Chapter 1 Internetworking 1

Internetworking Basics 2
Internetworking Models 7
The Layered Approach 7
Advantages of Reference Models 8
The OSI Reference Model 8
The Application Layer 10
The Presentation Layer 11
The Session Layer 12
The Transport Layer 13
The Network Layer 17
The Data Link Layer 20
The Physical Layer 23
Ethernet Networking 24
Half- and Full-Duplex Ethernet 25
Ethernet at the Data Link Layer 26
Ethernet at the Physical Layer 31
Ethernet Cabling 33
Straight-Through Cable 33
Crossover Cable 34
Rolled Cable 35
Wireless Networking 36
Data Encapsulation 38
The Cisco Three-Layer Hierarchical Model 42
The Core Layer 44
The Distribution Layer 44
The Access Layer 45
Summary 45
Exam Essentials 46
Written Lab 1 47
Written Lab 1.1: OSI Questions 47
Written Lab 1.2: Defining the OSI Layers and Devices 48
Written Lab 1.3: Identifying Collision and
Broadcast Domains 49
Review Questions 50
Answers to Review Questions 54
Answers to Written Lab 1.1 56
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Contents
Answer to Written Lab 1.2 57
Answers to Written Lab 1.3 57

Chapter 2 Internet Protocols 59

TCP/IP and the DoD Model 60
The Process/Application Layer Protocols 62
The Host-to-Host Layer Protocols 66
The Internet Layer Protocols 75
Binary to Decimal and Hexadecimal Conversion 83
IP Addressing 86
IP Terminology 87
The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme 87
Private IP Addresses 92
Broadcast Addresses 94
Introduction to Network Address Translation (NAT) 95
Summary 96
Exam Essentials 96
Written Lab 2 97
Review Questions 98
Answers to Review Questions 102
Answers to Written Lab 2 104

Chapter 3 IP Subnetting and Variable Length

Subnet Masks (VLSMs) 105
Subnetting Basics 106
IP Subnet-Zero 107
How to Create Subnets 108
Subnet Masks 109
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) 110
Subnetting Class C Addresses 112
The Binary Method: Subnetting a Class C Address 112
The Fast Way: Subnetting a Class C Address 114
Subnetting Class B Addresses 122
Subnetting Class A Addresses 128
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs) 130
VLSM Design 132
Implementing VLSM Networks 134
Summarization 141
Troubleshooting IP Addressing 142
Determining IP Address Problems 143
Summary 148
Exam Essentials 148
Written Lab 3 149
Contents
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Review Questions 150
Answers to Review Questions 155
Answers to Written Lab 3 157

Chapter 4 Introduction to the Cisco IOS 159

The Cisco Router User Interface 160
Cisco Router IOS 161
Connecting to a Cisco Router 161
Bringing Up a Router 162
Setup Mode 164
Command-Line Interface 168
Logging into the Router 169
Overview of Router Modes 170
CLI Prompts 171
Editing and Help Features 173
Gathering Basic Routing Information 178
Router and Switch Administrative Functions 179
Hostnames 179
Banners 180
Setting Passwords 181
Encrypting Your Passwords 186
Descriptions 188
Router Interfaces 189
Bringing Up an Interface 190
Configuring an IP Address on an Interface 191
Serial Interface Commands 192
Viewing, Saving, and Erasing Configurations 194
Verifying Your Configuration 196
Summary 202
Exam Essentials 203
Written Lab 4 204
Hands-on Labs 206
Hands-on Lab 4.1: Logging into a Router 206
Hands-on Lab 4.2: Using the Help and Editing Features 207
Hands-on Lab 4.3: Saving a Router Configuration 208
Hands-on Lab 4.4: Setting Your Passwords 208
Hands-on Lab 4.5: Setting the Hostname, Descriptions,
IP Address, and Clock Rate 210
Review Questions 213
Answers to Review Questions 218
Answers to Written Lab 4 220
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Contents

Chapter 5 IP Routing 221

Routing Basics 222
The IP Routing Process 224
Testing Your IP Routing Understanding 228
IP Routing in a Larger Network 230
Configuring IP Routing in Our Network 236
Static Routing 236
Default Routing 241
Dynamic Routing 245
Routing Protocol Basics 245
Administrative Distances 245
Routing Protocols 246
Distance-Vector Routing Protocols 247
Routing Loops 249
Maximum Hop Count 250
Split Horizon 250
Route Poisoning 250
Holddowns 251
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 251
RIP Timers 252
Configuring RIP Routing 252
Verifying the RIP Routing Tables 255
Holding Down RIP Propagations 256
RIP Version 2 (RIPv2) 257
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) 259
IGRP Timers 259
Configuring IGRP Routing 260
Verifying the IGRP Routing Tables 262
Troubleshooting IGRP 264
Using Both RIP and IGRP 264
Verifying Your Configurations 265
The
show protocols
Command 266
The
show ip protocols
Command 266
The
debug ip rip
Command 269
The
debug ip igrp
Command 271
Summary 273
Exam Essentials 273
Written Lab 5 274
Hands-on Labs 275
Hands-on Lab 5.1: Creating Static Routes 276
Hands-on Lab 5.2: Dynamic Routing with RIP 277
Hands-on Lab 5.3: Dynamic Routing with IGRP 278
Review Questions 280
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Answers to Review Questions 286
Answers to Written Lab 5 288

Chapter 6 Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) and Open Shortest

Path First (OSPF) 289
EIGRP Features and Operation 290
Protocol-Dependent Modules 291
Neighbor Discovery 291
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) 293
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) 293
Using EIGRP to Support Large Networks 294
Multiple ASes 294
VLSM Support and Summarization 295
Route Discovery and Maintenance 296
Configuring EIGRP 298
Lab_A 300
Lab_B 301
Lab_C 301
Configuring Discontiguous Networks 302
Verifying EIGRP 303
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Basics 305
OSPF Terminology 308
SPF Tree Calculation 310
Configuring OSPF 311
Enabling OSPF 311
Configuring OSPF Areas 312
Verifying OSPF Configuration 314
The
show ip ospf
Command 315
The
show ip ospf database
Command 316
The
show ip ospf interface
Command 317
The
show ip ospf neighbor
Command 318
The
show ip protocols
Command 318
OSPF and Loopback Interfaces 319
Configuring Loopback Interfaces 319
Verifying Loopbacks and RIDs 321
Troubleshooting OSPF 322
Configuring EIGRP and OSPF Summary Routes 325
Summary 327
Exam Essentials 328
Written Lab 6 329
Hands-on Labs 330
Hands-on Lab 6.1: Configuring and Verifying EIGRP 331
Hands-on Lab 6.2: Enabling the OSPF Process 332
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Contents
Hands-on Lab 6.3: Configuring OSPF Neighbors 333
Hands-on Lab 6.4: Verifying OSPF Operation 334
Review Questions 335
Answers to Review Questions 340
Answers to Written Lab 6 342

Chapter 7 Layer 2 Switching 343

Before Layer 2 Switching 344
Switching Services 347
Limitations of Layer 2 Switching 348
Bridging vs. LAN Switching 349
Three Switch Functions at Layer 2 349
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) 353
Spanning Tree Terms 354
Spanning Tree Operations 355
Spanning Tree Example 358
LAN Switch Types 360
Cut-Through (Real Time) 361
FragmentFree (Modified Cut-Through) 361
Store-and-Forward 362
Configuring the Catalyst 1900 and 2950 Switches 362
1900 and 2950 Switch Startup 363
Setting the Passwords 364
Setting the Hostname 366
Setting IP Information 367
Configuring Interface Descriptions 368
Setting Port Security on a Catalyst Switch 369
Erasing the Switch Configuration 369
Summary 370
Exam Essentials 370
Written Lab 7 371
Hands-on Labs 372
Hands-on Lab 7.1: Switch Basic
Administrative Configurations 372
Hands-on Lab 7.2: Verifying the Switch Configurations 375
Review Questions 376
Answers to Review Questions 380
Answers to Written Lab 7 382

Chapter 8 Virtual LANs (VLANs) 383

VLAN Basics 384
Broadcast Control 386
Security 386
Flexibility and Scalability 387
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VLAN Memberships 389
Static VLANs 390
Dynamic VLANs 390
Identifying VLANs 390
Frame Tagging 392
VLAN Identification Methods 392
Inter-Switch Link (ISL) Protocol 393
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) 393
VTP Modes of Operation 394
VTP Pruning 396
Routing between VLANs 396
Configuring VLANs 397
Assigning Switch Ports to VLANs 399
Configuring Trunk Ports 401
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing 403
Configuring VTP 409
Troubleshooting VTP 411
Configuring Switching in Our Sample Internetwork 413
Summary 420
Exam Essentials 420
Written Lab 8 421
Review Questions 422
Answers to Review Questions 428
Answers to Written Lab 8 430

Chapter 9 Managing a Cisco Internetwork 431

The Internal Components of a Cisco Router 432
The Router Boot Sequence 433
Managing Configuration Registers 434
Understanding the Configuration Register Bits 434
Checking the Current Configuration Register Value 436
Changing the Configuration Register 436
Recovering Passwords 437
Backing Up and Restoring the Cisco IOS 440
Verifying Flash Memory 441
Backing Up the Cisco IOS 442
Restoring or Upgrading the Cisco Router IOS 443
Backing Up and Restoring the Cisco Configuration 446
Backing Up the Cisco Router Configuration 446
Restoring the Cisco Router Configuration 448
Erasing the Configuration 449
Using Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) 449
Getting CDP Timers and Holdtime Information 450
Gathering Neighbor Information 450
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Contents
Gathering Interface Traffic Information 453
Gathering Port and Interface Information 453
Using Telnet 455
Telnetting into Multiple Devices Simultaneously 457
Checking Telnet Connections 459
Checking Telnet Users 459
Closing Telnet Sessions 459
Resolving Hostnames 461
Building a Host Table 461
Using DNS to Resolve Names 463
Checking Network Connectivity 466
Using the
ping
Command 466
Using the
traceroute
Command 467
Summary 467
Exam Essentials 468
Written Lab 9 469
Hands-on Labs 470
Hands-on Lab 9.1: Backing Up Your Router IOS 470
Hands-on Lab 9.2: Upgrading or Restoring Your
Router IOS 470
Hands-on Lab 9.3: Backing Up the
Router Configuration 471
Hands-on Lab 9.4: Using the Cisco Discovery
Protocol (CDP) 471
Hands-on Lab 9.5: Using Telnet 472
Hands-on Lab 9.6: Resolving Hostnames 473
Review Questions 475
Answers to Review Questions 479
Answers to Written Lab 9 481

Chapter 10 Managing Traffic with Access Lists 483

Introduction to Access Lists 484
Standard Access Lists 487
Wildcard Masking 488
Standard Access List Example 490
Controlling VTY (Telnet) Access 493
Extended Access Lists 494
Extended Access List Example 1 498
Extended Access List Example 2 499
Named Access Lists 500
Monitoring Access Lists 502
Summary 504
Exam Essentials 504
Contents
xvii
Written Lab 10 505
Hands-on Labs 506
Hands-on Lab 10.1: Standard IP Access Lists 506
Hands-on Lab 10.2: Extended IP Access Lists 507
Review Questions 510
Answers to Review Questions 515
Answers to Written Lab 10 517

Chapter 11 Wide Area Networking Protocols 519

Introduction to Wide Area Networks 520
Defining WAN Terms 520
WAN Connection Types 521
WAN Support 522
Cabling the Wide Area Network 524
Serial Transmission 525
Data Terminal Equipment and Data Communication
Equipment 525
Fixed and Modular Interfaces 526
High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) Protocol 527
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 528
Link Control Protocol (LCP) Configuration Options 529
PPP Session Establishment 529
PPP Authentication Methods 530
Configuring PPP on Cisco Routers 531
Configuring PPP Authentication 531
Verifying PPP Encapsulation 532
Frame Relay 536
Introduction to Frame Relay Technology 537
Frame Relay Implementation and Monitoring 547
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 554
ISDN Connections 555
ISDN Components 556
Basic Rate Interface (BRI) 559
Primary Rate Interface (PRI) 560
ISDN with Cisco Routers 560
Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR) 561
Configuring DDR 562
Optional Commands 566
DDR with Access Lists 566
Verifying the ISDN Operation 567
Summary 568
Exam Essentials 568
Written Lab 11 569
Hands-on Labs 571
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Contents
Hands-on Lab 11.1: Configuring PPP Encapsulation
and Authentication 571
Hands-on Lab 11.2: Configuring and Monitoring HDLC 572
Hands-on Lab 11.3: Configuring Frame Relay
and Subinterfaces 573
Hands-on Lab 11.4: Configuring ISDN and
BRI Interfaces 575
Review Questions 578
Answers to Review Questions 585
Answers to Written Lab 11 587
Appendix A
Commands in This Study Guide 589
Glossary
601
Index 661