture resistant, improves
ST. MARY AXE HVAC, resistance and the structure maximizes natural ventilation. Cylindrical lattice-like
("GHERKIN" COMMERCIAL VENUS FLOWER light and ventilation and structural performance. structure of the building makes the
HIGH RISE BASKET STRUCTURALLY
OR "SWISS RE") STRONG the structure of Venus flower basket is said to be construction easier and the suitable for the
tough yet flexible high speed winds in the context.

Table b- Learnings of the case studies

63
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