Interview Project

Hydrocarbon gases Non-Hydrocarbon gases

Methane C1 Hydrogen sulfide H2S

Ethane C2 Water vapor H2O(V)

Propane C3 Carbon dioxide CO2

Butane C4 Nitrogen N2

Pentane C5 Mercury Hg
Hexane+ C6+

What is the meaning of + ?

 Hydrocarbon gases Non-hydrocarbon gases

Methane C1 77-99 % Hydrogen sulfide H2S 0-4 PPM

Ethane C2 0.05-20 % Carbon dioxide CO2 0.1-3.44 %
Propane C3 0.01-5 % Nitrogen N2 0.11-.83 %
Butane C4 0-1.74 % Water vapor H2O(V)
Pentane C5 0-0.24 %
Hexane+ C6+ 0-0.08 %
Composition Reservoir
 Hydrocarbon gases Non-hydrocarbon gases

Lean Rich Sour Sweet Wet Dry

Ethane C2
Ethane C2 H2S H2S H2O(V) H2O(V)
Propane C3
CO2 CO2
Butane C4 Propane C3
Pentane C5
Hexane+ C6+ Butane C4

Pentane C5

Hexane+ C6+

Note: The C1 is the main component in

both
Natural gas reservoir Oil and associated gas reservoir
TCF: Trillion Cubic feet
 Domestic 2% CNG 1%
Petrochemical 12%

Electricity 56 %
Industry 29 %
 UP-Stream Down-Stream

Gas treatment Consumers

Gas
Production Factory
 Reason Process Contaminant

Gas production from wells

Oil

Acid Condensate
gas
H2o Acid Liquids removal
Free Water

H2S
Corrosion Acid gas removal (Sweeting)
CO2

H.C.+ H2O Hydrate Water removal (Dehydration) H2O(V)

(Physical combination)

Compression ?
Pipe blockage

National Grid
 National Grid
Field Treatment Consumers
Up- Stream Process Down- Stream Process
Well
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5+
NGL

Sales gas National Grid

Field Treatment Factory Consumers

Rich Gas Well

 LNG C1
C2
Sales gas
Factory

National Grid
Field Treatment Consumers

Lean Gas Well

 Products

NGL

$
National Grid

Rich gas
Gas Processing Gas Distribution Gas Transmission

Factories National Grid

El-Salam El-Tarek El-Obayid El-Qasr

WDGC
Western Desert Gas Complex

Sales Gas National Grid

C2/C3 (gas) Sidpec

C3 (Liq.) Naftomar

LPG (Liq.) Petro Gas

Cond. (Liq.) Ameryia

crude oil
 Bed 2 Bed 3 Abu-sanan

Ameryia LPG Recovery Plant

Sales Gas National Grid

C2/C3 (gas) WDGC

LPG (Liq.) Petro Gas

Cond. (Liq.) Ameryia

crude oil
 Components
Co2 H2S N2 C1 C2 C3 IC4 NC4 IC5 Nc5 C6 C7+

Acid gas
LNG
LPG
Commercial
propane
Condensate
NGL
 LNG Export

Lean gas
Domestic
Gas treatment Sales gas Industry
CNG stations
Rich gas

Gas
Production C2/C3 Petrochemicals
NGL C3 Export
LPG(C3/C4) Domestic
Condensate Oil refinery
C5+ (API)

Up-Stream Process Down-Stream Process Products

 National
Dehydration Chilling Grid

Storage Fractionation
 National
Dehydration Chilling Grid

Storage Fractionation
 H2O

CH4
 H2O

Hydrate

T P
Psi
 Adsorption Absorption

Molecules
Molecules

Liquid
Solid Surface
Solvent
 Wet gas Hot Regen gas
Wet Regen gas

Molecular sieve

Hot Regen gas

Cold Regen gas
Dry gas

Adsorption Heating Cooling

PFD: Process Flow Diagram
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
 National
Dehydration Chilling Grid

Storage Fractionation
 Pressure reduction Refrigeration

Turbo-Expander Joule-Thomson valve Refrigerant

High P Low P
High T Low T High T Low T

High P Low P
High T Low T

Refrigerant
 Pressure reduction

Turbo-Expander Joule-Thomson valve

• For Gas only • For Liquid and Gas

• Produce work • Doesn't produce work
• More efficient

ΔP ΔT ΔP ΔT

W
Expander Compressor
 Shell side Flow in

Tube side Flow out

Shell side Flow out

Tube side Flow in

 NGL

Pressure
reduction
National Grid
Field Treatment Consumers

Pipe storage
Well
Refrigeration
 Compressor

Air cooler

Vapor Refrigerant

Process Gas Condenser

Latent heat of
vaporization
Evaporator -Chiller
Liquid Refrigerant

Joule-Thomson valve
 Gas Refrigerant

Hot Process Gas

Cold Process Gas Liquid Refrigerant

 Compressor

-42 °C Air cooler

1 bar 80 °C
20 bar
Vapor Propane

Process Gas Condenser

Latent heat of
vaporization 50 °C
20 bar
Evaporator -Chiller
Liquid Propane

-42 °C
1 bar
Joule-Thomson valve
120° C GAS - (STEAM)
100° C

LIQUID - (WATER)

0° C
SOLID - (ICE)

335 KJ 419 KJ 2676 KJ D

1 kg water at 1 bar pressure

 National
Dehydration Chilling Grid

Storage Fractionation
•Distillation :The process of separating materials by successively heating to vaporize
a portion and then cooling to liquefy a part of the vapor. Materials to be separated
must differ in boiling point and/or relative volatility.
C2/C3

NGL
 National
Dehydration Chilling Grid

Storage Fractionation
 Evaporation Boiling

Ordinary evaporation is a surface The boiling point is defined

phenomenon - some molecules have as the temperature at which
enough kinetic energy to escape. If the the saturated vapor pressure
container is closed, an equilibrium is of a liquid is equal to the
reached where an equal number of surrounding atmospheric
molecules return to the surface. The pressure
pressure of this equilibrium is called the
saturation vapor pressure.
vapor pressure (true vapor pressure): The pressure exerted by the equilibrium
vapor of a liquid when confined in a closed tank.

Water boils at 100 °C

Because

vapor pressure of water = 1 atm @ 100 °C

 1 atm

Storage pressure Vapor pressure

 Storage pressure Vapor pressure

Propane

LPG

Condensate
 Pressurized
Vapor pressure of C3&C4
@ ambient T 1 atm
Propane

LPG

Non- Pressuried Vapor pressure of C5

@ ambient T 1 atm
Condensate
 Pressurized Refrigerated

T) Ambient T) Critical T) Ambient T) Critical

96 °C -82 °C

Propane Methane
 V.P.=10 bar @ 50 °C

Rault law
Vapor pressure of mixture (C3/C4) = (XC3*V.P. C3) + (XC4*V.P. C4)
 Exhaust High pressure gas
500 °C

Centrifugal
Axial compressor Turbine
compressor
Air

Combustion chamber

Low pressure gas

Fuel