LESSON 2C- NOW AND THEN

VOCABULARY- COLLOCATIONS WITH DO AND MAKE

Do you know the difference between DO and MAKE?
Basic Difference between DO and MAKE

Use DO for actions, obligations, and repetitive tasks.

Use MAKE for creating or producing something, and for actions you choose to do.
DO generally refers to the action itself, and MAKE usually refers to the result. For
example, if you “make breakfast,” the result is an omelet! If you “make a suggestion,”
you have created a recommendation.
Common English Collocations with DO
HOUSEWORK
do the housework (hacer la limpieza de la casa)
After I got home from the office, I was too tired to do the housework.
do the laundry (lavar la ropa)
I really need to do the laundry – I don’t have any clean clothes left!
Do the dishes (lavar los trastes)
I’ll make dinner if you do the dishes afterwards.
(you can also say “wash the dishes”)
do the shopping ( hacer las compras)
I went to the bank, did some shopping, and mailed a package at the post office.

EXCEPTION: make the bed = putting blankets, sheets, and pillows in the correct place
so that the bed looks nice and not messy.

WORK / STUDY
do work (hacer trabajo)
I can’t go out this weekend – I have to do some work on an extra project.
do homework (hacer tarea)
You can’t watch any TV until you’ve done your homework.
 do business (hacer negocios)
We do business with clients in fifteen countries.
do a good/great/terrible job (hacer un trabajo Bueno/ excelente/ terrible)
She did a good job organizing the party.
(in this expression, “job” doesn’t necessarily refer to work. It simply means the
person did something well)
do a report (hacer un reporte)
I’m doing a report on the history of American foreign policy.
(you can also say “writing a report”)
do a course (tomar un curso)
We’re doing a course at the local university.
(you can also say “taking a course”)

TAKING CARE OF YOUR BODY

do exercise (hacer ejercicio)
I do at least half an hour of exercise every day.
do your hair (= style your hair) (peinarse / arreglarse el cabello)
I’ll be ready to go in 15 minutes – I just need to do my hair.
do your nails (= paint your nails) (arreglarte las uñas)
Can you open this envelope for me? I just did my nails and they’re still wet.

GENERAL GOOD OR BAD ACTIONS

do anything / something / everything / nothing ( hacer algo/ todo o nada)
Are you doing anything special for your birthday?
You can’t do everything by yourself – let me help you.
do well (ir bien)
I think I did pretty well in the interview.
do badly (ir mal)
Everyone did badly on the test – the highest grade was 68.
 do good (hacer el bien)
The non-profit organization has done a lot of good in the community.
do the right thing (hacer lo correcto)
When I found someone’s wallet on the sidewalk, I turned it in to the police because I
wanted to do the right thing.
do your best (hacer tu mejor esfuerzo)
Don’t worry about getting everything perfect – just do your best.

Common English Collocations with MAKE

FOOD
make breakfast/lunch/dinner (hacer el desayuno/ la comida/ la cena)
I’m making dinner – it’ll be ready in about ten minutes.
make a sandwich (hacer un sandwich)
Could you make me a turkey sandwich?
make a salad (hacer una ensalada)
I made a salad for the family picnic.
make a cup of tea (hacer una taza de café/ te)
Would you like me to make you a cup of tea?
make a reservation (hacer una reservación)
I’ve made a reservation for 7:30 at our favorite restaurant.

MONEY
make money (hacer dinero)
I enjoy my job, but I don’t make very much money.
make a profit (obtener una ganancia)
The new company made a profit within its first year.
make a fortune (hacer una fortuna)
He made a fortune after his book hit #1 on the bestseller list.
make $_______
I made $250 selling my old CDs on the internet.

RELATIONSHIPS
make friends (hacer amigos)
It’s hard to make friends when you move to a big city.
make fun of someone (= tease / mock someone) (burlarse de alguien)
The other kids made fun of Jimmy when he got glasses, calling him “four eyes.”
make up (= resolve a problem in a relationship) (reconciliarse)
Karen and Jennifer made up after the big fight they had last week.

COMMUNICATION
make a phone call (hacer una llamada telefónica)
Please excuse me – I need to make a phone call.
make a joke (contar un chiste)
He made a joke, but it wasn’t very funny and no one laughed.
make a point (señalar/ hacer observaciones)
Dana made some good points during the meeting; I think we should consider her
ideas.
make a bet (hacer una apuesta)
I made a bet with Peter to see who could do more push-ups.
make a complaint (hacer una queja)
We made a complaint with our internet provider about their terrible service, but we
still haven’t heard back from them.
make a confession (confesar un secreto)
I need to make a confession: I was the one who ate the last piece of cake.
make a speech (dar un discurso)
The company president made a speech about ethics in the workplace.
make a suggestion (hacer una sugerencia)
Can I make a suggestion? I think you should cut your hair shorter – it’d look great on
you!
make a prediction (hacer una predicción)
It’s difficult to make any predictions about the future of the economy.
make an excuse (dar pretextos)
When I asked him if he’d finished the work, he started making excuses about how he
was too busy.
make a promise (hacer una promesa)
I made a promise to help her whenever she needs it.
(you can also say, “I promised to help her whenever she needs it.”)
make a fuss (= demonstrate annoyance) hacer un escandalo
Stop making a fuss – he’s only late a couple minutes. I’m sure he’ll be here soon.
make an observation ( hacer una observacion)
I’d like to make an observation about our business plan – it’s not set in stone, so we
can be flexible.
make a comment (hacer un comentario)
The teacher made a few critical comments on my essay.

EXCEPTION: Don’t say “make a question.” The correct phrase is “ask a question.”

PLANS & PROGRESS

make plans (hacer planes)
We’re making plans to travel to Australia next year.
make a decision/choice (tomar una decisión)
I’ve made my decision – I’m going to go to New York University, not Boston
University.
make a mistake (cometer un error)
You made a few mistakes in your calculations – the correct total is $5430, not $4530.
make progress (progresar)
My students are making good progress. Their spoken English is improving a lot.
 make an attempt / effort (= try) (hacer un intento/ un esfuerzo)
I’m making an effort to stop smoking this year.
make up your mind (= decide) (decidir /tomar una decision)
Should I buy a desktop or a laptop computer? I can’t make up my mind.
make a discovery (hacer un descubrimiento)
Scientists have made an important discovery in the area of genetics.
make a list (hacer una lista)
I’m making a list of everything we need for the wedding: invitations, decorations, a
cake, a band, the dress…
make sure (= confirm) (asegurarse)
Can you make sure we have enough copies of the report for everybody at the
meeting?
make a difference (hacer una diferencia)
Getting eight hours of sleep makes a big difference in my day. I have more energy!
make an exception (hacer una excepcion)
Normally the teacher doesn’t accept late homework, but she made an exception for
me because my backpack was stolen with my homework inside it.

VOCABULARY EXERCISE
Complete the phrases with make or do. Then write a sentence using the phrase.
1 _make_ an appointment.
2_make_ a meal
3_do_ your best
4_make_a mess
5__make_a cup of coffee
6___make__a mistake
7__make___a decision
8__make___a noise
9__make__a difference
10__do__nothing
11___do___some exercise
12___do____some shopping
13___make___friends (with)
14___do___some work
15___do___your homework
16___do___someone a favor
17__do___the housework
18__make___ money

GRAMMAR LESSON 1- PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

We use this tense for unfinished and finished actions.
Unfinished Actions
1: We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions or states or
habits that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say
'how long' and we need 'since' or 'for'. We often use stative verbs.
I've known Karen since 1994. Yo he conocido a Karen desde 1994.
She's lived in London for three years. Ella ha vivido en Londres por 3 años
I've worked here for six months. Yo he trabajado aqui por seis meses
'Since' and 'For'
SINCE:
We use 'since' with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year). The fixed
time can be another action, which is in the past simple (since I was at school, since I
arrived).
I've known Sam since 1992. Yo he conocido a Sam desde 1992.
I've liked chocolate since I was a child. Me ha gustado el chocolate desde que era niño
She's been here since 2pm. Ella ha estado aquí desde las 2pm.
FOR:
We use 'for' with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six months).
I've known Julie for ten years. Yo he conocido a Julie por 10 años.
I've been hungry for hours. Yo he estado hambriento por horas.
She's had a cold for a week. Ella ha estado resfriada por una semana.
Finished Actions
2: Life experience. These are actions or events that happened sometime during a
person's life. We don't say when the experience happened, and the person needs to
be alive now. We often use the words 'ever' and 'never' here.
I have been to Tokyo. Yo he estado en tokyo
They have visited Paris three times. Ellos han visitado París tres veces
We have never seen that film. Nosotros nunca hemos visto esa pelicula

3: With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today). The period of time is
still continuing.
I haven't seen her this month. Yo no la he visto este mes
She's drunk three cups of coffee today. Ella ha tomado tres tazas de café hoy.
I've already moved house twice this year! Yo ya me he mudado de casa dos veces este
año.
We CAN'T use the present perfect with a finished time word.
NOT:I've seen him yesterday.

4: A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result). We often use the
present perfect to talk about something that happened in the recent past, but that is
still true or important now. Sometimes we can use the past simple here, especially in
US English.
I've lost my keys (so I can't get into my house). He perdido mis llaves, así que no puedo
entrar a mi casa.
She's hurt her leg (so she can't play tennis today). Ella se ha lastimado la pierna, así
que no puede jugar tenis hoy.
They've missed the bus (so they will be late). Ellos perdieron el autobus, asi que
llegaran tarde.

5: We can also use the present perfect to talk about something that happened
recently, even if there isn't a clear result in the present. This is common when we
want to introduce news and we often use the words 'just / yet / already / recently'.
However, the past simple is also correct in these cases, especially in US English.
The Queen has given a speech. La reina ha dado un discurso
I've just seen Lucy. Recien he visto a Lucy
 The Mayor has announced a new plan for the railways.
El alcalde ha anunciado un nuevo plan para los ferrocarriles.

Been and Gone

In this tense, we use both 'been' and 'gone' as the past participle of 'go', but in slightly
different circumstances.
We use 'been' (often when we talk about life experience) to mean that the person
we're talking about visited the place and came back.
I've been to Paris (in my life, but now I'm in London, where I live).
I´ve been to Cancun twice, but now I´m in balancan
She has been to school today (but now she's back at home).
They have never been to California.
We use 'gone' (often when we are talking about an action with a result in the
present) to mean that the person went to the place and is at the place now.
Where's John? He's gone to the shops. (he's at the shops now).
Julie has gone to Mexico. (now she's in Mexico).
They've gone to Japan for three weeks. (now they're in Japan).

STRUCTURE

AFFIRMATIVE

To make the affirmative present perfect tense, use:

 'have' / 'has' + the past participle

I have played Yo he jugado He has played El ha jugado

You have played Tu has jugado She has played Ella ha jugago

We have played Nosotros hemos jugado It has played Eso ha jugado

They have played Ellos han jugado

 Make the past participle by adding 'ed' to regular verbs (for example, 'play'

becomes 'played')
 There are a few verbs that change their spelling when you add 'ed' (for
example, 'study' becomes 'studied')
 We also have some completely irregular verbs
Affirmative Affirmative Short Form

I have played I've played. Yo he jugado

you have worked you've worked. Tu has trabajado
he has written he's written. El ha escrito
she has walked she's walked. Ella ha caminado
it has rained it's rained. Ha llovido
we have travelled we've travelled. Nosotros hemos viajado
they have studied they've studied. Ellos han estudiado

EXERCISE 1
Make affirmative sentences in the Present Perfect Simple.
1) (I / study / French) I have studied French
2) (She / eat / octopus) She has eaten octopus.
3) (They / go / to Scotland) They have gone to Scotland
4) (We / read / that book) We have read that book
5) (He / live / here for three years) He has lived here for three years
6) (You / know / David for ten years) You have known David for ten
7) (We / be / here for two weeks) We have been here for two weeks.
8) (I / lose / my keys) I have lost my keys
9) (He / drink / too much coffee) He has drunk too much coffee.
10) (They / miss / the train) They have missed the train.
11) (She / go / to Peru) She has gone to Peru
12) (We / eat / too much chocolate) We have eaten too much chocolate.
13) (I / have / breakfast this morning) I have had breakfast this morning.
14) (John / miss / the train) John has missed the train
15) (Lucy / cook / breakfast) Lucy has cooked breakfast

NEGATIVE

The negative is really simple too. Just put 'not' after 'have' or 'has':
Negative Negative Short Form

I have not eaten breakfast
I haven't eaten Yo no he desayunado hoy
today
you have not been to Asia you haven't been Tu no has estado en Asia
he has not seen the new film he hasn't seen El no ha visto la nueva película
she has not played tennis she hasn't played Ella no ha jugado tennis
it has not snowed this winter it hasn't snowed No ha nevado este invierno
we haven't slept Nosotros no han dormido toda
we have not slept all night
la noche
they haven't tried Ellos no han probado la
they have not tried the food
comida

EXERCISE 2
Make negative sentences in the Present Perfect Simple
1) (You / not / study / French for ten years)
You haven´t studied French for ten years.
2) (They / not / be / in London for six months)
They haven´t been in London for six months
3) (He / not / hurt / his leg)
He hasn´t hurt his leg
4) (She / not / leave / her phone in a taxi)
She hasn´t left her phone in a taxi
5) (We / not / lose / our tickets)
We haven´t lost our tickets
6) (She / not / make / dinner)
She hasn´t made dinner
7) (They / not / arrive / yet)
They haven´t arrived yet.
8) (Lucy / not / do / her homework)
Lucy hasn´t done her homework
9) (I / not / read / that book)
I haven´t read that book
10) (He / not / live / in Berlin)
He hasn´t lived in Berlin
11) (John / not / buy / any food)
John hasn´t bought any food
12) (She / not / clean / the kitchen)
She hasn´t cleaned the kitchen
13) (You / not / call / me)
 You haven´t called me
14) (We / not / find / the book yet)
We haven´t found the book yet
15) (They / not / sleep / well)
They haven´t slept well

QUESTION FORMS
YES/ NO QUESTIONS

have I missed the bus? Yes, I have. No, I haven´t

He perdido el autobús?
have you visited London? Yes , you have. No, you haven´t

Has visitado Londres

has he worked as a waiter before? Yes, he has. No, he hasn´t

Ha el trabajado de mesero antes?

has she met John? Yes, she has. No, she hasn´t

Ha ella conocido a John

has it been cold this week? Yes, it has. No, it hasn´t

Ha estado frio esta semana?

have we arrived too early? Yes, we have. No, we haven´t

Hemos llegado muy pronto?

have they studied English grammar before? Yes, they have. No, they haven´t

Han ellos estudiado gramatica inglesa antes?

INFORMATION QUESTIONS

where have I left my umbrella? I have left my umbrella in the taxi.

Donde he dejado mi sombrilla?

what have you done today? I have done nothing.

Que has hecho hoy?

why has he gone already? Because he was bored

Por que el ya se ha ido?

where has she been in the UK? She has been in London
Donde ha estado ella en el reino unido?
why has it rained so much this summer? Because of the weather change

Po que ha llovido tanto este verano?

what have we done? We have worked a lot.

Que hemos hecho?

where have they learned English before? They have learned English in high-school

¿Dónde han aprendido ingles antes?

EXERCISE 3
Make Present Perfect Yes / no and Information questions.
1) (You / go / to Australia)?
Have you gone to Australia? Yes, you have.
2) (She / miss / the bus)?
Has she missed the bus? No, she hasn´t.
3) (I / meet / you before)?
Have I met you before? Yes, you have.
4) (They / take / the exam)?
Have they taken the examen? No, they haven´t.
5) (She / work / in this company for fifteen years)?
Has she worked in this company for fifteen years? Yes, she has
6) (How long / she / live in London)?
How long has she lived in London?
7) (Where / you / be)?
Where have you been?
8) (How much coffee / you / drink today)?
How much coffee have you drunk today?
9) (What / you / do today)?
What have you done today?
10) (How long / he / work here)?
How long has he worked here?
11) (Why / you / bring that)?
Why have you brought that?
12) (How many times / you / visit Scotland)?
How many times have you visited Scotland?

EXERCISE 4
Make the present perfect - it could be affirmative, negative or question.
1) (you / keep a pet for three years)
You have kept a pet for three years
2) (you / eat Thai food before)?
Have you eaten Thai before?
3) (it / rain all day)?
Has it rained all day?

4) (who / we / forget to invite)?

Who have we forgotten?
5) (we / not / hear that song already)
We haven´t heard that song already
6) (he / not / forget his books)
He hasn´t forgotten his books.
7) (she / steal all the chocolate)
She has stolen all the chocolate.
8) (I / explain it well)?
Have I explained it well?
9) (who / he / meet recently)?
Who has met recently?
10) (how / we / finish already)?
How have we finished already?
11) (he / study Latin)
He has studied Latin.
12) (I / know him for three months)
I have known him for three months.
13) (where / you / study Arabic)?
Where have you studied Arabic?
14) (what countries / they / visit in Europe)?
What countries have they visited in Europe?
15) (he / hurt his leg)
He has hurt his leg.

GRAMMAR LESSON 2. PRESENT PERFECT VS PAST SIMPLE

What’s the difference? Present Perfect and Past Simple

Present Perfect Simple Past Simple

Unfinished actions that started in the
Finished actions:
past and continue to the present:
I knew Julie for ten years (but then she
I’ve known Julie for ten
moved away and we lost touch).
years (and I still know her).

A finished action in someone’s life A finished action in someone’s life (when the
(when the person is still alive: life person is dead):
experience):
 My brother has been to My great-grandmother went to Mexico
Mexico three times. three times.

A finished action with a result in the

A finished action with no result in the present:
present:
I lost my keys yesterday. It was
I’ve lost my keys! (The result
terrible! (Now there is no result. I got new keys
is that I can’t get into my house
yesterday).
now).

With an unfinished time word (this With a finished time word (last week, last
week, this month, today): month, yesterday):

I’ve seen John this week. I saw John last week.

EXERCISE I
Change the verb into the correct form of the past simple or present perfect
1) Last night I ____lost_____(lose) my keys - I had to call my flatmate to let me in.
2) I _____have lost____(lose) my keys - can you help me look for them?
3) I ____have visited__(visit) Paris three times.
4) Last year I ___visited____(visit) Paris.
5) I ___knew___(know) my great grandmother for a few years - she died when I was
eight.
6) I __have known___(know) Julie for three years - we still meet once a month.
7) I ___have played___(play) Hockey since I was a child - I'm pretty good!
8) She __played__(play) hockey at school but she didn't like it.
9) Sorry, I ____have missed___(miss) the bus - I'm going to be late.
10) I __missed__(miss) the bus and then I _missed_(miss) the aeroplane as well!
11) Last month I ___went___(go) to Scotland.
12) I'm sorry, John isn't here now. He ___has gone__(go) to the shops.
13) We ___finished____(finish) this room last week.
14) I ____have finished____(finish) my exams finally - I'm so happy!
15) Yesterday, I _saw__(see) all of my friends. It was great.
16) I ____have seen___(see) Julie three times this week.
17) She __has lived___(live) in London since 1994.
18) She _lived__(live) in London when she was a child.
19) I ____have drunk___(drink) three cups of coffee today.
20) I _____drank___(drink) three cups of coffee yesterday.