IELTS Express Intermediate Workbook

Audio CD Track Listing

Track Unit Page Listening Activities

1 Copyright notice
2 1 13 1.1
3 1 13 1.2
4 1 13 1.3
5 1 13 1.4
6 2 14 2.1
7 2 14 2.2
8 2 14 2.3
9 2 15 2.4
10 2 15 2.5
11 2 16 2.6
12 2 16 2.7
13 3 27 3.1
14 3 28 3.2
15 4 30 4.1
16 4 31 4.2
17 4 31 4.3
18 4 32 4.4
19 4 32 4.5
20 5 44 5.1
21 5 44 5.2
22 5 44 5.3
23 5 45 5.4
24 6 46 6.1
25 6 46 6.2
26 6 47 6.3
27 6 47 6.4
28 6 48 6.5
29 6 49 6.6
30 7 59 7.1 Speaker 1
31 7 59 7.1 Speaker 2
32 7 61 7.2
33 8 62 8.1
34 8 63 8.2
35 8 64 8.3
36 8 64 8.4
37 8 65 8.5
[IJ Studying Overseas 3 Answer: True
Note '... in Japan it is considered rude to bLow your nose
READING in pubLic .. :
4 Answer: True
2 Predicting content Note 'The best advice we can give you is to Learn some of
A Topics 1, 4 and 6 will be mentioned in the article. the LocaL customs of the peopLe you wiLL be spending time
3 Matching statements to options with:
Task practice 5 Answer: Not Given
1 Answer: A Note There is no mention of using chopsticks with your
Note 'In tutorials, you are expected to be much more Left hand.
active - asking questions and giving your opinions - and I 6 Answer: Not Given
found it very difficuLt at first: Note There is no mention of how many courses there are
2 Answer: B in an ItaLian meal.
Note 'Another probLem for me was reading. It was very 7 Answer: True
hard at first to read Long texts in EngLish: Note' ... they might consider you impoLite if you use your
3 Answer: ( Left:
Note' ... I was too worried about making mistakes ... ' 8 Answer: False
4 Answer: A Note 'In Britain, shaking hands is mainLy done between
Note 'In my opinion, it's not just your LeveL of EngLish men ... '
that you need to work on - it's your approach to studying 6 Short-answer questions
in generaL: Before the task
5 Answer: B A 9 what; 10 what; 11 what; 12 who; 13 how many
Note 'If you want my advice, take a preparation course B 9 A; 10 B; 11 C; 12 C; 13 C
before you start your main degree'. Task practice
6 Answer: B 9 Answer: your (cotton) handkerchief
Note 'We were shown techniques to improve our reading Note ' ... heaven forbid you put your cotton handkerchief
... now I feeL a Lot more confident about reading in back in your pocket! .. :
EngLish ... '
10 Answer: a second plateful
7 Answer: (
Note' ... so never refuse a second pLateful!'
Note 'What I found very hard was taking part in
discussions ... and I knew enough about the topics .. : 11 Answer: a business card
Note 'If you are given a business card in ... Singapore,
8 Answer: (
and you don't accept it in both hands, you'LL be showing
Note 'My advice to students is make sure your EngLish disrespect ... '
LeveL is high enough before you go overseas ... '
12 Answer: men
4 Skimming and scanning
Note 'In Britain, shaking hands is mainLy done between
A b; ( 1 China; 2 MusLim cuLtures; 3 three times men ... '
5 True/False/Not Given 13 Answer: twice
Before the task Note 'The ItaLians kiss ... it's twice - once on each
1 A; 2 A; 3 A; 4 B; 5 B; 6 B; 7 C; 8 C cheek .. :
Task practice
1 Answer: True
Note ' ... peopLe might be understanding if you have
troubLes with their Language ... '
2 Answer: False
Note' ... they are Less LikeLy to be forgiving if you break
the unwritten sociaL ruLes:

Answer key 83
 VOCABULARY 4 Talking about plans for the future
A 1 go abroad and have a hoLiday; 2 continue studies in
1 Word building Canada and become a doctor; 3 study at Exeter
A University; 4 study Law in the United States; 5 move to
New ZeaLand
noun verb adjective · adverb
expectation expect expected expectedLy B 1 I'm pLanning to ... ; 2 I'm probabLy going to ... ;
compLetion compLete compLete compLeteLy 3 I'm hoping to ... ; 4 I'd really Love to ... ; 5 I'm
anaLysis anaLyse anaLyticaL anaLyticaLLy definiteLy going to ...
construction construct constructive constructiveLy
introduction introduce introductory [Z] Shopping and the Internet
appreciation appreciate appreciative appreciativeLy
LISTENING
sympathy sympathise sympathetic sympathetically
satisfaction satisfy satisfied/ satisfactoriLy/ 1 Introduction
satisfying satisfyingLy A 1 doLLar; 2 euro; 3 pound; 4 cent; 5 pence or pee
society sociaLise sociaL socially B 1 $20; 2 before; 3 after; 4 50¢, 5 75p
comfort comfort comfortabLe comfortabLy ( 1 sixty-five doLLars; 2 eight hundred and fifty pounds;
3 one thousand four hundred euros, or fourteen hundred
euros; 4 ten thousand doLLars; 5 one million pounds, or
B 1 constructive; 2 anaLyticaL; 3 appreciative;
a million pounds; 6 six dollars fifty; 7 ten pounds
4 sympathise; 5 compLeting
ninety-nine; 8 ninety cents;
2 Vocabulary in context 9 twenty-five pence, or twenty-five pee;
A 1 tutoriaL; 2 assignment; 3 topic; 4 support; 10 fifteen euros
5 approach; 6 argument; 7 text; 8 degree; D 1 $350; 2 £50,000; 3 € 15,000; 4 $5.50; 5 80p
9 chaLLenge; 10 styLe 2 Predicting what you will hear
B 1 format; 2 appendix; 3 prioritise; 4 reduce;
A 1 a name; 2 a pLace; 3 a number; 4 a number;
5 text; 6 theme; 7 project; 8 criteria; 9 draft;
5 a pLace
10 abstract
B 1 sea; 2 pooL; 3 4/four; 4 300; 5 the Internet
( noun only: abstract, appendix, criteria, theme, text;
( 1 a number; 2 a pLuraL noun; 3 a name;
verb only: prioritise, reduce;
4 a number; 5 a name
noun or verb: draft, format, project
D 1 35; 2 songs; 3 cabLe; 4 200; 5 teLephone
SPEAKING 3 Notes completion
Before the task
1 Talking about likes and dislikes
Answer 5 is probabLy a number; 1 (and possibLy 2) might
A Suggested order: hate/can't stand, disLike/don't Like,
be a name.
don't mind, Like/enjoy/(be) fond of, reaLLy Like, Love
Task practice
B Answers will vary.
1 underwater; 2 (scuba) divers; 3 (reaLLy) Light;
2 Talking about travelling abroad 4 can of drink; 5 forty/40
A Speaker 1 Likes traveLLing abroad; Speaker 2 disLikes 4 Form compLetion
traveLLing abroad. Task practice
B Speaker 1 Likes trav~LLing by pLane, the whoLe
1 Gerrard; 2 129; 3 4010; 4 038164572; 5 JuLy 1st;
experience of a new cuLture and meeting new peopLe;
6 (the) pen; 7 credit card; 8 (a) friend
Speaker 2 disLikes foreign food and being in a tiny
space for hours and hours.
3 Talking about where you come from
B See Listening script for details.

84 Answer key
 VOCABULARY 4 Expressing similarities and differences
A talking about similarities: both, also, and, as ... as,
1 Word building have in common, similar, the same as;
A talking about differences: although, even though,
yerb noun "') . .•. aRtpnYAl'vetb;. however, not as ... as, whereas, while
sell sale buy B 1 both; 2 Even though; 3 whereas; 4 in common.
save savings spend 5 Describing charts
profit profit lose See model answer on page 93.
rise rise fall
lend loan borrow ~ Jobs and Job-hunting
increase increase decrease
withdraw withdrawal deposit READING

2 Identifying keywords and paraphrasing

B 1 The TV cost a lot of money.
2 The banks raised the interest rate again last month. A 1 trendy; 2 opportunities; 3 workforce;
4 discrimination; 5 deal with; 6 suffer; 7 absence;
3 My father lent me the money to buy a car.
8 flourished; 9 Suggested answers: accountant, flight
4 I withdrew £300 from the bank this morning.
attendant, teacher; 10 policies .
5 Over 50% of the price of a CD goes to the record
company as profit. 3 Matching information to sections of text
2 Vocabulary in context Task practice
A 1 S; 2 S; 3 H; 4 H; 5 H; 6 S; 7 H; 8 S; 9 H; 10 S; 1 Answer: D
11 H; 12 H Note ' ... the financial services industry, the airlines
B 1 borrow; 2 lend; 3 owed; 4 overdrawn; 5 spends industry and the independent schooling system:
6 bankrupt
2Answer: A
WRITING Note '... as our lives have become more complex,
expensive or stressful and as we demand more .. :
1 Using fractions and percentages 3 Answer: (
A 1 e; 2 c; 3 f; 4 a; 5 d; 6 b Note 'Job-sharing has been seen as a cure for such
B 1 one/a sixth; 2 one/a tenth; 3 four fifths; economic problems as unemployment .. :
4 a/one fifth; 5 two eighths 6 two and a half
4 Answer: (
( 1 two out of three; 2 one in ten; 3 99%; 4 one in ten; Note 'The rewards for the employee are ... it is
5 two out of three; 6 26%; 7 26%; 8 99% especially popular with women nearing the end of their
D 1 approximately half; almost half; nearly 50%; just pregnancies .. :
under half; 2 80%, four fifths, four out of five; 3 a 5 Answer: D
third, one in three; 4 a sixth; 5 one hundredth, one
Note 'Indeed, the school system has played a pioneering
percent; 6 four out of a hundred, fewer than one in
role with regard to flexible work practices:
twenty, one in twenty-five
6 Answer: B
2 Interpreting data
Note 'In 1998, The Human Rights and Equal
A 1 F - not 'most' accidents (that would mean over 50%
Opportunities Commission made a landmark decision .. :
but it is only 16%). The biggest single cause is looking
at a crash, roadside incident or traffic; 2 T; 3 T; 4 F - 4 Reading for gist
almost one in ten; 5 T A 1 a; 2 b
B 1 cause; 2 are caused; 3 caused; 4 causes; 5 are caused
3 Making comparisons
A 1 less; 2 fewer; 3 more; 4 fewer; 5 less
B 1 less, fewer; 2 fewer, bigger; 3 fewer, lesser;
4 less, fewer; 5 less, bigger
( 1 cheaper; 2 The highest; 3 Fewer; 4 The biggest;
5 the most successful

Answer key 85
 5 Sentence completion 3 Predicting what you will hear
Task practice A b pretending to be another person; d getting access to
1 F; 2 C; 3 E; 4 role reversal; 5 highly-educated women; someone's personal information
6 self-esteem; 7 guilt B 1 B; 2 B
C 1 Why not A? This is an example of identity theft not
VOCABULARY the definition of it;
Why not C? This sounds like the answer but doesn't
1 Word building really explain what identity theft means as a crime. Look
A at the listening script for part 2 and see how the words
verb Inoun thing noun .. ..... in B mean the same thing.
2 The listening script says 'new technologies' so A is
train training trainer/trainee trained mentioned using different words.; The listening script
employ employment employer/employee employed says 'the growth in international trade' which is the
unemployment unemployed same meaning as C. The word 'growth' is used and
apply application applicant 'crime' in the same sentence but it does not say that all
interview interview interviewer/i nterviewee crimes have increased so B is NOT given as a reason.
.
qualify qualification qualified 4 Notes completion
Task practice
B 1 qualified/trained; 2 application; 3 interview;
1 driving licence; 2 documents; 3 cheques/checks;
4 unemployed; 5 qualifications; 6 employment;
7 applicants; 8 training; 9 unemployment; 4 computer
10 qualify 5 Short-answer questions
2 Vocabulary in context Task practice
A 1 salary; 2 employed; 3 compensation; 5 (your) security awareness; 6 (a) password;
4 full-time; 5 experience; 6 income; 7 qualification; 7 personal details; 8 secure websites;
8 contract; 9 uniform; 10 promotion; 11 training; 9 (your) bank
12 application
Follow-up
SPEAKING
B possible answers: crime, theft, victim, criminal,
1 Using notes to organise your Part 2 talk illegally, commit (a crime), thief, steal, stolen, burglary,
fraud, hacker, break into, illegal, report
B 1 Yes; 2 Yes; 3 Yes; 4 past tense - because the
interview happened in the past and is finished. 6 Multiple-choice questions
C Extra details include: her university studies, her Task practice
knowledge of computers 1 B; 2 C; 3 A; 4 A

2 Talking about jobs VOCABULARY

Ac
1 Word building
Crime and Punishment A

LISTENING Crime ...........

.....
Verb form(s)
burglary burglar burgle
1 Introduction
commit a burglary
A 1 prisoner; 2 criminal; 3 suspect; 4 accused
kidnapping kidnapper kidnap
B suggested order: a 1; b 10; c 8; d 2; e 6; f 5;
murder murderer murder
g 3; h 9; i 4; j 7
commit a murder
2 Identifying synonyms and paraphrasing arson arsonist commit arson
A 1 Identify theft; 2 much later; 3 protect yourself set fire to something
B 1 it is called identity theft; 2 realise; 3 have been the vandalism vandal vandalise
victim; 4 much later; 5 minimise the chance/know how theft thief (steal)
to protect shoplifting shoplifter steal something from a shop
robbery robber rob

86 Answer key
 B 1 robbery; 2 arson; 3 murder; 4 burglary; B what's more; show a contrast: but, however; show a
5 vandalism; 6 kidnapping; 7 theft consequence: so; express an opinion: it is clear to me
that, it seems to me that; give a reason: because; give
2 Vocabulary in context an example: after all, for example; list a sequence of
events: finally, next, secondly, then
A 1 f; 2 h; 3 d; 4 a; 5 b; 6 e; 7 c; 8 g
B 1 electronic tagging; 2 fine; 3 suspended sentence; 4 Showing contrast
4 execution; 5 caning; 6 stoning; 7 community service A 1 despite/in spite of; 2 eve'll though; 3 However,
4 Although
WRITING B 1 It seems to me that; 2 Therefore; 3 Furthermore;
4 after aLL; 5 In my view
1 Seeing two sides of an argument This paragraph is for the statement.
( a F; b F; c A; d F; e A; f A
5 Writing a Ifor and against' essay
D Suggested ideas:
Statement 2 See model answer on page 93.
For:
a We should not use violence to provide entertainment. [ID Transport and Inventions
b It gives people the mistaken idea that society is
violent and unsafe. READING
c People, especially children, mimic the behaviour they
2 Predicting (ontent
see on television.
A 1 F; 2 F; 3 T
Against: B 'In this article, we take a look at this form of transport
a Viewers know the difference between fictionalised (mass transit railways) in three South East Asian cities:
violence and the real thing. Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore:
b TV Channels indicate to viewers if a programme
3 Building a map of the text
contains violence, so parents can choose to switch
off. A The passage is organised by categories
c These programmes are not shown in the early evening, B The three sections are: Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and
when younger children may be watching television. Singapore
( b
Statement 3
D Suggested answers:
For:
a The police should be equipped to deal with modern B The Bangkok project had a number of problems.
criminals. ( The Sky Train is having trouble attracting customers.
b If the police are well-trained, there should be little D Kuala Lumpur's system faced financial difficulties.
risk. E The LRT relies on technology to improve safety.
c Knowing the police are armed is a deterrent to F The new MRT line in Singapore is automated.
criminals. G Singapore encourages public transport use by linking
different types.
Against:
4 Matching headings to paragraphs
a Most crime is non-violent and doesn't require an
armed response by the police. Task practice
b We don't want anyone, neither the police nor A ix; B vii; ( vi; D viii; E i; F v; G iv
criminals, to bring weapons into the community. 5 Multiple-choice questions
c If criminals know the police have guns, they think
Task practice
that they should also carry weapons.
1 Answer: 0
2 Planning and organising your essay Note '... was reluctant to invest public funds .. :
A Answers will vary. 2 Answer: (
B Answers will vary. Note I •••a taxi driver was killed .. :
3 Using linking expressions 3 Answer: A
Alb; 2 c; 3 f; 4 g; 5 a; 6 e; 7 d Note '... the Sky Train opened ahead of schedule:
4 Answer: A
Note' ... there is a further challenge for the operators:
persuading people to use the system:

Answer key 87
 5 Answer: C
Note 'Although construction had already been completed
Lil The Natural World
,
LISTENING
6 Answer: A
Note 'At present, around 10,000 people ride the train 1 Introduction
daily, but the target figure is 30,000:
7 Answer: A A 1 g; 2 b; 3 c; 4 d; 5 f; 6 a; 7 e
Note 'In terms of safety, passengers can communicate 2 Identifying speakers and attitude
directly with the control centre .. : A 1 male, low; 2 female, high; 3 male, high
8 Answer: A B interest Oh, sounds great, Wow, that's interesting;
Note 'Adding to Singapore's existing Mass Rapid Transport confusion Sorry, I don't know what you mean,
,
I don't follow you;
9 Answer: A and B: agreement Yes, that's right, Exactly.
10 Answer: Band C
3 Classification
VOCABULARY Task practice
1 D; 2 C; 3 C; 4 A; 5 B
1 Word building
Follow up
A
Surprise: Wow, no way! You're kidding!
Understanding: Oh, I get it. Mm, I see.
communicate communication 4 Table completion
intrude intrusion Task practice
detect detection
6 100; 7 10; 8 crater; 9 Japan; 10 300;
extend extension
11 steep slopes; 12 secondary cones
integrate integration
construct construction 5 Notes completion
automate automation Before the task
implement implementation 1 conservation; 2 mammal; 3 naturalist; 4 extinction;
combine combination 5 endangered; 6 biodiversity
B 1 construct; 2 reduce; 3 automate; 4 intrude; Task practice
5 combine; 6 integrate; 7 extend; 8 detect;
9 communicate; 10 implement 1 Frozen Ark: 2 life codes; 3 25; 4 ecosystem;
5 genetic information; 6 database
2 Vocabulary in context
6 Summary completion
A 1 communication; 2 intrusion; 3 detect,
4 combination; 5 automated; 6 reduce Task practice
B 1 threats; 2 prevent; 3 external; 4 expertise; 7 tissue samples; 8 insect; 9 low temperatures;
5 secure; 6 fully; 7 overall; 8 costs 10 clone

SPEAKING VOCABULARY

1 Giving your opinion 1 Word building

A 1 CP; 2 PT; 3 PT; 4 CP A increase: shoot up, grow, rise, soar, rocket;
2 Agreeing and disagreeing decrease: plummet, plunge, crash, fall, decline, drop;
A 1 2; 2 1; 3 5; 4 4; 5 3 go up and down: fluctuate;
B Speaker 1 PA; Speaker 2 D; Speaker 3 A stay the same: stabilise, level off;
C2 large: significant, considerable, sizable, remarkable,
Agreeing: I absolutely agree major;
Disagreeing: I don't agree at all; I don't think so small: faint, slight, mild, gentle, minor
Partly Agreeing: I agree up to a point; I agree with you B 1 plummeted; 2 considerably; 3 levelling off;
to an extent 4 fluctuate; 5 shot up
3 Expressing levels of certainty
A 1 could, may not; 2 might, could; 3 will, won't, should

88 Answer key
2 Vocabulary in context [1] Food and Diet
1 fell/dropped/decreased; 2 steadily/continuously;
3 dived/plunged/dropped/crashed; 4 fall/decrease; READING
5 a low/a low point; 6 rise/increase; 7 fluctuated;
8 shot up/rocketed/soared; 9 high/peak; 10 slight/minor; 2 Identifying the writer's opinion
11 drop/fall; 12 rise/increase
A i Not Given; ii Yes; iii No
B 1 Yes ' ... one in four children is overweight or obese
WRITING
and, for boys, this figure rises to one in three:; 2 Not
Given - it only says that overweight boys are more
1 Identifying trends
sedentary than girls.
A a, d, e, show trends; b, c, f do not
B 1 F - The graph shows the percentage of fatal shark 3 Yes/No/Not Given
attacks, Not the number of people or the number of Task practice
attacks. Look at the vertical axis.; 2 T; 3 T; 4 F - 1 Answer: Yes
Luxembourg had the highest GOP with about 44 Note 'The majority of children were found to be quite
thousand dollars per capita in 2001. (Notice the vertical knowledgeable about nutrition:
axis is thousands of dollars). 5 T; 6 F - The graph
provides no specific information about Europe. 2 Answer: No
2 Writing introductory statements Note' ... many children were aware that foods ... such as
sweets and fast food could be eaten occasionally, but not
All, 3, 5 are introductory sentences. every day:
2 shows
B Suggested answers: 3 Answer: No
graph e: The bar chart shows the changes in global oil Note ' ... the recommended sixty minutes or more of
consumption every five years from 1980 to 2050. exercise:
graph f: The bar chart shows the location, date and 4 Answer: No
magnitude of the world's five worst earthquakes. Note 'Whilst ... health education programs seem to be
3 Academic Writing Task 1: Describing a graph having some success in ... nutrition, the children seem to
Before the task have problems utilising this knowledge to maintain a
normal healthy weight:
One possible introductory sentence:
The line graph shows the increase in concentrations of 5 Answer: Yes
atmospheric carbon dioxide for the period 1850 to 2050. Note '... children replied that homework and a lack of time
Task practice were the biggest problems .. :
See model answer on page 93. 6 Answer: Not Given
4 Academic Writing Task 1: Describing a table Note There is no mention in the passage of infectious
diseases.
Before the task
1 T; 2 F (The number of bird species decreased from 67 to 7 Answer: Yes
44 during this period); 3 F (there is no information about Note 'These patterns mirror similar trends in other parts
this in the table); 4 T; 5 T (from 15% to 50%). of the world:
Task practice 8 Answer: No
See model answer on page 93. Note Cars are only one of several examples given, all of
which are contributing to obesity.
9 Answer: Not Given
Note The article doesn't confirm or deny this.
10 Answer: Not Given
Note Although the passage says that children like their
parents to watch them play sports, there is no mention of
how many parents actually do so.

Answer key 89
 4 Classification D 1 simpLe present;
Task practice 2 Speaker 1: I'm going to taLk about the meaL we
usually eat at Christmas in my country. Speaker 2: I'd
11 Answer: D
Like to teLL you about something speciaL we eat in
Note 'These patterns mirror similar trends in other parts Germany.
of the worLd: 3 Speaker 1: I Love Christmas Dinner - it's my favourite
12 Answer: C meaL of the whoLe year. Speaker 2: I Love Easter eggs
Note '... mounting evidence that the worLdwide rise in as they remind me of happy times with my family when
obesity LeveLs is due to faLLing Levels of physicaL activity: I was young.

13 Answer: A
Note ' ... families and schools must be invoLved in
00 Sickness and Health
encouraging ... '
LISTENING
14 Answer: B
Note '... ninety percent of the children surveyed 1 Introduction
reported ... ' A parts of the body: gaLLbLadder, intestines, kidney, Liver;
15 Answer: C Lungs, bLood, immune system, stomach, digestive
Note '... Life based on countless Labour-saving devices ... ' system; health and sickness: cure, injury, recover,
symptom, discomfort, treatment, illness, pain; food and
5 Summary completion diet: vitamins, nutrients, minerals
Task practice 2 Recognising signposts
16 nutrition; 17 overweight boys; 18 physicaL exercise; A a 3; b 4; c 7; d 1; e 6; f 2; g 8; h 5;
19 education programmes; 20 Leisure time; B 1 c; 2 b; 3 h; 4 d; 5 e; 6 c; 7 g; 8 e; 9 d; 10 d; 11 g;
21 gLobaLisation; 22 inspiration; 23 enjoyment; 12 a; 13 a; 14 a; 15 c; 16 c; 17 g; 18 b; 19 h; 20 f;
24 cooperation; 25 participation 21 f; 22 h; 23 d; 24 d; 25 e; 26 e
VOCABULARY 3 Notes completion
Task practice
1 Word Building 1 2.5; 2 main fiLter; 3 nutrients; 4 (potentiaLLy)
Ashow: claim, report, reveaL, suggest, confirm, find, dangerous; 5 medicines; 6 extra bLood; 7 energy
indicate;
study: research, investigate, examine, Look into, Follow up
consider, expLore; 1 for exampLe; 2 aLthough; 3 Not onLy that
research: study, investigation, survey, inquiry; 4 Labelling a diagram
results: evidence, findings, facts, proof, confirmation, Task practice
support;
people who do research: investigator, researcher, 8 Liver; 9 stomach; 10 break down food; 11 cause
academic, expert bLockages; 12 small intestine
B 2 discovery; 3 expert; 4 make; 5 inquire; Follow up
6 knowLedge Let's move on to Look at ...
2 Vocabulary in context 5 Multiple-choice
Suggested answers: 1 resuLts/findings; 2 study/ Task practice
investigation; 3 investigated/Looked into;
13 C, D; 14 B; 15 B; 16 A
4 findings/resuLts; 5 pubLished; 6 Researchers;
7 evidence; 8 found/discovered; 9 reveaLed/found; Follow up
10 fact Before we finish today ...

SPEAKING

1 Structuring your talk

C Order of points: Speaker 1: what, when, why, where,
who cooks, how; Speaker 2: when, what, how, who
cooks, where, why

90 Answer key
 VOCABULARY 3 Structuring an agree or disagree essay
Ale; 2 d; 3 a; 4 c; 5 b
1 Word building B Used to present examples: one example in the UK was;
A including; for instance; A well-documented problem is;
for example; Used to introduce an opinion: I
verb noun personally believe; I ... believe the benefits ...
prevent prevention C 1 however; 2 including; 3 .For instance; 4 However;
treat treatment 5 one example; 6 Another reason for
insure insurance
4 Writing Task 2: Agree or disagree essay
detect detection
recover recovery See model answer on page 94.
eradicate eradication
remove removal General Training lA: Writing a Letter of
suffer suffering Request
operate operation
1 Understanding the question
reduce reduction A
produce production
avoid tYpe of
avoidance
. • request
cure cure
medicate medication
a student English school F information
administration
occur occurrence
b student college lecturer F/SF permission
absorb absorption
c tenant agency F permission
include inclusion
d friend friend I favour
B 1 recovering; 2 eradicate; 3 insurance; 4 avoid;
5 treatment B b key words in situation: taking a course, deadline,
2 Vocabulary in context project, last week, haven't finished
1 treatment; 2 medication; 3 detected/treated; verbs in task: write; introduce; explain; request
4 cured/eradicated; 5 prevented; 6 avoid; 7 operation; c Key words in situation: renting a flat, agency,
8 recovery; 9 suffering; 10 production contract, one year, need 10 leave, four months early
verbs in task: write, introduce, ask, explain
WRITING d key words in situation: parents, arriving, working at
the time; verbs in task: write, explain, ask, offer
1 Brainstorming arguments for and against 2 Using appropriate language and organisation
A Suggested answers: A 1 As you know, As I'm sure you are aware;
Vegetarians can't eat: meat, fish, chicken, shellfish, 2 Unfortunately, I'm afraid that; 3 I was wondering if
insects, etc. you could, I would be extremely grateful if you could;
Vegetarians can eat: any vegetable, fruit, grain, seed, 4 I realise that, I understand that, I'm aware that;
nut, etc. dairy products, eggs. 5 I hope you can understand my situation, Yours
Vegans can't eat: as well as anything vegetarians can't faithfully, I look forward to hearing from you soon.
eat, dairy products, eggs, honey B The answer to all the questions is 'yes'.
B Possible answers: 1 health issues; ethical/religious C Dear Ms McCall
issues; environmental issues; 2 health issues; people My name is Cao Ying and I am a first year student in your
are designed to eat meat; people owe no obligations to E3K (bioLogy) class at Shafton CoLLege.
animals/animals have no special rights I am writing to you because I have a probLem with the
project you set about Life cycles. The due date was Last
2 Deciding your main ideas week but I'm afraid I haven't finished it yet. As you know,
C 1 agree; 2 a health issues, b ethical/religious I have been absent from class for aLmost ten days with
arguments, c environmental factors gLanduLar fever and I have not been attending Lectures. I
EYes. onLy managed to get the reading List from a friend and go
to the Library to do research yesterday.
You will see from your records that I have never missed a
deadLine for an assignment so far during my course.

Answer key 91
 However, I am requesting an extension of one week in this B Possible answer: It is sometimes argued that children
case because I am so behind with my work. I hope you will should engage in activities that have some educational
take my illness into consideration and grant me an value or benefit.
extension.
Yours sincerely 3 Presenting opinions
(ao Ying A It is often argued that, Some people say that; Others
believe that, Personally, I believe that; In my personal
3 Writing a letter of request
opinion; I tend to think that.
See model answer on page 94.
4 Concluding your essay
Answers will vary.
GT 1B: Writing a Letter of Complaint
5 Writing a General Training essay
1 Introducing a complaint
See model answer on page 95.
A a a tenant; b a landlord; c semi-formal
B I am writing to complain about our air-conditioning,
which has now been broken for over three weeks.
Academic Writing: Describing a process
C I am writing to complain about my TV, which has been 1 Identifying stages in a process
broken for a week.
1 It shows the life cycle of a salmon; 2 eight; 3 Answers
2 Describing your complaint for this may vary, but one logical point would be the
A b I expect you to keep our agreement. spawning of eggs and death of adult salmon.
c You promised to arrange for somebody to come round 2 Describing a process
to fix it.
A 1 ocean; 2 estuary; 3 freshwater; 4 juvenile;
d If you don't send someone immediately, I will be
5 spawn; 6 mature; 7 grow; 8 emerge; 9 migrate;
forced to withhold my rent, and I will contact the
10 adapt
local council to complain.
B Starting at the spawning and following around the
e I look forward to hearing from you soon.
cycle: spawn, die, emerge, grow, feed, migrate, adapt,
f I tried to call to tell you the air-conditioner was
return
broken, but you weren't home.
1 grow, mature, develop; 2 migrate; 3 emerge;
g One of the reasons I decided to rent this apartment
4 return; 5 adapt
was because of the air-conditioning.
C Possible answers:
Bl a; 2 f; 3 c; 4 g; 5 b; 6 d; 7 e
Adult salmon spawn or release eggs into the river; Baby
salmon emerge from eggs; They stay in freshwater to
3 Writing a letter of complaint grow bigger, where they feed on insects; Juvenile
See model answer on page 94. salmon then migrate from the river to the estuary where
fresh and salt water mix; This helps them adapt to the
change in water before they move to the ocean; After
GT 2: Writing a General Training Essay
spending some time in the estuary, the salmon migrate
1 Planning your essay to the ocean where they can continue to grow in salt
A 1 F - it is not an agree/disagree essay. It is usually water; Here they feed and grow to mature adult size in
best to accept the first sentence as a fact and address the ocean where there is plenty of food; Once they are
the question or statements that come after it. fully grown, many salmon migrate back up the estuary
2 F - two main parts: what ... ? Why ... ? to the river to the spawning areas; The cycle starts
3 F - Never put lists in bullet points in the essay, again as the adults spawn and the next batch of eggs is
though this would ,be a useful way to plan. ready; The salmon die soon after spawning.
4 T - you must give reasons because the question asks 3 Using reference and substitution
you to. A Possible answers: 1 the adult fish; 2 the baby salmon;
5 Could be either. This could be relevant if you use your 3 the juveniles
personal experience as support for your main points.
4 Linking your ideas
2 Writing an introduction to your essay
A Possible answers: it is often said - many people A Sample answer:
believe; it is sometimes argued that children's leisure First, the salmon spend some time in the estuary.
activities - the activities that children do in their free Following this, they move to the ocean. Finally, they
time; should be educational - need to have educational migrate back up the estuary to the river.
value.
92 Answer key
 B Sample answer: think that it is better to avoid Lying if you possibLy can.
The Life cycle of a saLmon begins and ends in the river. The main reason I beLieve that Lying is to be avoided is
First, the aduLt saLmon reLeases eggs into the river, a because reLationships are built on trust and trust comes
process caLLed spawning. When the baby fish emerge from from honesty. By this I mean, whether you are a
the eggs, they are not yet fuLLy formed, so they remain in businessperson or a friend, we need to feeL that we can reLy
the freshwater of the river until they grow bigger, feeding on the other person to teLL us truth and not try to deceive
on insects. Next, the baby saLmon migrate from the river us. Indeed, it is deceitfuL if we Lie to somebody else and we
to the estuary, or mouth of the river. This is where can Lose that person's trust for e';'er.
freshwater and saLtwater mix. The juvenile fish spend Despite the arguments I have put forward in the preceding
some time here in order to adapt to the change in the paragraph, I beLieve that there are situations where lying is
water. more acceptabLe. I think the most common exampLe of this
The saLmon then move to the saLtwater of the ocean, is when it is necessary to either withhold the truth or teLL a
where they can continue to grow to a mature size. When so-caLLed 'white Lie' in order to avoid upsetting someone's
they are fuLLy mature, many of them migrate back up the feelings. For instance, your friend might have bought a new
estuary to the spawning areas. dress and ask you how she looks. If you actuaLLy think that
she Looks terrible, you will probably decide not to teLL the
5 Academic Writing Task 1: Describing a process
truth . Instead, you might say that the dress is unusuaL, or
See model answer on page 95. you might simpLy lie and say that your friend looks nice. I
don't beLieve that this kind of untruth is wrong.
Model Writing Answers To sum up, the probLem with not teLling the truth is that it
can damage reLationships. However, there are occasions when
Unit 2 telling a smaLL lie is more acceptable in order to avoid hurting
5 Academic Writing Task 1: Describing charts someone's feeLings.
The bar chart shows mobile phone ownership based on
gender in one university. The pie charts have information on Unit 6
the different phone operators used by these students. 3 Academic Writing Task 1: Report
Out of a totaL student body of just under 9,000, the vast
TASK A
majority of peopLe own mobile phones (8,653 out of a totaL
of 8,900). When this number is divided by gender, we find The chart illustrates how much oil was consumed worLdwide
onLy a narrow gap in ownership; in fact, the figure for maLe between 1980 and 2000. It is divided into seven regions
students is sLightLy higher than the femaLes at 51% and gives usage in thousands of barrels per day. In this
compared to 49%. Of the 247 students who do not own twenty year period, two areas (North America and Western
mobiLe phones, the percentage of maLes is aLmost doubLe Europe) maintained a reLativeLy stabLe LeveL of consumption,
that of the femaLes, with 163 and 84 respectiveLy. aLthough the American figure was substantiaLLy higher than
the European figure (roughLy 20,000 barrels compared to
Turning to the pie charts, we can see that the three main just over 10,000 barreLs respectiveLy). The other region
teLephone companies are Supafone, Phonefast and MobicaLL. which remained steady in terms of oil consumed was Africa,
The first pie chart focuses on which companies the maLe with the smaLLest number of barrels used - at just 2, 000 per
students use and the figures for the three companies are day.
very similar. MobicaLL has the Largest market share with 36%.
Phonefast is onLy two percentage points behind at 34% and During the period, oiL consumption in Eastern Europe
Supafone foLLows closeLy with 30%. In contrast, the figures dropped significantLy from 10,000 to 3,000 barreLs a day.
for the femaLe market are very different, with practicaLLy aLL The other areas (the MiddLe East, CentraL and South America
women choosing either Supafone or Phonefast (40% and and the Far East) aLL saw their consumption increase. The
45% respectiveLy), whilst MobicaLL's market share is Far East experienced the greatest increase, doubLing from
significantLy smaLLer at just 15%. approximateLy 10,000 barrels in 1980/85 to 20,000 in 2000.
Central and South America consumed just over 3,000 barrels
at the beginning of the period and, by the year 2000, was
Unit 4 consuming just under 6,000 barrels of oiL per day. The
5 Writing a 'for and against' essay MiddLe East began with a figure of approximateLy 1,000
'What a wicked web we weave, when first we practice to barrels, but increased steadiLy to finish with a consumption
deceive: This famous quotation means if you start with smaLL of 3,000 barrels a day.
Lies, it is very possibLe that you will Later have to teLL bigger OveraLL, oil consumption tended to increase in this period
and bigger ones. NaturaLLy, this is very dangerous because with the notabLe exception of Eastern Europe.
you might get yourseLf into aLL kinds of probLems. I therefore

Model writing answers 93

 TASK B GT lA
The table shows the percentage change of several key
indicators of a small island from 1980 to the present day. 3 Writing a letter of request
The first two factors are environmental: how much of the Dear Sir/Madam,
island is covered forest and the number of bird species. Both I'm writing this letter to enquire about your school and the
have seen significant decreases during this time. The courses you offer. I'm considering the possibility of
number of bird species has dropped from 67 in 1980 to only travelling to your country to take an English course, but
44 now. At the beginning of the period, 37% of the island before I do this, I would like some more detailed
was forested, yet only 17% now remains. Employment information.
figures show similar dramatic changes, with the percentage
of the population in the fishing industry falling from 80% to Could you tell me what levels you offer and how you decide
30%, whilst the tourism sector saw the reverse, with figures which class is suitable for students? I've been studying
of 15% growing steadily to 50% in the present day. English for five years at a school in my home country but I
Turning to social issues, we can see that the number of am not confident in my speaking and listening. Since I'm
houses with running water and electricity has risen interested in a full-time course, I'd also like to know how
dramatically from zero to almost one hundred percent in this many hours I need to study per week.
time frame. The percentage of children of school age Of course I don't have any family members in your country
attending school has improved significantly: starting with a so I will need some accommodation. Depending on the cost,
third of the population in 1980, the figure more than I would prefer a home-stay family so that I can practise my
doubled in 1995 and reached a high of 85% in the present English as much as possible. I am also a vegan, which
day. means I don't eat meat, fish or any dairy products. Do you
Overall, there have been many changes both environmentally think this will cause any problems? Is it possible to find me
and socially on this island between 1980 and the present a home-stay who can cater to my needs?
day. Finally, could you forward me some brochures for your
courses? If possible, could you include some information on
Unit 8 what I can do in my spare time because I don't really know
your country very well.
4 Academic Writing Task 2: 'Agree or disagree' essay
I look forward to hearing from you,
In an age of animal rights activists and environmentalism, the
use of animals for testing purposes causes strong controversy. Yours sincerely,
Some people argue that we must behave in a responsible and
compassionate way towards the world around us. I tend to GT1B
agree with this point of view, although I am still uncertain
about the necessity for some kinds of testing. 3 Writing a letter of complaint
The cosmetics industry is not recent; in fact, it has a history of Dear Sir/Madam,
thousands of years. Since there is a huge range of products I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with the service I
already available, it is entirely unnecessary to test any more have received from your taxi company both during my ride
products on animals. Another reason against testing is that I and in dealing with my subsequent complaint.
find it difficult to accept the idea of animals being harmed or Last Wednesday (12th of May), I took one of your taxis to
suffering simply to indulge human vanity.
go to an important business meeting in the city. Although
Testing for drugs, on the other hand, is a more difficult ethical the driver said he knew the address I wanted to go to, he
dilemma. Some people argue that it is necessary to use animals took me to the wrong address. This made me late for my
at certain stages of the development of medicines in order to appointment. When I complained about his mistake, he
avoid the risk of serious harm to humans. Whilst this might be became angry and shouted at me. I refused to pay the fare
true, I personally believe that medical knowledge is sufficiently and he then started to threaten me. I took down his
advanced to make this type of testing no longer necessary. information and left the taxi while he was shouting, and I
In summary, it is my opinion that enough cosmetics have immediately wrote a letter of complaint to your company.
already been developed not to justify hurting animals any However, I am very disappointed to find that I haven't a
further, especially since this is only so that we can look nice. letter of apology for the driver's behaviour. As a
In terms of testing for medicine to help humans, I can accept representative of your company, he should behave in a
testing to a certain extent; however, I believe that is probably courteous manner; particularly because it was the driver who
no longer needed due to our advanced knowledge. I truly hope had made the mistake.
that the time for animal testing is at an end.

94 Model writing answers

I would like to recommend that you train your staff to 5 Academic Writing Task 1: Describing a process
behave in a polite manner to customers. I also expect an Adult and immature turtles spend most of their time in
apology for your employee's behaviour towards me. shallow areas off the coast in order to feed; however,
Yours sincerely, nesting occurs on beaches. Adult turtles migrate to shallow
Brian Tan waters when they are ready to breed. This occurs when the
turtle is between two and eight years old. The female turtle
mates, then swims to a nearby beach to lay her eggs, where
GT 2 they incubate for about 8-10 weeks. This process can be
5 Writing a General Training essay repeated over a period of around two weeks. When the
In certain cultures, such as many Asian or Middle Eastern female has finished laying eggs, both she and the males
ones, it is common to live in extended families. In these return to foraging areas off the coast.
families, weaker or more vulnerable people are protected and After the incubation period, the baby turtles, which are
taken care of. This sense of responsibility towards other called hatchlings, slowly emerge from the sand.
family members is not always shared in all contemporary a
Immediately, they move towards the ocean and begin long
societies. Yet I believe we have an obligation to try to look period of open ocean foraging. Scientists know very little
after this section of the community. about the first 20 years of a turtle's life; however, it is
In my opinion, our society has to provide ways of ensuring believed that the turtles may migrate widely in this time.
that the people who really need help receive it. We cannot Turtles can live for many years. It is common for the
always rely on families to give this support, for a variety of creature to live for up to fifty years.
reasons. For example, some people don't have time or
enough money to look after other family members. In cases
such as this, somebody has to help. This is why we need
national organisations such as the Salvation Army to look
after the vulnerable members of society. These types of
groups are private; therefore, they need proper funding.
Individuals such as you or I can give donations to help
them. What's more, some organisations accept help in other
forms: donations of food, clothing or blankets. It is even
possible to volunteer your time, by helping at the weekend
or in the evening.
Furthermore, the government should use part of the income
it receives from our taxes to build and run centres which
can cater for the old or the handicapped. Our taxes should
be used to benefit our society in this way, in addition to
helping the country run efficiently for things like the police
and ambulances. By doing this, the government can adopt a
nationwide approach and employ suitably qualified staff.
In summary, I strongly believe that it is essential that we
take care of the weaker members of society through
governmental and private organisations such as the
Salvation Army.

Model writing answers 95

[1J Studying Overseas 4 Are you planning any holidays in the near future?
5 What are your long-term plans?
1.1
~ Shopping and the Internet
1 I know lots of people hate travelling by plane, but I
enjoy it. I don't mind living out of bags for a short 2.1
time, so staying in a hotel is not a problem for me. I
love the whole experience of a new culture and enjoy 1 dollar
meeting new people. What I really hate is coming home 2 euro
again! 3 pound
2 I can't stand travelling abroad. I don't like foreign food 4 cent
for one thing - it upsets my stomach - and I miss the 5 pence or pee

~
comforts of home. I'm not keen on plane journeys - I
hate being in a tiny space for hours and hours. I'm 2.2
fond of travel programmes on TV, though, and would 1 sixty-five dollars
rather enjoy foreign countries from my armchair! 2 eight hundred and fifty pounds
3 one thousand four hundred euros, or fourteen hundred
1.2
euros
I come from London in the south-east of England. It's a very 4 ten thousand dotlars
large city and has a population of about twelve million 5 one million pounds, or a million pounds
people. Most people travel into the city every day to work, 6 six dollars fifty
usually by bus or underground train, which we call the 'tube'. 7 ten pounds ninety-nine
Many people work in offices or for big companies, but of 8 ninety centss
course people do all sorts of jobs here. I think the majority 9 twenty-five pence, or twenty-five pee
of people live in what we call semi-detached houses, in the 10 fifteen euros
suburbs usually, but nearer the centre of the city people live
in flats, too. London is great fun because there is so much 2.3
to do - erm, great restaurants, theatre, museums - but it is
1 These shoes cost me a fortune. They were $350, but
very busy so it can be quite stressful as well sometimes. One
I absolutely love them.
of the best things about living in London is that it's so
2 Have you heard? John's grandmother left him £50,000
cosmopolitan - you know, there's a great mix of people from
in her will ... plus the house!
different countries and cultures. I really love it here and
3
I can't imagine living anywhere else really.
A: Did you manage to sell your car?
1.3 B: Yes, but we got € 3,000 less than we wanted for it
€ 15,000 in the end.
1 I'm planning to go abroad and have a holiday - I'm so 4
tired of studying! I need a break. A: How much do lowe you?
2 I'm probably going to continue my studies in Canada B: £2 for the coffee and 3.50 for the sandwich ... so let's
and then become a doctor back in my own country. I've see ... that's 5.50 altogether.
always wanted to be a doctor. 5 Mum, I need 80p for the bus. And some money for a
3 I'll get my IELTS results back in September. I'm hoping drink ...
to study at Exeter University.
4 I don't know if I'll be able to, but I'd really love to 2.4
study Law in the United States.
A: Have you seen this gadget? It looks amazing.
5 I need to study English for a few more months, but
B: Wow! What is it?
then I'm definitely going to move to New Zealand
A: It's called a sea scooter.
straight away.
B: Sea scooter? Scooter ... like a motorbike?
1.4
A: Not exactly. This is to help you move more quickly in
the water. It can be used underwater at the pool or in
1 Where are you planning to study after you take your the sea.
IELTS exam? B: Wow! That's really great! How fast can it go?
2 What subject do you intend to study? A: Oh, only about four kilometres per hour ... but it would
3 What are your plans for next year? be really fun to ride!

96 Listening scripts
B: Expensive? C: I see. Well, thanks for your help. I'll have a think about
A: Very. About £300! it.
B: Where can you buy one?
A: Well, specialist shops and also from the Internet. 2.6
A: Here's another amazing gadget to use in the sea.
2.5
B: What is it this time?
(S = Salesperson; C '" Customer) A: It's called an underwater br~ather.
s: Good morning, what can I do for you? B: Who would use one of those? James Bond?
C: Hi, I'm interested in getting an Internet connection at A: Well, probably scuba divers - they would appreciate
home and I was wondering what kind of packages you this.
offer. B: What's so good about it?
S: Certainly, Sir. Well, basically, we have two popular A: Well, look at the size - it's the smallest tank of
schemes for people to choose from: The Heavy Surfer compressed air on the market and really light as well.
and the Light Surfer packages. B: How big is it then? You can't tell from the picture.
c: I see. Could you tell me a little more about each of A: About 20cm - not much bigger than a can of drink.
them? I mean, what's the difference between them? Incredible, isn't it?
S: It all depends on how much you intend to use the B: Yeah, if it lasts long enough.
Internet. For instance, are you a light user or do you A: Well, it says two minutes or forty breaths.
use the Internet often? B: Eat your heart out, James Bond - here comes Stuart
C: Hmm. Perhaps you need to tell me about each of the Malcolm!
packages in more detail. What are the features of the
Heavy Surfer scheme? 2.7
s: This one is designed for people who use the Net a lot.
(S = Salesperson; C = Customer)
It costs lli a month - which isn't very much, really.
S: Good afternoon.
This package is very useful if you want to download
C: Good afternoon. Er, I'm interested in getting an
songs, movies or games. But there's a limit of 500 Internet connection.
megabytes .. S: OK, broadband or dial-up?
C: Listening to songs from the Internet? Wow! And it's C: Umm. I don't think we have broadband in my area yet,
possible to download movies as well? so dial-up, I think.
S: Yeah, if you are interested in that, you should
S: OK, well, I just need to take down some details from
definitely consider this option. you. What's your full name?
C: So if I'm interested in downloading movies or playing C: Gerrard, John Gerrard
games, I'd better choose the Heavy Surfer package. OK. S: Could you just spell your surname for me?
What other costs are there? C: G-E-R-R-A-R-D, like the football player.
S: Well, it costs $200 to install, but that covers us coming S: Yes, I see. And where do you live?
to your house to install the cable connection, and set C: In Sherwood, on Winchester Road. Number 129.
up our cable modem for you. S: And is that a house or a flat?
C: Cable ns the connection is much faster, doesn't it? C: It's a house. And the postcode is OLD 4010.
Hmm, the pro is, because I'm new to this, I don't S: OK, right. Oh, and I'm going to need your telephone
know how much I'm going to need. Have you got number, too. The code for Sherwood is 03, isn't it?
anything smaller? C: That's right. It's 03 924 3116.
S: Yes, of course. Maybe you should consider the Light S: ... 3116. Thanks. Do you have an office number for me
Surfer package. That's designed for people who don't as well? Sorry, but we just need it for the form, you
use the Internet as much. It costs $25 per month - see.
that's enough for emailing your friends and light usage. C: Oh, that's alright. It's the same code, 03, and the
C: $25 a month. But I probably want to do more than number is 816 4572.
emailing. S: OK. How soon do you want to be connected?
S: Don't worry - you get 200 megabytes of downloads C: Well, as soon as possible, really. What's the quickest
with that. you can do it?
C: OK, that sounds interesting. Do I need to get cable
installed for this?
S: No, this installation is free because you use your
existing phone line. The Light Surfer is a dial-up
connection, which only uses a telephone modem.

Listening scripts 97
 s: I'm afraid that you've missed the start date this month answer without saying too many negative things about
... so the next start date is ... yourself!
c: July. then. Yes, oh well, I suppose that'll be alright.
S: Yes, July 1st . Sorry about that. Have you decided which 3.2
scheme you want to have? I'm going to talk about being a musician, which I think
C: Do you mean the type of package? Yes, I'm going to go would be enjoyable, even though in reality I wouldn' ant
with the Weekend Special - the others don't really suit this job personally.
me. There are many attractive aspects to this job, I t nk. First
S: The Weekend Special? Yes, that's one of our most of all, if you are a rock star or pop artist, you'd. et to travel
popular packages, actually. I've got that at home a lot, possibly in a private jet if you were really successful.
myself. Did you know that you get a free gift with that Fans would go crazy about you everywhere you went ...
one? although that could become a disadvantage eventually. On
C: Really? That's nice. What is it? top of that, there would be all the financial advantages:
S: Well, there's a choice of a free mousepad or an enough money to buy anything you wanted, such as
Austranet pen or cup. property, cars, clothes or whatever you were interested in ...
C: Hmm. That's not much of a choice, is it? I'll take the as well as free gifts or maybe even contracts with companies
pen - I've already got a mousepad. in return for advertising or endorsing their product. In my
S: Right. There you are - your free Austranet pen. Now, opinion, the biggest attraction is of course that you would
how would you like to pay? You can pay by credit card, be doing something you really enjoyed - making music and
direct debit or by cheque. Which do you prefer? performing it - which is a dream come true for many
C: I haven't actually got a cheque book, so I'll have to pay amateur musicians.
by credit card. What about qualifications? Well, I don't think there are any
S: That's fine. OK, I've just got one last question for you. specific requirements as far as qualifications are concerned,
This is for our marketing department. How did you hear but you do need some talent ... or luck ... or both. And
about Austranet? finally, what qualities would you need to do this job? Let
C: Oh, that's easy - a friend of mine told me that you me think ... I suppose you would need to be an extrovert -
were one of the best service providers. He's been with it isn't easy to go out on stage in front of thousands of
Austranet for two years. people or to read negative reviews in magazines about your
work, for example. Yes, I think the most important thing is
~ Jobs and Job-hunting not to be too sensitive. And you should be passionate about
the music you write or sing as well.
3.1
Ok, well, I once had an interview for a job as an assistant
tIJ Crime and Punishment
teacher. I was still a student and I was studying Education,
but I wasn't qualified at that time so I was only applying to 4.1
be an assistant. I thought it would be good to get some Good evening and thank you for inviting me. I'd like to talk
teaching experience during the long university winter break. to you tonight about a very serious crime. Now, many of you
Erm, how did I prepare for it? I looked at all my notes again may not have heard of this particular crime - it is one of
from lectures at university to remind myself of the the fastest growing crimes in the world and it is called
important things to do with primary school children. I also identity theft. You might not even realise that you have
went to the school's website to get as much information as been the victim of this crime until much later. long after the
I could about the place before I went. It was quite a event has taken place, but individuals like you can minimise
modern primary school with good computer rooms, so I the chance of a successful theft if you know how to protect
planned to talk about my computer knowledge and how I yourself, which is what I'm going to talk about tonight.
could use that with the children. What else? Erm, I made a
few notes to take into the interview with me in case I got 4.2
nervous and forgot everything.
So what did they ask me? I can't remember everything they Identity theft is the unauthorized use of someone's identity
asked - it was quite a long interview - but I remember they to gain a benefit. What that means is a criminal uses your
asked me about my qualifications and experience with personal information in order to commit a crime - usually
children. They wanted to know why I was applying for the financial in nature. A common example of this is using a
job, of course. One difficult question they asked was about person's credit card details illegally. It can be devastating to
my strengths and weaknesses, which is a tricky one to both individuals and businesses. Now, you might be asking

98 Listening scripts
 yourself 'Why has this type of crime become so common?' websites. I suggest, too, that you don't use public
Well, the answer is very simple: new technologies, improved computers to access personal information.
telecommunications and the Internet, plus the growth in Finally, in the event of a theft, you should do the following
international trade and financial markets - these have all things: report the incident to the police, contact your bank,
contributed to the growth of this type of crime. I know it is review your account and credit details very carefully - if
hard to believe, but yes, the very things that are making our necessary, close all accounts and cancel all cards. And don't
lives easier and more convenient are actually helping certain forget to keep any documentation you have.
individuals to commit new types of crime. Well, that's the end of my talk. l'll take any questions you
may have now. Yes, the gentleman in the green shirt ...
4.3
4.5
How does a thief get your personal information and what
exactly does he steal? I'm sorry to say, that despite your A: So, have you got any ideas for our project?
best efforts, there are lots of ways a determined thief can B: The one where we need to find an example of ways to
access your personal details. Firstly, there's your wallet or fight crime? I was thinking about it over the weekend,
purse. If it is stolen, a thief has access to your driving but I haven't got any ideas yet. What about you?
licence, credit and ATM cards and other personal documents. A: Well, do you remember that documentalY I saw a couple
If you are the victim of a burglary, televisions and stereos of weeks ago that I told you about? The one where
may not be the only things that are taken: your personal modern technology was helping the police?
information and documents might also disappear. I'm sad to B: Oh, yes. What exactly was that about? Can you
say that your mail is also not safe: bank statements, new remember?
credit cards, tax returns or chegues - all these items, which A: Well, they use police helicopters with video cameras on
carry your personal details, could be of interest to somebody board to film crimes.
who wants to commit identity theft or fraud. For those of B: Yes, that would be a good one to write about. Hmm.
you who use a computer, your personal information is at How does it work?
risk. Computer hackers have the skill to break into your A: Well, helicopters have the advantage of arriving at the
computer while you're using the Internet in order to steal crime scene faster than cars on the ground, plus they
personal information. have a bird's eye view.
B: Right, but how do the police on the ground get the
4.4 information and catch the criminal?
A: Well, that's the amazing part - the video footage from
Now I'm sure many of you are feeling a little uncomfortable
the camera is sent using satellite technology, so they
after hearing that long list of potential risks, and, while it
can see what is happening. It's sent directly to the
may never be possible to stop identity theft entirely, there
police vehicles.
are a number of very simple safety measures you can take to
B: So you mean they see it exactly as it happens? That's
protect yourself from becoming a victim of this type of
pretty amazing, isn't it?
crime. The first step is to improve your security awareness.
A: Yes, so criminals are arrested more easily because the
By this, I mean secure your personal information - don't
police know exactly where to go.
carry personal details unless you have to; destroy personal
B: And is this a real possibility for the future?
/ documents before throwing them away - why not invest in a
A: It's on trial now in the north-east of England where
/ small shredding machine, the kind you find in offices
they have a really high crime rate!
everywhere? Check your billing and account records on a
B: Right. That sounds like a good topic for the project, so
regular basis and put security features on your accounts,
let's do some research on it. Now, if you find out ...
such as a password. Naturally, you should avoid giving out
personal details over the phone or by email as much as
possible. And, while we're talking about email, let's turn to 151 Transport and Inventions
the question of computer protection. More and more people
use computers and the Internet to communicate, store 5.1
information and conduct business. It could be your weakest
link in avoiding identity theft, so follow these guidelines: 1 Well, I suppose they partially solve the problem of too
always use passwords, and update them regularly; use the many cars on the road. I think any form of public
latest protection software, including a personal firewall on transport is a good idea really, so, yes, I agree up to a
your computer. This handy piece of software stops people point with this statement.
snooping around your computer while you're online. If you 2 Oh, I don't think so. The seat is tiny and you can
want to buy something over the Internet, only use secure hardly move for hours at a time. You have to sit next to
someone you don't know and ask them to stand up

Listening scripts 99
 every time you need to walk about or go to the long periods ... and it will always be dangerous to leave
bathroom. The food is usually awful, as well. No. I and enter the earth's atmosphere. So, no, I think it's
don't agree at all. very unlikely.
3 I absolutely agree. If you look at how many roads have
been built in the last few decades, it's obvious that the 5.4
more roads we build, the more cars we produce to fill 1 Will we find an alternative fuel for cars in the near
them up. So building more roads is not the solution in
future?
my opinion. 2 Do you think the public transport in your city is
4 That's an interesting possibility. I agree with you to an
adequate?
extent. Making it free may mean more people use it but
3 Do you think we should be concerned about pollution
I don't think it's easy to force people to use public
caused by cars and other vehicles?
transport because everyone really prefers to use their
4 Should the government in your country build more
own car.
roads in your area? ~/
S I don't think so. We can't breathe on the moon, so we'd
S Will we be abLe to go around the worLd in under twe e
need very sophisticated equipment to stay there for
hours in the future? /
long periods ... and it will always be dangerous to leave
6 Should governments completely ban motorised vehicles?
and enter the earth's atmosphere. So, no, I think it's
7 Will we be able to travel to other planets on holidays at
very unlikely.
some time in the future?
5.2
[ru The Natural World
1 I think any form of public transport is a good idea
really, so, yes, I agree up to a point with this
6.1
statement.
2 The food is usually awful as well. No, I don't agree at 1 Ash and gas clouds often form in the air after volcanic
all. eruptions.
3 I absolutely agree. If you look at how many roads have 2 The crater is a bowl-shaped opening at the top of the
been built in the last few decades it is obvious that the volcano.
more roads we build, the more cars we produce to fill 3 Lava flow often occurs after a volcanic eruption. Lava is
them up. molten rock that comes out from deep within the
earth's surface.
5.3 4 The main vent is a long, narrow opening in the earth's
1 Well, I suppose they partially solve the problem of too crust through which hot volcanic materials can escape.
many cars on the road. I think any form of public S A secondary cone is a smaller opening on the side of
transport is a good idea really, so, yes, I agree up to a the volcano, which can emerge following a volcanic
point with this statement. eruption.
2 Oh, I don't think so. The seat is tiny and you can 6 The earth's crust is the outermost, rocky layer of the
hardly move for hours at a time. You have to sit next to earth's surface.
someone you don't know and ask them to stand up 7 Deep below the volcano is the magma chamber, which
every time you need to walk about or go to the contains vast amounts of molten rock.
bathroom. The food is usually awful, as well. No. I
don't agree at all. 6.2
3 I absolutely agree. If you look at how many roads have (5 = Sam; M= Makoto; C = Chris)
been built in the last few decades, it's obvious that the s: Hi, Makoto, Chris. What are you doing?
more roads we build, .the more cars we produce to fill M: Hello, Sam. Chris and I are just trying to finish the
them up. So building more roads is not the solution in preparations for our tutorial presentations for tomorrow.
my opinion. c: Yes. that's right. It's really interesting. We're going to
4 That's an interesting possibility. I agree with you to an be talking about volcanoes.
extent. Making it free may mean more people use it but s: Oh. sounds great. Can you tell me a bit about it now?
I don't think it's easy to force people to use public M: OK, well, although the general topic is volcanoes, we're
transport because everyone really prefers to use their going to talk specifically about the 'The Ring of Fire'.
own car. S: The Ring of Fire? Sorry, I don't know what you mean.
S I don't think so. We can't breathe on the moon, so we'd Sounds like something from a fantasy movie, like The
need very sophisticated equipment to stay there for Lord of the Rings!

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 c: Yeah, I agree, it does! I suppose it is kind of magicaL, M: Yes, that's right - and not just voLcanoes but aLso
actuaLLy, but not in the way you're thinking. earthquakes and mountain ranges too. The Ring of Fi re
S: Uh? I don't follow you. is where a number of pLates meet which is why so
C: WeLL, the Ring of Fire refers to a voLcanically active many voLcanoes have been formed around the Pacific.
region surrounding the Pacific Ocean . This zone of S: Mm, I see ...
voLcanoes passes through severaL regions: New ZeaLand,
Fiji, Papua New Guinea, the PhiLippines, up through 6.4
Japan and into ALaska, then down through the USA and
(S = Sam; M= Makoto; C = Chris)
CentraL and South America.
S: ... So, are there different types of voLcanoes? They
S: Mm, Like a giant circle of fire.
can't be aLL the same, right?
M: ExactLy!
M: No, that's right. Most vuLcanoLogists ...
S: Wow, that's interesting . There must be a Lot of
S: Sorry? VuLcan ... ?
voLcanoes there.
C: VuLcanologists - they're the scientists who study
M: You're right, there are hundreds, actuaLLy, but not aLL of
voLcanoes.
them are active. And even the ones that are considered S: Oh , I see.
active don't necessariLy erupt ...
M: WeLL, most of them beLieve that there are three main
types of voLcanoes. Most of the voLcanoes around t he
6.3
Ring of Fire are what's known as composite volcanoes,
(5 = Sam; M= Makoto; C = Chris) but the Largest type is caLLed a shieLd voLcano.
S: .. . So, Makoto, Chris, you have to give your talk on S: Shield volcano?
voLcanoes today, don't you? M: Yes. These are very broad, Low-Lying volcanoes - some
M: Yes, that's right. of them are over a hundred kilometres wide.
C: Yeah, I think we're about ready for it. C: They have very graduaL sLopes, usuaLLy between three
S: So, teLL me more about what you Learned. Did you find and ten degrees, so from the side they Look Like a
out how many voLcanoes erupt each year? shieLd Lying on the ground.
M: Yes, Chris did some reading on that. M: The most famous exampLe - and the Largest - is Mauna
C: WeLL, I found out about 50 to 60 voLcanoes erupt every Loa in Hawaii, but there are also shieLd voLcanoes in
year. IceLand, the GaLapagos IsLands ...
S: 50 to 60? Wow, no way! And how many of these S: But you said most of the voLcanoes in the Ring of Fire
eruptions take pLace in the Ring of Fire? were something else?
C: A Lot of them, because that whoLe area is extremeLy M: Right. Most of the ones around the Pacific are what's
active. For exampLe, the most active voLcano in the known as composite volcanoes - these are more Like
worLd is Kilauea in Hawaii . It has eruptions reaLLy often, what you'd imagine a volcano to Look Like, you know,
about 20 to 30 times a year, which means it's aLmost gentLe sLopes at the bottom then steep sLopes rising to
constantLy active. Yasur VoLcano, in Vanuatu, has had a summit, with a small crater at the top.
small eruptions 10 to 20 times per hour for the Last 800 S: And composite voLcanoes can be found aLL around the
years! Pacific?
S: Every hour?! You're kidding! C: That's right - in North and South America, Japan, the
Philippines. Mt. Fuji is one of the most famous
$~
ReaLLy, it's true!
And so why are there so many voLcanoes on the Ring of exampLes.
,
Fire? S: So, there are shieLd voLcanoes, composite voLcanoes ...
Ah, weLL, that's because most of the worLd's subduction and what's the other type?

Is: zones are aLso Located around the Pacific.

Subduction? I don't know what that is.
M: WeLL, you've heard of tectonic pLates, haven't you? Most
M: Cinder cones. These are the smallest kind, usuaLLy not
more than 300 metres taLL, and have straight sides with
steep sLopes.
scientists and geoLogists beLieve that the surface of the C: And they're found where?
earth - the crust - is broken into about ten Large pLates C: ALL over. Some cinder cones form on the sLopes of Larger
which are moving over time. Most geoLogic activity shieLd or composite voLcanoes, as secondary cones.
takes pLace at the edges of these pLates. A subduction S: So that seems pretty clear - th ree types: shieLd
zone is where one pLate moves under another pLate. voLcanoes, composite volcanoes and cinder cones.
S: Oh, I get it. So you mean voLcanoes are usuaLLy found M: ActuaLLy, there are some other types, Like spatter cones,
where those tectonic pLates meet? hydrovoLcanic vents, and so on ...
S: WeLL, seems Like you certainLy know your stuff. Anyway,
good Luck with the presentation.

Listening scripts 101

 M: Yeah, thanks. while the animal is sedated. However, with an insect, it
c: See you later, Sam. will probably mean taking the whole creature. Next, we
will transfer the sample to one of our Frozen Ark
6.5 laboratories and store it at extremely low temperatures.
The plan is have a number of such labs all around the
(A = Announcer; SM = Sarah MacKenzie)
A: Well, my next guest is Sarah MacKenzie, a zoologist at world. i

A: I see. How long do you think that the DNA isamples will
the Natural History Museum, who's here to talk about
last in storage?
their latest conservation project, which is causing a
SM: Don't worry. We believe that DNA can last tens of
great deal of excitement in this country and overseas.
Sarah, could you tell us about what you're doing at the thousands of years. And if storage of cells and DNA is
successful, we hope that future generations of
museum?
SM: Sure, thanks, David. Well, our new project, which is scientists will not only study them, but even use the
supported by the Natural History Museum, the DNA to clone. Cloning at the present time is not
Zoological Society of London and Nottingham sophisticated enough to be able to do this, but there is
University, is called 'The Frozen Ark'. Now many of you no reason to suppose that it won't be possible in the
future. We don't know where the Ark will end up, but it
will recognise the name 'Ark' from its religious
is an important, if not essential step in helping the
connections: it is the ship that Noah was said to have
used to rescue all the animals during the Great Flood. conservation effort. I'm sure Noah himself would be
And, indeed, that is sort of the purpose of our project. very proud of this project!
A: That sounds like a big task, how are you going to go A: I'm sure he would be. Thanks, Sarah, your project
about it? sounds fascinating. Now, let's take a few questions from
SM: Well, we plan to preserve the DNA, or the 'life codes' of callers ...
thousands of endangered species, so that, in the event
that the animals become extinct, future generations of [1J Food and Diet
scientists will be able to use the information for study
in this field, and, perhaps ultimately this will assist in 7.1
future conservation initiatives. Experts believe that as
many as 10,000 species are currently endangered, and Speaker 1
that includes an amazing twenty-five percent of known Okay, erm, I'm going to talk about the meal we usually eat
mammals and a tenth of all recorded bird species which at Christmas in my country. We call it Christmas Dinner and
are at risk. it is eaten either on Christmas Eve or on Christmas Day - it
A: Wow, that's a lot of endangered species. depends on the family. It is a really important family
SM: Yes, it really is, so I'm sure you can easily understand occasion so we generally eat it at home or at the home of a
the concern of the scientific community, as well as close relation such as our grandparents. Some families
naturalists and ordinary people when it comes to celebrate with just the close family but some have the
measures to conserve and protect our world's extended family there as well, so there can be many people
biodiversity. The end of a species leaves a hole in the at the table.
ecosystem, but it also takes with it a vast amount of I'll explain the details of the meal to you. It takes many
biological and genetic information, including all the hours to prepare and so everyone helps ... for example, to
adaptations that the animal, bird or insect has prepare vegetables or to lay the table. We decorate the table
undergone. To use an analogy from computers rather with Christmas things and maybe some paper hats to wear
than biology, what we are attempting to do here is as well. The main dish usually consists of turkey with
save a back-up copy - the genetic codes of these stuffing, though I think some families eat other meats such
animals will be stor~d in a database. as pork, duck or goose. At my house, Mum is in charge of
A: I see. the turkey because she is so good at it. She roasts the
whole turkey in the oven for several hours and the smell is
6.6 really good. We also have lots of roast vegetables with the
(A = Announcer; SM = Sarah MacKenzie) turkey, especially potatoes and then we do carrots and
A: So, Sarah, how exactly is the whole thing done? broccoli and lots of gravy to go with it. We carry the whole
SM: Well, in practical terms, this will require us to extract cooked turkey to the dinner table and someone carves it at
tissue samples from animals currently endangered; of the table and then we help ourselves to all the other food.
course, we don't want to destroy the animal whilst It is a very heavy meal so we always feel very full afterward
doing so, so the plan is to take a small piece of skin and need a rest before we have dessert. The traditional

102 Listening scripts

 dessert is Christmas pudding - or plum pudding - which is [ID Sickness and Health
made with dried fruit several weeks before. Then we can't
move for a few hours because we've eaten too much, so we
8.1
watch TV and chat. I love Christmas dinner - it's my
favourite meal of the whole year. Parts of the body: blood, digestive system, gallbladder,
Speaker 2 immune system, intestines, kidney, liver, lungs, stomach
Health and sickness: cure, discomfort, illness, injury, pain,
I'd like to tell you about something special we eat in
recover, symptom, treatment
Germany although it isn't exactly a meal or a dish. We eat
Food and diet: vitamins, nutrients, minerals
these at Easter and they are called 'ostereier' which in
English means ... erm '" Easter eggs. 8.2
First we boil the eggs until they are hard and then leave
them to go cold. Then we colour them with food dye and 1 ... So, as you can see, proper care of our livers can
paint them. If you like, you can buy decorations for the assist greatly in our overall sense of well-being. Before
eggs at some shops as well. When they are finished, parents we finish today, an interesting fact connected to the
hide them in the garden before the children get up. The liver ...
children go into the garden with a basket and collect the 2 ... and poor sanitation can contribute very heavily to
eggs and then the whole family eat them for breakfast. the rate of disease in a city. There are a number of
These days, some families buy chocolate eggs to hide but factors which need to be taken into account when
traditionally we use real eggs. Eggs are important at Easter discussing .. ,
because they symbolise spring and new life. 3 ... helps to improve our electrolyte and water balance.
Another thing we do with the eggs at Easter is to make an Let's move on to look at the relationship between the
Easter tree and decorate the tree with painted eggs. To do liver and the gallbladder. If you ...
this we make two small holes in a fresh egg and blowout 4 ... one of the best ways is to increase your heart rate.
the inside. We rinse the eggs and then paint them with all For instance, exercising regularly can dramatically
sorts of colourful designs. We hang these eggs on the improve ...
'osterbaum' or Easter tree. 5 ... occasionally leading to severe liver damage. As a
I love Easter eggs as they remind me of happy times with result of this the patient may need a liver transplant.
my family when I was young. 6 Exercising is certainly a good way to burn calories. Not
only that, it can help you keep the weight off, even
7.2 when ...
7 ... have shown for many years how detrimental it is to
1 Tell me about the diet of people in your country or
area. health. On the other hand. the huge amounts of money
the government receives in duty from its sale ensures
2 Compare the diet of people in your country today with
that ...
thirty years ago.
S Despite years of research into liver function and the
3 Can you explain why diets have changed over the last
causes of liver diseases, the average person still has a
few decades?
very poor understanding of how it works. Personally. I
4 How similar or different is food in your country to the
think that our system of education should focus more
countries nearby?

;
Should people be able to kill animals for food?
Do people need to be better educated about food and 8.3
nutrition?
People are getting fatter in many countries. Why do you Good morning and welcome to the last in the series in the
think this is happening? Bridging Course to Medical Science. This morning we look at
s In many places in the world, people are hungry or the liver and health issues related to it.
dying of starvation. Do you think we will ever get rid of What is the liver and what does it do? Well, the liver is the
this problem? largest organ in the abdomen, weighing from one to two
point five kilograms. We can describe the liver as the body's
main filter; it receives most of the nutrients (as well as the
toxins) absorbed from the bowel and co-ordinates their use.
It then removes much of what the body doesn't need or
whatever is potentially dangerous to the body if it
accumulates in large quantities. This could happen, for
example, by consuming alcohol and even as a result of
taking too many medicines.

Listening scripts 103

 Although the main function is filtering blood and removing
harmful substances, there are several other roles. It stores
extra blood for emergencies, and creates substances that
enhance our immune system (such as gamma globulin). Not
only that: the liver also stores vitamins, minerals and sugars
and helps the body access the energy we need from
proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

8.4
Let's move on to look at the relationship between the liver
and the gallbladder; an extremely important one, because
many health problems can be traced back to problems with
the liver. On the diagram here, we can see the liver on the
far left and on the opposite side is the stomach. We also
have the pancreas shown there as well so you get an idea of
the proportions. Now the small bag-like elastic structure,
tucked underneath the liver, is the gallbladder. So how does
this relationship work? Well, bile, the substance that helps
break down food, is produced in the liver and stored in the
gallbladder. From there, it is then excreted, or 'released', to
break down fats and to do this it goes down the bile duct
into the duodenum at this point here. If the bile becomes
too thick, or stagnates, gallstones can develop. These tiny
stones can sometimes cause blockages in the bile duct,
causing great discomfort to the sufferers and although we
can get rid of them, it is generally a painful process. The
duodenum is in fact the beginning of the small intestine,
which leads in turn to the large intestine.

8.5

In ancient societies, the healers of the past understood that

when our bile is stagnant and does not flow smoothly,
problems with the liver result. Chinese medicine relates
anger with poor liver and gallbladder function. The Greeks
believed that sadness was also the result of liver problems:
did you know, for example, the word 'melancholy' comes
from the Greek 'melanos' (black) and 'chole' (bile) - or,
'black bile'?
Apart from gallstones, poor care of our livers can also lead
to poor skin tone, acne, problems with blood clotting, poor
vision and even immune system breakdown, as the liver is
holding onto toxic substances which would normally be
cycled out of the body in the bile. So, as you can see,
proper care of our livers 'Can assist greatly in our overall
sense of well-being.
Before we finish today, an interesting fact connected to the
liver. Did you know that in some cultures, the liver is
considered so important to health that when people get
married, the groom promises his liver to the bride, not his
heart?
In today's drugs-and-surgery approach to healthcare, the
understanding of how to take proper care of the liver is
often ignored, but I hope I have managed to impress on you
the importance of this vital organ and the role it plays.

104 Listening scripts