Various types of patterns common in laying bricks are described under bond, The

current American bricks typically about 20.3cm x 8.26cm x 5.7(8x3 3 / 4x21/4).

Other countries tend to produce bricks with their own standard dimensions. For
specific types of brick, bull sketcher, burnt brick, can’t brick, capping brick, closer
common brick, air brick, angle brick, arch brick, mixed brick, brindled brick,
building brick compass brick, concrete brick, coping brick, cownose brick, dogley
brick, dog tooth course brick.
The increase in its popularity of using environmental friendly, low-cost and tight
weight construction materials in building industry has brought about the need to
investigate how this can be achieved by benefiting the environment as well as
maintaining the materials requirement affirmed in the standard recycling of waste
generated from industrial and agricultural activist as building materials appears to
be viable solution not only to such pollution problem but also to the problem of
economic design of buildings (Perez et al, 1996) Brick belong to the wide family of
construction materials. Since it is mainly used for the construction of outer and
inner wall in buildings. The brick industry is the most indicated technological
activity sector to absorb solid waste due to the large quantity of raw materials
used by the sector as well as by the large volume of final product in construction
(Andireola et. Al, 2005).

2.14 USES OF BRICK

Bricks are used for building and pavement. In the USA, brick
pavement was found incapable of withstanding heavy traffic, but it is
coming back into use as a method of traffic calming or as a decorative
surface in pedestrian precincts. For example, in the early 1900s, most of the
streets in the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan were paved with brick. Today,
they are only about 20 blocks of brick paved street remaining (totaling less
0.6 percent of all streets in the city limits)
Bricks are also used in the metallurgy and glass industries for lining
furnaces, they have various uses especially refectory bricks such as silica,
magnesia, chamotte and the neutral (chromonagnestic) ref bricks. The type
of brick must have a good thermal shock resistance, refractoriness under
load, high melting point, and satisfactory porosity. There is a large
refractory brick industry, especially in the UK, Japan and USA. In the UK
bricks have been used in the construction for centuries until recently,
 almost all houses were built from bricks. Although many houses in the UK
are now built using a mixture of concrete block and other materials, many
houses are skinned with it as an object of the present invention. To provide
a method for recycling was foundry sand and dusts, in particular, to provide
red brick using the waste materials and a method for manufacturing the
same. To achieve the above object, the red brick according to the present
invention includes dust of 5-10wt%, Waste foundry sand of 30-50wt%, and
leftover clay the dust mainly discharged from steel factory has minutes
particles, and thus have a very large surface area. Since the main
component of the dust is iron oxide, which turns red when heated after
being mixed with other materials, it is possible to greatly reduce the
quantity of chemical compounds used for making the brick red by
employing iron oxide during a red brick manufacturing process. Very
recently, the government of the UK sponsored studies and trials to
investigate glass as a brick flux, both to save energy and to improve
markets for recycled glass (Peterson, 1996).
2.15 THE BRICK MANUFACTURING
The waste foundry sand used as a substitute for the sand for manufacturing
brick can manufacture excellent red brick since the particles thereof are far
more minute and uniform than those of the sand. However, in case the
waste foundry sand comprises less than 30wt% with respect to the entire
weight of the red brick, a substitution effect for the sand is insufficient. In
case the waste foundry sand comprises more than 50wt% with respect to
the entire weight of the red brick, a desired compressive strength will not
be obtained. To achieve the above object, there is a provided method for
manufacturing a red brick of the present invention. In the method for
manufacturing red brick of present invention, the quantity of water used is
the same as that in the conventional red brick manufacturing method. At
least one binding agent selected from the group consisting of tar, pitch,
phenolic resin and furan resin is preferably added to the paste, the heating
is preferably performed for 10-12hours at a temp of 970 0c-10000c.
According to the manufacturing method of the present invention, the
heating is performed at a temp of 970 0c-10000c which is far lower than the
conventional heating temp of about 1300 0c. Without a necessity for
maintaining a reduction atmosphere. However, the red brick manufacture
according to the present invention as a color as desirable as one
manufactured in a process using a reduction atmosphere.
Therefore, It is possible to greatly reduce the manufacturing red brick cost
of the red brick. Also the heavy metals included in the waste foundry sand
as well as the dusts, exist in extremely small quantities and are hardly
detectible in the finally manufactured red bricks due to purification effect
by absorption power of day during mixing with the clay, molding, drying
and heating procedure and an oxidation during heating procedure.
Therefore the present invention has a great industrial applicability in view
of a very efficient use of industrial waste.
Ordinary building bricks are made of mixture of clay and sand to which coal
and other foreign substance are sometimes added, which is subjected to
various processes, differing according to the nature of the material, the
method of the manufacture and the character of the finished product. After
being properly prepared the clay is formed in mold to the desired shape,
then dried and burnt. All properties of brick are affected by composition of
the raw materials and the manufacturing processes. It is for this reason that
most manufactures blend clay to reduce the possibilities of impurities from
one clay source affecting overall quality of the finished product. Similarly,
the standardization of the manufacturing process permits the
manufactures to limit variations due to processing and to produce a more
uniform product.
 CHAPTER 3
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 MATERIALS
i. Mold
ii. Electrical Kiln
iii. Wheel Barrow
iv. Shovel
v. Sieve (1.18mm for sand, 600 for glass)
vi. Volumetric Cylinder (for measuring the quantity of water used)
vii. Laterite (red sand)
viii. Crushed Glass
3.2 METHODS
The clay used for this work, was extracted within a heap of laterite sand
within a field with overlapping layer containing different particles and
impurities located at area 1 ABU Staff Quarters in Zaria, Kaduna State, the
laterite was crushed and sieved to remove the impurities and particles that
were not wanted, the laterite was sieved with sieve size of 1.18mm, where
by the impurities remain on this sieve and the particles needed pass
through the sieve and the total red sand (laterite) weight was 12kg, while
the glass was sieved with a sieve size of 600 while the total waste glass
weighed 1.5kg.
150g of mixture was used for glass and 1380g of red sand were mixed
together with water to obtain 1500g of each brick. The mixture was
thoroughly mixed. A metallic mold of 2 by 2 inches shape was used to mold
the bricks, the water content that was used, was measured with a
calibrator, the water measured 600mils that is 40% of water by weight of
the material was used in the mixture. Additional mixture was over again
with the same process of compaction of the mixture of the red sand
(laterite) and cullet and water into the mold and was dried under
atmosphere condition for a week to allow the bricks to dry before firing in
an electric kiln to temperature range of 7000c-10000c.
3.3 TREATMENTOF RAW MATERIALS
The laterite was dried under atmospheric temperature to allow to dry, after
being dried, the red sand was crushed into powdered form and it was
sieved with a siever at a sieve size of 1.18mm (BSS).
 (include image of latent (plate 1:) and crushed glass (plate 2:) and sieved
glass size 600mm (BSS) (plate 3).
3.4 FORMATION OF BODY COMPOSITION
The body composition comprising of laterite, green glass, white glass and
mixed color glass were made in 3a, 3b and 3c

(3a) Body composition for green glass water and laterite.

Red Sand (Grams) Green Glass (Grams) white glass
1350 150 600

(3b) Body composition for white glass water and laterite

1350 150 600
3c) Body composition for white mixed glass, water and laterite
1350 150 600
3.5 MAKING AND FIRING OF THE BRICKS
Four bricks were made from each single making a total of 12 bricks, after
forming the bricks, they were dried under atmospheric condition for a
week. The bricks were taken to glass tech section ABU Zaria, Kaduna State,
where the firing was carried out in an electric kiln with a temp of 700 –
10000c.