Advance Computer Networks
Spring 2020-21
Lect. #01
Prof. Suchismita Chinara
Dept. of Computer Science Engg.
National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008
Email:
[email protected]8/4/2020 Advance Computer Networks 1
Outline
• Overview of Computer Networks
• OSI Model
• Data Link Layer
• Logical Link Control Layer
• MAC Layer
• Network Layer
• Routing protocols
• TCP /IP Model
• IP Addressing
• Subnet and Masking
• IP Design
• ARP / RARP
• TCP vs UDP
• YouTube video lecture / A S Tannenbaum (OSI) & B A Forouzon (TCP /IP protocol suite)
• Advance Computer Networks (IEEE 802.11 , WSN, Cellular NW)
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OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model
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Physical Layer
• The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer.
• It is responsible for the actual physical connection between the
devices.
• The physical layer contains information in the form of bits.
• It is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to the
next.
• When receiving data, this layer will get the signal received and
convert it into 0s and 1s and send them to the Data Link layer, which
will put the frame back together.
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Functions of Physical Layer
• The functions of the physical layer are :
1.Bit synchronization: The physical layer provides the synchronization of the
bits by providing a clock. This clock controls both sender and receiver thus
providing synchronization at bit level.
2.Bit rate control: The Physical layer also defines the transmission rate i.e.
the number of bits sent per second.
3.Physical topologies: Physical layer specifies the way in which the different,
devices/nodes are arranged in a network i.e. bus, star or mesh topolgy.
4.Transmission mode: Physical layer also defines the way in which the data
flows between the two connected devices. The various transmission modes
possible are: Simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex.
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Data Link Layer (DLL) (Layer 2)
• The data link layer is responsible for the node to node delivery of the
message.
• The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error-
free from one node to another, over the physical layer.
• When a packet arrives in a network, it is the responsibility of DLL to
transmit it to the Host using its MAC address.
• Data Link Layer is divided into two sub layers :
1.Logical Link Control (LLC)
2.Media Access Control (MAC)
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DLL
• The packet received from Network layer is further divided into frames
depending on the frame size of NIC(Network Interface Card).
• DLL also encapsulates Sender and Receiver’s MAC address in the
header.
• The Receiver’s MAC address is obtained by placing an ARP(Address
Resolution Protocol) request onto the wire asking “Who has that IP
address?” and the destination host will reply with its MAC address.
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Functions of DLL
• The functions of the data Link layer are :
1.Framing: Framing is a function of the data link layer. It provides a way for a
sender to transmit a set of bits that are meaningful to the receiver. This can
be accomplished by attaching special bit patterns to the beginning and end
of the frame.
2.Physical addressing: After creating frames, Data link layer adds physical
addresses (MAC address) of sender and/or receiver in the header of each
frame.
3.Error control: Data link layer provides the mechanism of error control in
which it detects and retransmits damaged or lost frames.
4.Flow Control: The data rate must be constant on both sides else the data
may get corrupted thus , flow control coordinates that amount of data that
can be sent before receiving acknowledgement.
5.Access control: When a single communication channel is shared by multiple
devices, MAC sub-layer of data link layer helps to determine which device
has control over the channel at a given time.
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