Chapter - 1
Antenna Introduction
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wx_tIvaajAI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtYLzYckVFo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jA8aTA1Pg4s
Outline
➢Introduction to Antennas
➢Dipole, Monopole, Loop and Slot Antennas
➢Linear and Planar Arrays
➢Microstrip Antennas
➢Helical Antennas
➢Horn Antennas
➢Reflector Antennas
➢Yagi-Uda and Log-Periodic Antennas
1.2
Reference Books
1. C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory – Analysis and Design, John
Wiley, 2005.
2. J. D. Kraus and R.J. Marhefka, Antennas, McGraw Hill, 2003.
3. G. Kumar and K. P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antennas,
Artech House, 2003.
4. J. R. James and P. S. Hall, Handbook of Microstrip Antennas,
Peter Peregrinus, 1989.
5. W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design,
John Wiley, 2012.
6. R. C. Johnson, Antenna Engineering Handbook, McGraw
Hill,1993
1.3
Antennas in Wireless Communication Systems
Modulating Transmitter
Signal
Impedance
Modulator Amplifier Matching
Network
Carrier
Signal
Receiver
IF Filter Display
RF Mixer device/
and Demodulator
Amplifier speaker
Amplifier
LO
1.4
Antennas for Various Applications
➢ MW Radio – Frequency : 530 to 1620 kHz (use λ/4
monopole antenna)
➢ Cell Phones – CDMA, GSM900, GSM1800, 3G, 4G,
Wi-Fi/Bluetooth (use monopole, normal mode helical,
microstrip antenna, etc.)
➢ Cell Towers (use monopole, dipole, microstrip antenna
arrays, etc.)
➢ Satellite and Defense Communications (use microstrip,
horn, spiral, helical, reflector, Yagi-Uda, log-periodic
antennas, etc.)
1.5
Antenna Radiation Pattern
z
Radiation Pattern:
Isotropic (HPBW) Major Lobe
(FNBW)
Omni-directional
Directional
Polarization: Minor Lobes Side Lobe
Linear (H or V) y
Elliptical
Circular Back Lobe
1.6
Antenna Fundamentals
Directivity of the Antenna
41253 4πA𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝐷 = = Gain = η D
𝜃𝐸 𝜃𝐻 λ2
Reflection Coefficient and VSWR
𝑍𝐴 − 𝑍0
𝛤=
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍0
Vmax 1 + |𝛤| Bandwidth of Antenna:
VSWR = = Frequency range over
Vmin 1 − |𝛤|
which VSWR < 2
1.7
Link Budget
Transmitting Receiving
antenna antenna
r
Aet Aer
Transmitter Receiver
Friis Transmission Equation
2
𝜆
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 Watt
4𝜋𝑟
1.8
Dipole Antennas
Folded Broadband Dipole
Radiation pattern of a dipole antenna Antenna for RF Harvesting
Chip
Microstrip line fed
Dipole Antenna
Dipole Antenna for RFID
1.9
Monopole Antennas
Short monopole
current
h
Quarter-wave
monopole current
Image currents
Broadband triangular
monopole antenna used
for RF Harvesting from
cell phone
1.10
Loop Antennas
Small circular loop antenna multi-turn loop antenna
equivalent to magnetic dipole
[C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory – Analysis and Design, John Wiley, 2005]
1.11
Slot Antennas
Centre-fed Slot Antenna Off-centre-fed slot Antenna
P. K. Mishra, D. R. Jahagirdar and G. Kumar, “A broadband cavity-backed slot antenna design with small cavity height and analysis on large
ground plane”, National Conference on Communication (NCC), Kanpur, India, Feb.-March 2014.
1.12
Linear and Planar Antenna Arrays
Linear Antenna Array Planar Antenna Array
Amplitude and phase of each element, spacing between the elements,
choice of element and feed network determine performance of array.
1.13
Microstrip Antennas
Y
Microstrip Antennas (MSA):
➢ Different Shapes
Top ➢ Broadband
View
W X ➢ Compact
x
➢ Multi-band
L
➢ Dual polarization
Side r h ➢ Circular Polarization
View
Ground Plane Co-axial Feed
➢ Linear and Planar Arrays
(series and parallel feeds)
Rectangular Microstrip Antenna
On Finite Ground Plane
1.14
Microstrip Antenna – VSWR Plot
Bandwidth for
VSWR < 2 is from
1.76 to 1.855 GHz
(95 MHz)
% BW = 5%
1.15
Microstrip Antenna – Radiation Pattern
Radiation Pattern
at 1.8 GHz
Front to Back Ratio
F/B = 15 dB
1.16
Microstrip Antenna Array
16 x 16 array
with feed network
at 35 GHz
1.17
Space Fed MSA Array
Top View
Side View
Ground Plane
1.18
Helical Antennas
NORMAL AXIAL CONICAL
MODE MODE MODE
C = πD << λ C = πD = λ C = πD = nλ
1.19
Pyramidal and Conical Horn Antennas
Pyramidal Horn Antenna
Microstrip Antenna Integrated
with Conical Horn Antenna
1.20
Reflector Antennas
Reflector Antennas:
Planar
Corner
Feed Aperture
Parabolic
Higher gain but occupies
large space
1.21
Yagi – Uda Antennas
Fed Dipole Directors
Reflector
1.22
Log-Periodic Antenna
1 l2 l𝑛+1 R2 R𝑛+1
= = = =
l1 l𝑛 R1 R𝑛
d2 d𝑛+1 s2 s𝑛+1
= = = =
d1 d𝑛 s1 s𝑛
1.23
CONCLUSIONS
➢Antenna technology is rapidly changing.
➢Requirement for innovative thinking to meet the
challenges – broad-band, multi-band, compact,
high efficiency, multi-polarization, MIMO, smart
antennas, etc.
➢Design is the most important thing.
➢Requires precision manufacturing.
➢Low cost without sacrifice in performance.
1.24
Chapter - 2
Antenna Fundamentals
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6Ub2KJxV7A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehMxbZ7367A
3-D Radiation Pattern of Antenna
Isotropic Radiation Omni-Directional Directional Radiation
Pattern Radiation Pattern of λ/2 Pattern of Microstrip
D = 1 = 0dBi Dipole Antenna Antenna Array
D = 1.64 = 2.1dBi D = 500 = 27dBi
2.2
2-D Radiation Pattern of Antenna
z
Beamwidth between first
(HPBW) Major Lobe nulls (FNBW) ~ 2.25 x
(FNBW) HPBW (Half Power
Beamwidth)
Side Lobe Level (SLL)
Minor Lobes Side Lobe < 20 dB for satellite and
y high power applications
Back Lobe Front to Back Ratio
x
(F/B) > 20 dB
2.3
Directivity of Antenna
Directivity of an antenna is the ratio of radiation density in the direction of
maximum radiation to the radiation density averaged over all the directions.
U m = DU o
maximum radiation intensity 𝑈max
𝐷 = =
average radiation intensity 𝑈0
𝑈max 4𝜋 𝑈max 4𝜋 𝑈max 4𝜋 Uo
𝐷 = = = =
P𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑈max 𝛺𝐴 𝛺𝐴 [where, ΩA is beam solid angleሿ
4𝜋
2𝜋 𝜋
1
𝛺𝐴 = න න 𝐹(𝜃, 𝜙)sin𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙 [where, F θ, ϕ ≃ |E o (θ, ϕ)|2 + |E o (θ, ϕ)|2
𝐹(𝜃, 𝜙)|max 0 0
θ ϕ
4𝜋 [where, θE , θH are in radianሿ
𝐷 ≃
𝜃𝐸 𝜃𝐻
Example: For Infinitesimal Dipole,
2.4
Directivity and Gain of Antenna
Directivity of Large Antenna Directivity of Small Antenna
32400 41253
𝐷 = where, θE a𝑛𝑑 θH are in degree 𝐷 =
𝜃𝐸 𝜃𝐻 𝜃𝐸 𝜃𝐻
4 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 Directivity is proportional to the Effective Aperture
𝐷 =
λ2 Area of Antenna
Gain = η D where η is Efficiency of Antenna
Practice Problem: Find the gain in dBi of a parabolic reflector
antenna at 15 GHz having diameter of 1m. Assume efficiency is
0.6. What will be its gain at 36 GHz?
Hint: Aperture Area of parabolic reflector antenna = π r2
2.5
Polarization of Antenna
Orientation of radiated electric field vector in the main beam of the antenna.
𝐸𝜃 𝐸𝜃 𝐸𝜃
𝐸𝜙 𝐸𝜙 𝐸𝜙
𝐸 = 𝑎𝜃 𝐸𝜃 cos𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎𝜙 𝐸𝜙 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼 ൯
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 1: 𝛼=0 or 𝜋 Wave is Linearly Polarized
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 2: 𝛼= ± 𝜋/2 and E𝜃 = 𝐸𝜙 Wave is Circularly Polarized
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 3: 𝛼= ± 𝜋/2 and E𝜃 ≠ 𝐸𝜙 Wave is Elliptically Polarized
2.6
Axial Ratio of Antenna
Major Axis of Polarization
Axial Ratio (AR) =
Minor Axis of Polarization
AR = 1, Circular Polarization
1<AR<∞, Elliptical Polarization
AR = ∞, Linear Polarization
Axial Ratio Bandwidth:
Frequency range over which
Axial Ratio Plot of Circularly
AR < 3 dB Polarized MSA
Bandwidth for AR < 3dB =
380MHz (13%)
2.7
Input Impedance and VSWR of Antenna
Input Impedance Reflection Coefficient
𝑍𝐴 = 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑗𝑋𝐴 and VSWR
RA represents power loss from the 𝑍𝐴 − 𝑍0
antenna and XA gives the power 𝛤=
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍0
stored in the near field of the antenna
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝑟 + 𝑅𝐿 Vmax 1 + |𝛤|
VSWR = =
Radiation Efficiency Vmin 1 − |𝛤|
𝑅𝑟 𝑅𝑟
𝑒𝑟 = =
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝑟 + 𝑅𝐿
Practice Problem: Calculate Reflection Coefficient and VSWR for
impedance ZA = 10, 30, 50,100 Ω.
2.8
Input Impedance Plot on Smith Chart
Example: If antenna impedance 𝑍𝐴 = (20+j30)𝛺, calculate Γ and VSWR.
𝑍𝐴 = 20𝛺 + 𝑗30𝛺, Z0 = 50𝛺
𝑍𝐴 20 + 𝑗30
𝑍𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 = = = 0.4 + 𝑗0.6
𝑍0 50
𝑍𝐴 − 𝑍0 𝛤 = 0.56
𝛤= ∠112°
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍0
20 + 𝑗30 − 50
𝛤= ≃ −0.2 + 0.52j VSWR = 3.55
20 + 𝑗30 + 50
= 0.56∠112°
1 + |𝛤|
VSWR =
1 − |𝛤|
1+0.56 Normalized Input Impedance Plot
VSWR = ≃3.55
1−0.56 on Smith Chart gives Γ and VSWR
2.9
Microstrip Antenna at 5.8 GHz
MSA design at 5.8 GHz Input Impedance Plot on |S11| Plot
with RT Duroid 5880 Smith Chart normalized BW for |S11| ≤ -10 dB
Substrate height =0.8 mm with 50 ohm is 85 MHz (1.5%)
2.10
Microstrip Antenna Radiation Pattern and Gain
Radiation Pattern Antenna Gain Plot Radiation and Antenna
HPBW (H-plane) = 88° For 1dB Gain Variation, Efficiency Plots
HPBW (E-plane) = 80° BW = 126MHz
2.11
Microstrip Antenna Array – Millimeter Wave
Gain Plot
8x8 EMCP MSA Array at millimeter wave
Gain = 24 dBi = 250
For 1dB Gain
Variation,
BW = 5.4 GHz
P. Mathur and G. Kumar, “Improved performance of Microstrip Antenna Arrays through Electromagnetic Coupling at Ka-band,” 2016
Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference, Loughborough, UK, 2016, pp. 1-4.
2.12
Radiation Pattern of 8x8 MSA Array
Main Beam
Side Lobe
Level
Cross
Polar
Cartesian Plot Polar Plot
32400
HPBW = 8.8° 𝐹𝑁𝐵𝑊 D=
≃ 2.27 8.8°x8.8°
FNBW = 20° 𝐻𝑃𝐵𝑊 ≃ 413 = 26.1dBi
whereas, simulated
directivity is 25.8dBi
2.13
Link Budget
Transmitting Receiving
antenna antenna
r
Aet Aer
Transmitter Receiver
𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 Wattൗ
𝑃𝑑 = Power Density
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑚2
𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑟 𝐴𝑒𝑟 4𝜋𝐴𝑒𝑡
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑑 𝐴𝑒𝑟 = Watt 𝐺𝑡 =
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝜆2
2
𝜆
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 Watt
4𝜋𝑟 Friis Transmission Equation
2.14
Power Density
Example: A GSM1800 cell tower antenna is transmitting
20W of power in the frequency range of 1840 to 1845MHz.
The gain of the antenna is 17dBi. Find the power density at
a distance of (a) 50m and (b) 300m in the direction of
maximum radiation.
Pt Gt Wattൗ 2 𝐺 = 17𝑑𝐵𝑖 = 50
Power density: Pd = 4πr2 m 𝑡
20 × 50
(a)r = 50m Pd = = 31.8m WΤm2
4π × 502
20 × 50
(b)r = 300m Pd = = 0.88m WΤm2
4π ×3002
2.15
