De ee ON ae UL a Cees a OTTO) Pees cscs Cee Cua peed asst Entry test © Choose the correct answer. 1 I stay /am staying at the Imperial Hotel until they get my flat ready. 2 The Amazon flows / is flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. 3 Buying a house becomes / is becoming more and more ‘expensive nowadays. 4 We haven't decided yet but we think / are thinking of moving house. 5 Whether we play on Saturday depends /is depending on the weather. Now look at (B) on pages 14-17. © Complete the sentences. Use the past simple, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous of the verbs in the box. already /win discuss not find originate. try 6 Jazz..........in the US around 1900. 7 He's a brilliant actor. At the age of thirty, he 8 Even when we were children, our parents with us. 9 They. . to fix this pipe since this morning and it's still leaking, 10 Scientists still ..........@ cure for cancer. Now look at @Q) on pages 18-20. several awards. our family problems© choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 11 About 100 people . _ outside the theatre for tickets when we got there. Aqueue B queued Cwere queuing D have queued 12 This time last week | .. . to London. Adrove B was driving Chave driven D have been driving 13 By the time the teacher arrived, the classroom was empty. The students . Aleit Bwere leaving — C have left D had left 14 The witness claimed he .. the man before. * A didn’t see Bwasn't seeing Chasn'tseen —D hadn't seen 6 15 | ..ccesseesa Shower when the phone rang. Abed Bwashaving — Chave had Dhave been having SP T__ss Now look at (® on pages 21-22. © Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 16 She's changed a lot she left school. Afor Bsince C during Dafter 17 Ive been waiting in the rain... hours! A for Bsince, C during D from 18... .. |was coming home, | met my old English teacher. AWhile B Since € During D Before 19 She was born in Yorkshire twenty-five years . . Mover B since Cago D before 20 I've... .. seen the film — | don’t want to see it again. Astill Balready Cyet D before Escont MEY Now look at (B) on pages 23-25. © Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 21 How long have you been looking for 2 Aemploy B employer Cemployee D employment 22 Ineed a tin.......,.. to open this tin of peas, Aopen B opening, C opener D opened 23 You have to be a very good .. to get a job as a chef, A cook Booker C cookery D cooked (24 She's doing an evening course ii A photograph Bphotography C photographic D photographer 25 Passing the exam at such a young age was quite an... Aachieve Bachiever Cachievement D achievable Os Now look at @) on pages 26-27.Grammar Present simple and present continuous eee eens Form Affirmative: They live in Cambridge. Question: Does he live in Brighton? Negative: I dox't live in London. “Affirmative: She's waiting for Keith, (Question: Are they having a good time? Negative: I'm not talking to you! Use ‘We use the present simple: «+ for permanent situations. Live in a flat. ‘She works for an insurance company. + for repeated actions or habits: Tuse my mobile phone every day. We usually have dirmer at eight. + for general truths: The sun rises in the east. Water boils at 100°C. + when we tell stories or summarise the plot ofa film ‘or book: ‘Our hero goes off to search for the treasure, which he eventually finds after many adventures. + When we use always with the present simple, it ‘means ‘all the time’ or ‘every time": L always complain ifthe service is bad in restaurants. + When we use always with the present continuous, it means ‘too often’. We use it to show that we find something annoying. You're always complaining that waiters are rude! State verbs + We do not normally use certain verbs with the present continuous, or other continuous tenses. ‘These verbs describe a state, not an activity. “They are called state verbs and they include: + mental/thinking verbs: agree, believe, disagree, doubt, expect, forget, imagine, know, notice, realise, remember, suppose, think, understand ‘We use the present continuous: + for temporary situations: Tm staying with a friend at the moment + for situations that are changing: ‘The weather's getting hotter and hotter. + for actions in progress at the moment of speaking: I'm using John’s mobile because F left mine at home. You're eating too fast! + for annoying habits, often with abvays: You're always borrowing money! + attitude verbs: dislike, hate, like, love, need, prefer, want, wish + sense/perception verbs: hear, see, smell, taste + appearance, qualities: appear, look, resemble, seem, sound + existence, being, possession: be, belong to, come (from), exist, have, lack, own, possess + other verbs: consist of, contain, cost, depend, fit, include, matter, mean, need, owe, suit, weigh We can use some state verbs with continuous tenses but with a change in meaning. Here are some examples:PRESENT simpie ano Present conrinuous fi eed eee) He is friendly. (= It's one of his quelities! characteristics) She has (got) « cat. (= owns) ‘He is being friendly. (= behaving in a particular way) She's having dinner. (= eating) They think ie's roo expensive, (= believe) | They're thinking of buying a car. mnsidezing) ‘She looks sad. (= seems) ‘She’s looking at you. (= turned her eyes in a particalar direction) He feels what we did was wrong. (= thinks) He's feeling the baby’s forchead. (= touching) ‘Do you see what I mean? (= understand) Pm seeing Alex on Friday. (= meeting) ‘This juice tastes good. (= has a particular taste) Hes tasting the milk to see if i's OK. (= putting it in his mouth to check its quality) It depends on the weather. (= The weather may change the situation.) Tim depending on you. (= lying on) ‘She appears to be very upset. (= seems) continuous form, with no change in meaning: 1 feel/’m feeling sick. You Took/re looking tired. My feet achelare aching. My leg hurtslis hurting. © Choose the correct answer. 0. We Gavely s60)"re rarely seeing each other now. 1 I seep 7?m sleeping on Nick's sofa until I find a place of my own. 2. Lonly work /°m only working there for a couple of months ~ I'm going abroad in the summer. 3 Ifyou don’t listen Jaren’t listening to the radio, why don't you switch it off? 4 His omly bad habit is that he talks /is talking too loudly. 5. So, in the first scene, we see /are seeing him getting up. Then he goes out /is going out and ‘meets |is meeting a strange woman. The Blues Band is appearing at the Odeon on Saturday. (€ performing) We can use the verbs feel, look, ache and hurt in the simple or the present 6 You make /are making goulash with meat, vegetables and paprika. 7 Laever do anything I feel /'m feeling is against my principles. 8. He appears 1’s appearing to be very friendly but I don't know him very well. 9 There's nobody at the door. You just hear {re just hearing things. 10. So, what do you think /are you thinking? Is it 2 good idea? 15BIR) rnesenr simPte aN PRESENT CONTINUOUS © Complete the sentences. Use the present simple or present continuous of the verbs inbrackets. 0 Diane’s father eM". (own) that restaurant over there. My sister........ (wait) patiently for her exam results. We... (not travel) by train very often. 1. sssssss (Consider) accepting that job offer in Cambridge. The film (end) with a dramatic car chase, (Feel) t00 tired to go out this evening. We have) a great time here in London sssssssess (OU /see) much of your brother these days? We .......+0. (rely on) you to bring the keys with you. I'm really sorry; 1 jwish) I could help you. 10 Who... (you /think) you are, speaking to me like that! 1 2 3 4 5 Tmsony,1 6 7 8 9 © Complete the sentences. Use the present simple or present cot verbs in brackets, uous of the Aisit... (visit /always) my grandparents at weekends but Aunt Roberta 128. (come / never) with us. sss. (use /never) my mobile phone if T.,........ (drive). 21 (get) lots of emails every day but 1 (seem /never) to have the time to reply! 3. The heroine ......... (prefer) to be with Paul because James (argue /always). 4 Maria,........, (forget /always) what time the soap .......... (start). 5 You..........(moan /always} about the state of the flat but you ......... (help /never) me tidy it up! She .......... (criticise /always) people! That's why she ........ (not have) any friends! (shop /never) here ~ they .........(be /always) so rude! (smell /always) food cooking when we ......... (Pass) her house. (borrow /alsvays) money! And he.......... (pay /never) me back! 6 7 Whether he (go out) or not (depend /always) on how busy he is. 8 9 Next, please! Jalways ignor’ What seems||me, : oe 16essen simpie ano presen coxrinuous fl © Complete the email, Use the present simple or present continuous of the verbs in the box. cost depend go have look love make stay still study taste write Hi Rosa, 102m writing to you from an Internet café in the city centre. I in a cheap hotel near Plaza Catalunya. It®,.....,, ust forty euros a night ~ fot bad! | Barcelona is a really exciting city and I™...,,....a wonderful time! This moming I visited the Sagrada Familia ~ a famous Catholic church in Barcelona. It's really weird - it... like a wedding cake! Later today I might go to the beach —it,....,... on the weather. ‘The food’s great. Crema Catalana is my favourite ~ I just, csesoe here with cold custard and sugar on top. It it! I's a dessert they ibsolutely delicious! So, everything ®.......... well here. What about you? Is everything OK back in rainy Milan?“ (you) for your exam next week? See you soon! Paola id and correct the mistakes in the sentences. 0 It’s usually getting very cold here in the winter. Tt.usually. gets. very. cold hewe.it 1 This week, the government holds a conference on nuclear energy. 2 Water is consisting of hydrogen and oxygen, 3 Things are get more and more expensive all the time. It really makes me angry! 4 T've got nowhere to live, so I stay with a friend for now. 5 Is this car belonging to you, sir? 6 You always moaning! Stop it! 7 Inthe novel, the story is taking place in Florence. 7Past simple, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous ery Form Goa Affirmative: They went out on Saturday. Question: Did you like the fle? Negative: We didn’t see Terry last night. “Affirmative: I've seen this film. Question: Have you heard from Jim recently? Negative: She hasn't phoned yet, Use ‘We use the past simple: + for past (finished) actions, often with time words like a year ago, last Sunday, in 2010, yesterday, etc The first modern Olympics took place in Aithens more than: a hundred years ago, They arrived in Spain yesterday. + for past habits or states: He always caught the same train. Long ago, they built most houses out of wood. + for past states, events or actions that lasted for a period of time in the past: We were neighbours for twenty-five years ‘We use the present perfect: + for actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past: ‘They have arrived in Spain. + for past actions that have a result which is obvious or important in the present: They have polluted the river. (= And now the fish are dead.) You've spilt the coffee all over my trousers! (= And now they're ruined.) + for recently completed actions, often with just: The flm’s just started. + to refer to a period of time that has not finished yet. We've built twenty schools this year. (= Its stil this year.) + for general experiences, often with before, ever and never. Haye you ever seen an elephant? We've never been to Australia, She's never flown before. + for actions, events or situations that began in the past and continue in the present, often with for and since: They have lived here for six years. (= They still live here.) ‘Mr Edwards has worked here since 2009. (= He still works here.) + with the following words: already, yet, recently, often, still: The rain has already destroyed the crops. We still haven’t discovered life on other planets. They haven't finished the project yetAST SIMPLE, PRESENT PERFECT S@MPLE PRESENT peRpEC conTINUOUS fil Past simple or present perfect simple? + To talk about a period of time that has __* The choice between the past simple and finished, we use the past simple. To the present perfect simple depends on talk about a period of time that has not whether the action links the past with yet finished, we use the present perfect the present. Compare: simple. Compare: He did a lot in his short life. Thad two sandwiches this morning. (= He is dead.) = It is now afternoon or evening.) He has done a lot in his short life. Pve had two sandwiches this morning. (= He is alive and young.) Five filled in 52 many joe applications! in fact, De keen ling In oh aplication ( Itis still morning.) Present perfect continuous Form Affirmative: It has been raining since Monday. Question: How long have you been waiting? Negative: I haven't been sleeping well ately. Use + We use the present perfect continuous to talk about actions that started in the ppast and continue up to the moment of speaking. We use it especially when we are interested in the duration of the action: ve been waiting for a whole hour! + Notice the difference between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous: Pve read this book. (=I have finished it. The focus here is on the fact that the action is complete.) ve been reading a book about life on other planets. (= 1 haven’t finished it yet. The focus here is on the fact that the action is incomplete.) Complete the article. Use the past simple or present perfect simple of the verbs in brackets. MACHU PICCHU We ha mm (know) about Machu Picchu for over a century now. Archaeologists ,......... discover) this ancient Inca site in 1911. They ®......... (write) books and newspaper articles about their discovery, so people all over the world ®.,.,.... (read) about the site and...,,..., (want) to see it for themselves. The first tourists ®, (start) to arrive in the 1960s, Now, more than half a century later, millions of visitors ©. .see (be) to Machu Picchu, Tourists from all over the world.......... (see) this marvellous Inca city with their own eyes. In recent years, Machu Piechu ®.......... become) one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world. Luxury hotels have been built not far from the site, while in the late 1990s, the Peruvian government ™......,, allow) the construction of a cable car for visitors, However, all this “........(do) a lot of harm to the site. It ™......, (pollute) the atmosphere and caused noise pollution around the ancient city. In an effort to provect the site, UNESCO “,......., (make) Machu Picchu a World Heritage site in 1983. oPAST SIMPLE, PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE, PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS © Read the sentences from a letter of application and choose the correct answer. 0 Lam writing in connection with the advertisement which(appeared)/ has appeared in Career online magazine on 3 December, ps 1 Loriginally studied (have originally studied Mechanical Engineering at university and | graduated /have been graduating with a first class degree. 2 I now completed | have now completed a postgraduate degree in Business and Administration. have tried {have been trying to find a permanent job for months. I worked / have worked for several companies on a temporary basis till now. In my first job, 1 was / have been responsible for marketing. | applied have applied for several posts this year. However, I still did not manage / have not managed to find what I am looking for. ‘The last job I applied / have applied for required applicants to speak some Japanese. I started / have started learning Spanish a few months ago but | did not obtain /have not obtained a qualification in it yet. 10. I did not apply | have not applied for a job with your company before. 11 L hoped /have hoped that you would consider my application favourably. 12. However, I have waited / have been waiting for a reply for several weeks and I still did not receive Ihave not received one from you. © Complete the text. Use the past simple, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets. The Internet "has. changed (changel our lives in so many ways. Most people say it © casas (tmake] life better, and this is probably true. have) some bad influence, 400 but think it (do) more good than harm First of all, il has mode communication much easier and it ..........(bring) people around the world much closer. | have a friend in Mexico, who | (write) to for years. First, | used fo write her letters and |! {hove tol wait for weeks before 1".,........ {gel} o reply. It a (take) ages! Now we communicate by email. Already this week, |"..........(sent) her five emails - and |..........(receivel a reply to all of them in just a few minutes! What else? Well, for he last few days, my son"......,... leach me to make video calls so | can {alk to friends and see them at the some time. I's amazing - and highly addictive, too! Already this morning, '.......(si In front of he screen for three hours, and I...,.,..(ftl finish) half my emails yet! “Flying? P've been to almost as many places as my luggage!” Bow Hors ) 20Past continuous, past perfect simple, past perfect continuous Past continuous Form Affirmative: He was talking to you Question: Were you working at six? Negative: Sorry, I wasn’t listening. Use We use the past continuous: + for actions in progress at a particular time in the pa Twas watching TY at nine o'clock last night. + for two or more actions happening at the same time in the pas She was studying while I was watching. + to set the scene or give background information in a story: It. was pouring with rain and she was wondering what to do. + with the past simple, to say that something happened in the middle of something else: I was sleeping when my friend called, Past perfect simple Form Affirmative: They had left at four o'clock. Question: Had the party finished at eleven? Negative: I hadn’t seen him before. Use + We use the past perfect simple to talk about a past action that happened before another past action: When I had picked some fruit, I went back to the beach + We often use the past perfect simple with when and after: After they had eaten, they cleared the table. + Compare: When I arrived at the party, Mary left. (= L arrived and then Mary left.) When I arrived at the party, Mary had left. (= Mary left and then I arrived.) Past perfect continuous Form Affirmative: She had been working for hours. Question: Had they been waiting long? Negative: | hadu’t been feeling well. Use + We use the past perfect continuous to talk about something that started in the past and continued up until another time in the past: They had been climbing for five hours before they reached the top. + We offen use the past perfect continuous to emphasise how long a past action, event or state lasted: Thad been feeling sleepy all day, so Twent to bed. Choose the correct answer. 0 Columbus discovered) / was discovering ica though at first he believed he Gad reached) had been reaching Asia 1 Hillary and Tenzing were climbing (had been climbing for several days when they reached (had reached the summit. 2 Scott reached | was reaching the South Pole in 1912 but Amundsen had beaten (was beating him by a month, 3 Franklin flew /was flying a kite when he made | was making a very important discovery about electricity. 4 Before Columbus discovered /was discovering America, people were helieving /had believed that the Earth was flat 5 Newton made / was making his great discovery while he was sitting /had been sitting under an apple tree. 2HIM) rast conninvous, past PERFECT SIMPLE, PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS © Complete the sentences. Use the past continuous, past perfect simple or past perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets. © ‘They stayed in the tent because it Nas..raining (rain). 1 The roads were wet because it...,...... (Fain) all night 2 He was broke. He ......... money on clothes. 31 (have) a nightmare when the alarm went off and woke me up. 4. His hands were covered in oil because he sessesase (try) t0 fi the ear all morning, 5. When she opened the window, she was happy to see it.......... (snow) lightly. If fact, it snow) all night and snow Il the rooftops. 6 When Mrs Morgan came into the classroom, the pupils........., (run) around and they (spend) all his essen (Scream) at the lop of their voices. They. (knock) over chairs an desks and someone (draw) funny pictures on the board. 7 Although I..,....... (set off) early, I got there late and everyone......... (wait) for me to start the meeting. Mr Wilson told me they .. (wait) for a whole hour. 8 When we got back from our holiday, we discovered that someone .. (break into) our house. The burglars, howev rer, (drop) a piece of paper with an address on it as they .......... (climb) out of the window. {Before John Kennedy becasne President ix 1960, he hhad said that the state of the country was bad. When hhe became President, he said things were just as bad as he'd been saying they were 22 © Complete the article. Use the past simple, past continuous, past perfect simple or past perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets. Mark Zuckerberg, creator of Facebook The pre-Facebook years By the time he ©. began. (begin) classes at Harvard, Mark Zuckerberg ©.......... (achieve) a reputation as a programming genius. Before the end of his second year at university, he @.......... (already /design) CourseMatch, a program that helped students choose classes based on the choices other students ©. (make). Atthe time, Mark .......... (study) psychology and computer science. Ashort time later, he created Facemash, a program that let students select the bestlooking person from different photos. Until then, students (9... .ssss (U8) BOOKS called ‘Face Books’, which included the names and photos of everyone who lived in the student dorms. Facemash went up over the weekend but by Monday morning, the college ®.......... (take) it down because its popularity ®, (flood) Harvard's server. Before Facemash, students (ask) the university to develop a ‘similar website for months. Mark ®,, (work) on a very similar idea when he heard about these requests, so he decided to do something about them — and promised to build a better site than what the university ....,..... (plan).Vocabulary for, since, during, yet, etc. for and since + We use for to say how long something lasts: Tim tired. We've been walking for four hours! Thaven’t seen Eva for ages. jcate a starting point: They haven't met since the wedding. (since + noun) A lot has happened since I last wrote to you. (since + clause) -K Pve been in London for four weeks. J over and during + We can use over and during in the same way, to indicate the period of time in which something, happens or develops: Over/During the last eighteen months, there have been three tax increases. + Compare the use of since: Since the middle of last year, there have been three tax increases. (the middle of last year = the starting point) from ... to/until/till + We use from ... io/until/til to indi something starts and ends: Dinner is from eight o'clock to ten o'clock. T waited from ten till two. + We can use from on its own if we do not say when something ends: I was training from ten o'clock te when from and since + Compare from and since: They were here from ten o'clock. (= They came at ten o'clock.) They've been here since ten o'clock. still here.) They're for and during + + For answers the question How long? We use it with time expressions to talk about actions that, last the whole of the period of time: He was with the company for forty years. (= His time with the company was forty years.) + We use during + that week/your stay/the ‘match/etc. to say that one action happened inside a period of time: During that year, he rose from deputy manager to managing director. + Here are some common words and phrases we ‘use with for and during. ‘for two hours/a whole week/a long time/a couple of days/a minute during office hours/the day/the full ninety minutes/the twentieth century/the interval during and while + During is a preposition, We use it before a noun/noun phrase. We do not use during with a clause: We didn’t see anybody during the holidays. (the holidays = noun) + While is a conjunction. We use it with a clause: We didn’t see anybody while we were on holiday. (we were on holiday = clause) i x While I was at home, a salesman cailed. 7 2308, INCE, OUAING, YET, ETC ago, already, before, still and yet + Ago shows how long before the moment of speaking something happened. We use it with the past simple, not the present perfect. Ago comes after a time word or phrase. T came to Rome exactly six months ago. [I'm writing in reply to your letter, which I received ‘vo days ago. We often use already to show surprise that something has happened sooner than expected. We also use it to say that something has been done and does not need to be repeated. We normally use it in affirmative sentences and questions. We often use already with perfect tenses. It can come in the mid or end position. Is the taxi already here? Is the taxi here already? T've already tried that, I've tried that already. We use before to mean ‘earlier than a time in the past’. I went to the airport last Monday to meet Sue. Thadn't been to the airport before. ((. before last Monday) See also: () © Choose the correct answer. 0 It must be a month while (Gnce)we last had a ‘meal together. 1 We haven't had a meal together for /since about a month, 2. Since / During our meal, her phone rang six or seven times. 3. During / While her stay here, she made a lot of, good friends. 4 While / Since she was staying here, she made a lot of good friends. 5. Keane was injured during / while the last minute of the match. + Sell tells us that something is continuing and has not finished. It can suggest surprise that it continues longer than expected. We use it in mid position, and in negative sentences it comes before the negative word. I've had fifty driving lessons and I still can't drive very well We've been waiting for over an hour but she stil iswt here. + We use yet in negative sentences, to show that something that we expected to happen has not happened. We also use it in questions to ask if, something has happened, Yet comes at the end of the sentence. I'm not ready yet. by now.) Aren't you ready yet? ready by now.) | expected to be ready expected you to be 6 For /Since several seasons, Keane has not been. seriously injured in a game. 7 For [Since 2009, Keane has only been badly injured once on the pitch. 8 You know, I had never been to Rome from / before our trip together. 9 [ve still already been to Rome twice this year. 10 Ifyou visit Rome that often, do you already | till enjoy it? 11 Thaven’t been to Milan already /,yet. 12 went to Milan about a year ago /before.© Complete the story. Use the words in the box. ago ago already already before during during for from since since since still until while yer Flying home A couple of months ®,. 4g@..., Charles was in Athens on his way back to the States from a business trip. Ithad been ages?.........-he ha fle so angry. He had been atthe por ...seven o'clock in the moming the evening, waiting for a fight to New York An announcement had ®........0 been made to say thatthe plane was delayed due to ‘technical problems. Half an hour . that, another announcement had said tac chere was going to be a delay because of air traffic congestion. Now the plane had been sicting on the runway ®, atleast an hour and ic was. ready co board. Oo this delay, Charles tied to complet his report, which he hada Snished vesssseee even though his boss was expecting it on bis recurn, There was a lot of noise going on around him ......0 eyclis, art —+ artist, belief or occupation | violin + violinist, anarchy + anarchist Buddha + Buddhist forms an abstract noun equal > equality flexible» flexibility adjective + -ness forms an abstract noun rnoun/adiective + -hood | forms an abstract noun ‘good ~+ goodness, great —» greatness, happy —» happiness, sad —+sadnes 7 brother —+ brotherhood, mother —+ motherhood, Tikely ~» likelihood | oem an abstract noun noun + ship et friend + friendship verb/adjective + forms an abstract noun adit admittance, intelligent intelligence -ancel-ence verb + -ment| forms an abstract noun achieve —> achievement, employ + employment, » enioy —> enjoyment, excite» excitement v verb + -tion/-ationy -ition/-sion | forms an abstract noun See also: ©, OB. |] 26 form — formation, alter —» alteration, invent —> invention, pollute -» pollution, produce + production, complicate -+ complication, educate —+ education, occupy > occupation, qualify -+ qualification, oppose -» opposition, amit + omission, profess + profesion, revise + revisionSUFFIKES @» PRACTICE © Complete the table. The underlined words will help you. 0 ‘the quality of being patient % 1. (s)he takes photographs 2. (s)he plays the guitar 3. it washes dishes 4. the state of being able to do something 5 6 7 8 the relationship you have with a friend the act of exploring a place something you arrange he acts in films or plays 9 the thing we make when we build 10 the quality of being important 11. the period of time when you are a child 12. the feeling of being excited 13 the state of being happy 14. (s)he is being trained for something 15 the act of dividing something 16 the act of performing a play, concert, etc. 17 the thing we open tins with | 18. (sihe is forced to seek refuge in a new country 19. the quality of being kind 20 the state or fact of being great © Complete the article. Use words formed from the words in CAPITALS at the end of some of the lines, A challenge for Europe Although recently there has been a small yedvetion. in the number of REDUCE people out of work in Europe, finding . is sill the biggest EwPLoY and most serious problem facing society today. The economic crisis that began in 2008 made the situation even worse, especially for women, . of opportunity between men and women is still a problem EQuaL in many countries have still not solved. Thus, in a rouics .» Women are still noticeable by their absence. Many _occury ese. Still pay Women less than men, even When their work and EMPLOY Jessen the same as those of men, When Women complain about unfair QuatiFY , vem they are usually ignored or even punished by, for example, TREAT not being offered ® This is just not fair. It would be a great pity if PROMOTE, the impressive ©. of the European Union did not include an ackiEvE 00, in the working conditions of women. IMPROVE (The roots of education are bitter but the fruit: is sweet” Aniston 7OM On eed Sern hemes Center a Oa aca? perfect, future in the past Entry test © Choose the correct answer. 1 Leave the dishes ~ I!l/’m going to do them if you like, 2 It's already five to eight — you're going to miss / missing the train. 3 | think | il /’m going to have a break now ~ I'm exhausted. 4 Am | going / Shall | go and get a DVD for this evening? 5 Look out! Youll /‘re going to step on the cat! Now look at (2) on pages 30-31. © Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. esses My grandparents. 6 I can't come tonight ~ 1 Avisit B visited Cm going to visit D'livisit 7 Next month, the National Theatre..........2 new production of Hamlet. Auton B putting on C shall put on Dis putting on Bl. 2 successful author one day. Abe B’'m being Cxgo to be Dm going to be 9 According to the programme, the show . at nine o'clock. Astarts Bis starting Cstart D shall start 101, . to John’s party on Saturday. Do you want to come? Ago B going Cm going Dwill go Now look at @) on pages 32-33. h. SNN 2d. Phrasal verbs: time and Cre PO Ae)© Choose the correct answer, A, B,C or D. 11 This time tomorrow, (ll on the beach sunbathing! Allie B be tying Chave lain D have been lying 12 By next August, { will my exams and I'll be ready for a holiday. A finishing Bbe finishing C have finished D have been finishing 13 Shall | take your letters to the post office? I'll,......... there anyway. Agoing, Be going C have gone D have been going 14 The work will _ by next week, so we'll be free todo what,we want, - A finishing, Bbe finishing C have finished B have been finishing 15 By August, |.......... in this house for twenty years. A'm living Bll live C'm going to live D will have lived CPs Now look at € on pages 34-35. @ Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 16 If the strike is still on, we'll have to our trip till another time, A put off Bbring back C carry on D go through V7 She ........tll the early hours listening to pop music. Aheld me up Beaught me up Ckeptmeup —D took me up 18 As children, we were..........t0 respect our elders. A grown up Bkept up C brought up D held up 19 They said they were going to .......... trams in the city centre. A get back Barry on C keep up D bring back 20 I wish you'd stop chatting and...........with your work! A get down B get on Ccomeon come back Seis Now look at €2) on pages 36-37. © Complete the words in the following sentences. Use prefixes. 21 That was far too expensive! | think the waiter charged us. 22 He was speaking so fast it was . possible to understand what he was saying. 23 I can't get my laces done. They're in a knot. 24 The music did not lease her — she simply paid no attention to it. 25 The food is a bit .........cooked. Ask them to put it back in the oven, {scone NPS Now look at @) on pages 38-39. er: PU arGrammar Future forms (1): ways to talk about the future We can use different forms to talk about the future in English Here are the main future forms and their uses iene decisions made at the moment speaking E a of | OK, Ll stay with you, then. 0 OK mn goingto-stay-wish pou then X “be going to + infinitive shall + infinitive (usually with Tor we) Fature continuous: will be + ing suggestions predictions, often with I think/ believe | expect {hope /etc. facts about the future intentions predictions based on present evidence offers asking for advice actions in progress at a particul time in the futare events that are fixed or expected to | We'll be going by bus, as usual. happen things that will happen in the | normal course of events T think it will be a dificult gare TU give you a lief you lke Will you do me a favour? | PM love you forever. Leave now or Pll call the police! Christmas Day will fall on Tuesday this yea mn going to phone hi tomorrow. Look! It’s going to rain. / Look! Heaill-ratne: X Shall I help you with those bags? ‘Shall we go for a walk? | What shall I say if he calls? lar | Tl be working at six. | HI be staying in this evening. Present continuous: be + “ing be + to-infinitive arrangements, often with a time | Pm having my hair cut today. expression official arrangements, especially when announced. The President is to visit Brussel next week. "Present simple 30 events that are part of a timetable The boat leaves the island on Friday. or schedule in future time clauses, after wher, | PH phone you when F arrive. 25 soon a, until, etc.© Match 1-14 with a-o to make short exchanges. 0 ‘Look at all those dark clouds.” 1 ‘Our train leaves at six, doesn’t it?” “The meeting will be held at 3 p.m. on Tuesday.” 2 3. ‘What time did she say she’s going to get here?” 4 ‘Ttold her to tidy her room but she won't.” 5 ‘How much longer are you going to be?” 6 ‘feel awful. I think I'm going to faint. 7 ‘Tl come and help you clear the attic. 8 “Tessa seems to have gained a lot of weight” 9. ‘Shall we go now? It's getting late.” “Will you shut the door, please?” ‘What shall I get for dinner?” ‘When am I going to see you again? ‘What do you think you'll do when you fini ‘I'm going shopping this afternoon.’ r OO} o0n0000 oo ROO om aa Ane UTURE FORMS (1: WAYS TO TALK ABOUT THEFUTURE [MB 7 “Shall I have a word with her?” ‘Tl be with you in just a minute.” “Pm going to get a job, of course’ “Thanks! P'l need all the help I can get!” “That's because she’s going to have a baby.’ “Yes, it does, so hurry up or we'll be late!” ‘Pm not sure I'll be able to come.” “9.30. But I'm sure she'll be late, as usuall!” ‘TIL call the doctor right away?” ‘Shall we have fish and chips?” “Perhaps I'l see you tomorrow.’ 1 ‘No, I won't Do it yourself!” m ‘Are you? I'l come with you.” n ‘Yes, there’s going to bea storm.” © ‘OK, I'll just get my coat.” Read the conversation and choose the correct answer. Hil What “Gre you doing) shall you do this evening? ‘ Will / Shall 1 come round? KATE sriciT No, not this evening. [ll be /'m being busy till late. kate When do you think it "will /is going to be convenient for me to pop round? aicit Have you got your diary handy? “Are we going to / Shall we check the dates? I'm not busy tomorrow ~ Wednesday the twenty-first. What about you? kare 1m seeing / will sce my dentist tomorrow. Is Thursday OK? paiGit Yes, I think that ‘9's being /7U be fine. kare Great! What time amt I going to /shall I come round? pricit 1 "nr not / won't be leaving the house at all on Thursday, so 1 don’t think it © will be Js being a problem whatever time you come. “ Will /Shall you bring the manuscript with you, please? kate Yes, don’t worry. I “!”’m not forgetting /won't forget. Anything else? snictt No, we ‘aren't /won’t be needing anything else — just the manuscript. kart OK. See you on Thursday, then. “Things will get worse before they get better.” ENGLISH SAvING ) ‘Things will get worse before they get worse.” Pssst )Future forms (2): be going to, present continuous, present simple Present continuous or be going to? + We normally use the present continuous to talk about the near future rather than the distant fature: Pm taking the kids to the cinema this evening, I’m having lunch with Pete tomorrow. + We can use be going to or the present continuous for more distant events: We're going to saill’re sailing round the world next year. + To talk about plans, we can use the present continuous or be going to in the same way, sometimes with a slight change of emphasis: I’m going to see my therapist tomorrow. (= Tintend to see my therapist tomorrow.) Pmt seeing my therapist tomorrow. have already arranged to see my therapist tomorrow.) + For predictions, we use be going to, not the present continuous. ‘Those dark clouds mean we're going to have a storm. J Phose-derk-clouide mean-werre-having-a-storm: X Present continuous or present simple? + When it is used to talk about the future, the present simple suggests that the events are part of a timetable, a regular/fixed schedule or something similar. ‘We do not use the present continuous in these cases: The sun rises at six tomorrow. x Our boat leaves at noon. Ourboat-isTeavingatneen. X + We use the present continuous, not the present simple, for personal arrangements: Tmt seeing Jenny this weekend. J see Jenny this weekend X be going to or will? + Compare be going to and will for predictions: + we use be going to to talk about something we know will happen because there is evidence in the present: The sky is grey ~ it’s going to rain. The meeting starts in five minutes — you're going to be late again! + we use will to talk about something we believe will happen: Don’ lift that box ~ you'll hurt your back. Tm sure he'll fail the exam. + Compare be going to and will for decisions: + we use be going to to talk about something we have already decided to do: Tm going to buy the car ~ we've already agreed on the price. + we use will for sudden decisions: {TI give it to you for £5,000.’ ‘OK, I'M buy it.” hile you're. gut, Pe AZ going te have a DP Oo in the bath oftFUTURE FORMS (2): BF GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS; PRESENT SIMPLE © Complete the sentences. Use be going to, will, the present simple or the present continuous and the verbs in brackets. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 0 So, what time .4¥9, eH. leaving, (you / leave) tomorrow? 1 Look! That car over there .......... rash)! Luccsss1ess (not come) with you tonight, I have to stay in and finish my project. You look tized. Sit down and I (make) you a cup of tea The film .. . (start) at half past eight. Do you think Jim. .. (mind) if | use his computer? ‘What's serong? You look as if you .......... (ry). The library ......... (close) at half past seven this evening. Look ~ is that Harry over there? ......... (go) and say hello. Hurry up! Our train .,........ (leave) in half an hour! 10 Laura and Ben...,,..... have) a party next week. © Complete the sentences. Use one word in each gap. 0 What ,..a¥¢... you doing this evening? 1 ‘we go to that new pizzeria tonight? 2 Well studying in the library all evening. 3. This lesson’s really boring! When is it. to finish? 4 5 6 Don’t worry. P'm sure he.......... forgive you if you apologise. sasu.+. Your brother coming with us on Saturday? T.ssse. be waiting for you when you finish © Read the text and choose the correct answer. Aquarius All Aquarians get off / dre getting ofP'to a good start this month, with some good news on the home front. The news “will help / is helping to relax recent tensions and give you the chance to make a fresh start. There @will be / are being lots of new things on other fronts this month. It really is going to be / is being a time of great opportunity. Soon, a special person “will come / comes into your | life — and this “isn’t going to be / isn’t being just another friendship. At work, you | ‘will need / ave needing to rise to new challenges that "will test / are testing your | character. If you make a wrong move, you will definitely regret | definitely regret | it. In short, this is a month which “will bring / is bringing many opportunities | but there °° will be / will being risks, too, so be careful! | Woman: I'm getting married on Saturday. We're having a traditional wedding. Man: Are you having a-wkite wedding? Woman: Yes, and I’m going to wear my grandmother's dress. Man: And what's your grandmother going to wear? 33Future forms (3): future continuous, future perfect, future in the past Future continuous ‘The future continuous can refer to actions in progress at 2 particular time in the future: This time next + The future continuous often refers to events or actions that are part of a routine, or things that will happen in the normal course of events. It emphasises that no new arrangements are necessary: Loan give you a lift to the station. PI be going that way anyway. + We can also use the future continuous to ask about someone's plans: Will you be using the library this afternoon? When will the President be arriving? Future continuous or future simple? + We tise the future simple for a decision made at the moment of speaking: OK, I'll see you this evening. + With the future continuous, the activity has already been decided. Compare: We'll be staying here until next weekend. (= We've already decided to stay.) OK, we will stay here until next weekend. (= We've just decided to stay.) 34 Future perfect Form Affirmative: They will have finished the assignment by Saturday. Question: Will they have finished the assignment by Saturday? Negative: They won’t have finished the assignment by Saturday. Use ‘We use the future perfect to talk about something that will be completed before « particular time in the future: Pil have Finished this assign Today is Tuesday. Rob says, ‘I will have finished this assignment by Saturday.’ (= He will finish at any time up to Saturday but not later.) Twill have found a better job by the time P'm forty. J 2K Future in the past ‘When we talk about the past, we often need to refer to things that were in the future at that time, To do this, we use the forms that we normally use to talk about the future but we make the verb forms past: I thought it would be a difficult game. Twas meeting a friend later that afternoon. We were going to stay a bit longer but my brother got sick.FUTURE FORMS (2): FUTURE CONTINUOUS, FUTURE PERFECT, FUTURE IN THE PAST in brackets. © Complete each pair of sentences. Use the phrase: 0 (Will you take, Will you be taking) a.,,..Will you, take....us to the airport, please?, b Wil ys king Ben to the airport tomorrow? 1 (will be, will have been) al. in London next year, still doing the same job. br in London for ten years by next June. 2. (will finish, was going to finish) a Dee my book, but ! had to work late. b If! don’t have too much work this year, 1.. 3. (will sunbathe, will be sunbathing) a This time tomorrow, Maria ..on a beach in Majorca. b Lexpect she. .. until she gets badly burnit (will be sleeping, will have slept) a At midnight, 1. . soundly ~ I hope! b Wake me up at nine ~ I ... long enough by then. (will be flying, were flying) a We went to bed early as we. to London the next day. b We vcescecessesss to Australia later this summer. 6 (will drive, will be driving) a Til give you a lift to the station. 1.,............ that way anyway. b You'll be late~I you to the station if you like. _ all of Marquer’s books. © Complete the conversation, Use the future simple, future continuous or future perfect of the verbs in brackets. nosn So, when shall I come round? Is Thursday still OK? Maria Yes, but don’t come at six —1/Il be, og (work) then, nosa What time do you think you ".,..se..eser. (be) free? MARIA Let's see. As I said, 1, (work) on the manuscript all day, and I expect 1,,,.,,,......, (complete) the second chapter by about seven. H0sA Good, because I. (be) quite busy at about six tomorrow as well. ve got an appointment with my dentist and I don’t think she ".., (finish) much before seven. MARIA Well, we really must he getting on with the book, you know. By the end of this month, we ® ._ (spend) a whole year oi this project! It's taking too long. Rosa Yes. 1 . Gump) for joy when it’s finished! arta Me too! By the way, ".......,401.. (You / go) near the post office? Rosa Probably. It's not far from the dentist. Mara [ve been expecting an important parcel and I think it ®. Thursday. Could you collect it for me? Rosé Sure, no problem. $0, 1!...........0. (see) you later. Bye for now. (arrive) by 35Vocabulary Phrasal verbs: time and change eed (eae xample bring back sth bring sth back reintroduce ‘Thoy'e going to bring back the old systems. bring up sb; bring sb up raise (a child) [Mrs Evans brought up five children. ‘all off sth; call sth off “cancel They called off the trip when Granny died. carry on (doing sth) continue ‘Are you going to carry on making that noise? comae back (from somewhere) return When did you come back from your holidays? ‘fall behind (with sth) fail to produce sth at the | He's falling behind with the payments. right time ‘get back (to a place) return somewhere ‘What time do you have to get back to college? ‘get down (to sth) finally start doing sth Isn't it time you got down to marking those exams papers? et om (in fe) advance, make progress He's new here but hell get om fine, Pim sure sive up (doing) sths give sth up stop doing sth Why did you give up football? go ahead (with sth) begin to do sth planned or promised He decided to go ahead with his plans in spite of her objections. ‘go through (sik) experience (a difficult time) Afterall they've gone through, they can still ‘ile! row up develop from a child to.an_| T grew up on a farm. adult hold on wait ‘Hold on a minute ~ I wor't be long. hold sp sb/sth; hold sbisth up | delay sbisth The inilding work has been held up by very bad weather. “keep sb up prevent sb from going to | I won't keep you up long. bed ‘put sth off put off th postpone Tit vain, theyll have to put off the match. set off start a journey We set off at half past seven. say up go to bed later than usual | We stayed up io watch the film on TV. take up sthy take sth up become interested in @ new activity and spend time doing it | She's taken up tennis.IN) PRACTICE © Complete the sentences, Use the correct form of a phrasal verb from page 00. 0 Dad used to let us. ty. p.. late on Fridays. 1 If you want to . in life, you'll have to work harder. 2 We'll have to before lunchtime if we want to get there in time. 3 You'll... with your work if you don’t get on with it. 4. Lwanted to go to bed but she, me . till one o’dock. 5 What time do you have to ..., home? I can give you a lift if you like. 6 Why don’t you 2 sport now that you have more free time? 7 8 9 You really should... smoking! Can you. a minute? I need to check my diary. Ifhe ... breaking the law like that, he'll end up in prison. 10 What do you want to be when you... 2 © Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Use between two and five words. Do not change the word given, 0 They're going to revive some of the old 5 We didn't go to bed early because we were customs in our village. chatting. sarin sraven They have decided t2. bring back. some of We vvcscseeseeenelate, chatting. the old customs in our village. 6 The meeting has been rearranged until later in 1 Her grandparents raised her as her parents the week. died when she was four. = BROUGHT They .....s....0e+ the meeting until later in She .. by her grandparents as her the week parents died when she was four. 7 Iwas late because of the heavy traffic. 2. If you don’t stop misbehaving, I'll have to ask HED you to leave the room. I _by the heavy trafic canny 8 ‘The performance has been cancelled. If you.., . misbehaving, I'll have to ‘CALLED ask you to leave the room. They've ,.,. .. the performance. 3. This month’s rent hasn’t been paid yet. i ts esp You've .. the rent. 4 I'm planning to do some serious job-hunting after the holiday. con rm, . down to some serious job- hunting after the holiday. ‘A: Why are policemen strong? B: Because they hold up the traffic. a7Prefixes (1) + We use prefixes to change the meaning of a word. Prefixes do not change the part of speech (but most suffixes do). + Many prefixes give a word a meaning which is the opposite or negative of the original word. For example, we can use the prefixes dis- or un-: dis + appear -> disappear un + tie + untie + Here are some common prefixes: oor eae Use ‘antic + adjectivel | apposite | anti-clockwise, noun ‘or against | anti-climax, ‘anti-European eo- + nouniver | together | coworker, cohabit dis + verb ‘opposite | dislike, disembark negative il + adjective ‘opposite | illegal im + adjective | opposite | impossible in + adjective | indirect inter + adjective intercontinental ir + adjective | opposite | irregular mis. + verb wrongly’ | mistook, mishandle —____|tedy | over- + verb too much | overdo, overwork 6 out + verb outnumber post-+noun/verb | after | pasigraduate pre--+nouniverb | before | pre-arrangement ‘pro. noun) | in favour | pro-Unions, pro- adjective of European sub- + adjective | below | substandard super + nounl | greater | superhuman adjective than trans t noun | across | transatlantic verbfadjective une ++ verb/ opposite! | unlock, unhappy adjective negative sunder- + verbs not swadercook, enough, | undercharge too litle 38 ‘There are a few rules: + We use il- instead of in- with words that begin with i+ legal — illegal + We use im- instead of in- with words that begin with -m or -p: im + polite ~» impolite + We use ir- instead of in- with words that begin with =r: ir + responsible -+ irresponsible + Some common mistakes are: You suse ancormect tie cabtestest, X You must disconnect the cables frst. 7 isbeharing F They expelled him for misbehaving. / + Note that many words with a prefix have @ base part that never exists on its own. Here are some examples: immediate, incontrovertible, uncalled-for For prefixes, see also: Complete the words. Use prefixes. historic atlantic graduate amoral crowded understandPREFIKES (1) © Complete the crossword. Use prefixes. I Across iF 1 This prefix, followed by LILI J words that begin with -1, oO means ‘not. POF no 2 The..........Siberian railway "i a ey EC JO goes from Moscow to ; = ; Vladivostok. HOO 5 Never........,.estimate the : t time you need to study for an i lam exam or test. L- ; 7 We use this prefix to mean ia ‘in favour of Down 8 The opposite of humaneis Take the.,.......continental 6 The boys.........appeared as esses htumane, express train from Paris to soon as they saw the farmer. 10 They told me Iam Warsaw. 8 The opposite of responsible is sevsssendltalfied for the job, 3. Do you believe in the cessssentesponsible, 11 ........cAmerican protesters see matural? 9 ify -date a cheque, fathered round the embassy. 4 ......vist means ‘to exist you write a later date on it. 13. This prefix means ‘wrongly’ at the same time’. 12. We use this prefix meaning or ‘badly’. 5. The opposite of familiar is ‘not’ in front of words that esses familiar, begin with -m. © Complete the article. Use words formed from the words in CAPITALS at the end of some of the lines. “My attempts to communicate in a foreign language often - Ltried to speak Greek while I was on holiday in Mykonos a few years ago but the attempt was completely .............1 So, there I was in a traditional Greek restaurant, where I tried to order in Greek. At first, the waiter ®, ‘me for a German and started speaking to me in German. I find it. to communicate in German, so I carried on with Greek. The waiter and Instead of mushrooms, he brought me beetroots, which [, intensely. | must have looked very unhappy because he started apologising and then ©. into the kitchen. This time he came back with a plate of aubergines, which, is not one of my favourite dishes either. I ate them anyway and asked for the bill. ‘When the waiter came back with the bill, I told fiim that he had ®......... me ~ 1 must have sounded quite angry. But it was my mistake again. I had . ‘the bill, 2s the waiter explained later, in excellent English! Luckily for me, English is still a(n) FIRE SUCCESSFUL TAKE POSSIBLE UNDERSTAND UKE APPEAR FORTUNATELY CHARGE READ NATIONAL 3940 Exam practice 1 Part1 For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Teen sails around the world ‘A nineteen-year-old Australian who spent seven months at sea in her pink yacht ® 4 the finishing line of her round-the-world journey on Saturday. She ©? the youngest sailor to sail round the globe solo, non-stop and unassisted, Thousands of spectators @ . into applause 2s Emily Watson sailed into Sydney Harbour, the finale to an epic journey from which eritics said she'd never ©, Watson's parents ‘ _ for her when she arrived, and the teenager burst into tears she © cca, her mum and dad for seven months. Emily Watson, from Buderim in Queensland, had ®,......... from Sydney on October 18th, ignoring comments by critics who said she was too immature and inexperienced for the journey, Her parents said that they had ®.......... her up to be independent and that she was well-prepared because she ®..,,...... since she was eight. How did Emily feel to be back home? ‘Well, | haven't had a good meal ®......... seven months; Ive been at sea, alone, %.......... October; I've missed my friends,’ she told reporters. Is she planning another voyage? ‘irs, | think, a nice long rest ~ chill out, you know. And then Ime, my studies. Emily is planning to study physical education at Sydney University 0 A crossed B hascrossed © C hasbeencrossing D_ had crossed 1A becomes Bis becoming became D_ was becoming 2 A burst B_ were bursting Chad burst D_ had been bursting 3 A geton B gel back © get down D getup 4A were waiting B have waited Chad waited D> had been waiting 5 A didn'tsee B wasntseeing hasn't seen D hadn't seen 6 A putoff B setoff © called off D_ gone off 7A brought —-B_given © held D grown 8 A sailed B wassailing Chad sailed D_ had been sailing 9A for B since © during D while 10 A until B over © since Din WA thave B Ilhave © 'mhaving D_ Iwill ave had 12 A finishing B going tofinish € abouttofinish Do finish i[BAM PRACTICE Part 2 For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). 3-D films have been around .........fOY.......4- more than sixty years, They have existed a vessssne the 1950s. However, they ®, . not very popular back then as they were too expensive to produce and display. Today, 3-D &® a+, becoming more and more popular and common in all kinds. of film. 3-D films © also become much more profitable for ptoducers and although they have not . rt . become the ‘norm’, it looks like they soon Les We're definitely & to see more 3-D releases in the coming years. 3-D technology 2 . also getting better. There @, now viewing, systems which @? not require the use of special viewing glasses, while 3-D TV 2. .. al80 increasing in popularity. Soon, we will all ea, getting rid of our old TV sets and replacing them with new, high-end 3D ones. it looks like 3-D is here to stay! in 41‘exam PRACTICE? Part 3 For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Social networking: risks Socisl nebvorking ses hove increased enormously i recent years. They have millions of | POPULAR irom around the globe and they've done a lot VISIT to bring people closer together. They are a marvellous oo, and they are a unique way of encouraging «INVENT @_....., between people from many different parts of | FRIEND the world Sadly, social networking sites are becoming a target for Internet ,,.....,.., ruthless people who take advantage HACK of the @.......1.. of these sites and gather personal WEAK @ i... about the people who use them — personal INFORM details that the ©... publicly available, Luckily, there are things we can do to reduce the risks without spoiling the fun and .......... . Schools are a EXCITE good place to start, ©.......... can inform children of TEACH the dos and don'ts of social networking. Internet safety should become a part of technology ®”. themselves have made use EDUCATE 110 42Part 4 For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. Here is an example (0) Example: © She started working at noon and she hasn't finished yet. BEEN She......ba8.been working. 35 | last saw Helen before she left for Australia. SINCE 1 . noon. she left for Australia. 36 They're going to cancel the meeting. cau They've decided .. .. the meeting. 37 My mobile rang during the nine o'clock news. WATCHING ‘My mobile rang ‘the nine o'clock news. 38 IL was the best film I had ever seen. NEVER ' .. Such @ good film before, 39 He learnt to use a computer when he was six years old. was He's known how to use a computer , six years old. 40 At the moment, he is a reporter for the focal newspaper. as He a reporter for the local newspaper right now, 41 | started cooking about two hours ago. HAVE 1. . two hours. 42 When did you meet Eric? KNOWN How lOng...sesssssecessssssaseeessseeses Eric? 150 43