VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI – 590018
A SEMINAR REPORT ON

“PHOTONICS”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF 8 TH SEMESTER
INTERNSHIP WORK FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

STUDENTS NAME: USN:

VIKASH KUMAR SAH 1RI17EE016

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

MR. RAMACHANDRA C
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
RRIT, BENGALURU

2020-2021
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

R.R. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

AFFILIATED TO VTU BELGAUM AND APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI, RECOGNISED BY
GOVT. OF KARNATAKA, ACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH “B+”
RAJA REDDY LAYOUT, CHIKKABANAVARA, BENGALURU – 560 090
PKM Educational Trust ®
 R. R. Institute of Technology
Affiliated to VTU Belgaum and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognized by Govt. of Karnataka,
Accredited by NAAC with “B+”
Raja Reddy Layout, Chikkabanavara, Bengaluru – 560090

Since 1993
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the technical Seminar work entitled PHOTONICS carried out by Mr
VIKASH KUMAR SAH , USN 1RI17EE016, a Bonafide student of R.R. INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering / Bachelor
of Technology in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING of the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2017-2021. It is certified
that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in
the Report deposited in the departmental library. The Internship report has been approved as
it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Internship work/Professional Practice
prescribed for the said Degree.

Name & Signature of the Guide Name & Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal
Mr. RAMACHANDRA C Dr. Sunitha H D Dr. Mahendra K V
Associate Professor Head of the Department Principal
Department of EEE, RRIT Department of EEE, RRIT RRIT, Bangalore

External Viva
Name of the examiners Signature with date
1………………………………. 1………………………
….

2………………………………. 2………………………
….
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I would like to thank respected PROFESSOR RAMACHANDRA C and DR SUNITHA H

D, HOD, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, RRIT for
giving me such a wonderful opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving
me guidelines to present a seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as I went through my work
and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs.

Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized and
well-stacked till the end.

Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped my
work a lot to remain error-free.

Last but clearly not the least; I would thank the almighty for giving me strength to complete my
report on time.

Vikash Kumar Sah

 ABSTRACT
To support the multi-gigabit/s wireless connectivity and to overcome the wireless spectrum
crunch, 5G is going to adopt higher frequencies from the plentiful available spectrum in the
millimeter-wave range. Photonic millimeter-wave signals generation and distribution in the
optical domain is of great interest owing to their high spectral purity, low system complexity,
low cost, small footprint, and long transmission distance. In this paper, we experimentally
demonstrate spectrally pure photonic mm-wave signal generation and data transmission
around 47.2 GHz using a novel low noises monolithic dual-wavelength semiconductor
InAs/InP quantum dash (QD) DFB laser as a compact optical beat source for 5G applications.
Report of Photonics 2020-2021

INDEX

Chapter Chapters Page No.

No.
1 Introduction of Photonics 1-1
1.1 Introduction 1-1

1.2 History of Photonics 2-2

1.3 Developmental phases 2-2

2 Working Principle of Photonics 3-3

2.1 Working of photonics 3-3

3 Application of photonics 4-4

4 Advantages of photonics 5-5
5 Disadvantage of photonics 6-6
6 Difference between optics and photonics 7-7
7 Future scope 8-8
8 Conclusion 9-9
9 References 10-10

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering RRIT

Report of Photonics 2020-2021

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering RRIT

Report on Photonics 2021

CHAPTER 1

PHOTONICS

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The word Photonics has been coined over the last two decades with the goal to describe the field
of Optics, Optoelectronic phenomena and its applications by one word similar to the very
successful field of Electronics. As the word indicates, Photonics uses primarily photons to carry
out its mission in contrast to Electronics which uses primarily electrons or other charged particles.
But no strict separation of both fields is possible, at least not on an elementary level. Electrons in
acceleration generate electromagnetic waves. Sometimes these waves are guided and over short
distances the wave aspect can be neglected and one can talk about electronics only. Similar, pure
photonics, i.e. the free electromagnetic field in vaccum, without matter is not of very much
interest and use either. Quantum Mechanics teaches us that there are elementary excitations (in
energy) of these waves, photons with particle like properties. So far, we are used to thinking of
electrons as classical particles but Quantum Mechanics equally assigns to them wave properties,
matter waves, like it assigns to the electromagnetic waves particle like properties. Electrons are
elementary excitations of matter waves just as photons are elementary excitations of
electromagnetic waves. We will talk later in more depth about this wave particle duality, once we
have developed the mathematical tools to analyze its meaning quantitatively. So far we have been
educated using the language of classical physics. In the classical limit, it turns out that electrons
(particles with spin 1/2) are particles and photons (particles with integral spin) behave like
classical waves and the particle nature is of vanishing importance. This is the reason why
Photonics eventually is experienced as more abstract than Electronics, especially if you went
through three years of education primarily focused on Electronics and its applications. The
particle properties of electromagnetic waves become of importance when the energy of the
photons considered, hf, where h is Planck’s constant and f is the frequency, is larger than the
thermal energy stored in an electromagnetic mode, kT, where k is Boltzmann’s constant and T is
temperature. At room temperature this is the case for frequencies greater than 6THz. For lower
temperatures this transition frequency from classical to quantum behaviour may already occur at
GHz frequencies. important task of Photonics is the development of coherent sources of radiation,
which are in the optical range called LASER’s (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation). The first amplifier making explicit use of the quantum properties of matter was the

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MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) invented by J. P.

Gordon, C. H. Townes and Zeiger in 1954.

1.2 History of Photonics

The word ‘photonics’ is derived from the Greek word “photos” meaning light ;it appeared in the
late 1960s to describes a research field whose goal was to use light to perform functions , that
traditionally fell within the typical domain of electronic such as tele-communication, information
processing etc.
Photonics as a field began with the invention of the laser in 1960.Other developments followed:
Including the laser diode in the 1970s,and optical fibers for transmitting information. These
invention formed the basis for the telecommunications revolution of the late 20th century and
provided the infrastructure for the internet.
The term photonics came into common use in 1980s as fiber optic data transmission was adopt
telecommunication network operators, at that time the term was use widely at bell laboratory. Its
use was confirmed when the IEEE is lasers and electro-optics society establish and journal name
photonics technology letters at the end of the 1980s. Photonics is the field focus largely on the
telecommunication.However photonics cover a huge range of science and technology application,
including: laser manufacturing ,biological and chemical sensing. Medical diagnostics and therapy,
display technology, and optical computing. Further growth of photonics is likely if current silicon
photonics developments are successful.

1.3 Developmental Phases

 1960s and 1970s=the research and development phases.

 1980s and 1990s=diffusion and application phase.

Fronth
aul

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Fig.1: A generic schematic of photoinic mm-wave signals generation and distribution in

optical domain

CHAPTER 2

WORKING OF PHOTONICS

Depending on the device structure and operational mode, photonic devices can in general
be divided into two categories: (i) photovoltaic devices (i.e., solar cells) which convert
sunlight directly into electricity by generating electron-hole pairs in a solar cell via internal
photovoltaic effects, (ii) photodetectors detects the power label.

Various techniques have been developed to generate mm wave signals based on modulated
optical signals with the mm wave frequency difference. The most promising of them is the
heterodyne beating of two optical signals, separated by the required mm-wave frequency,
together on a highspeed photodetector (PD). Since mm-wave signals generation through
remote heterodyne methods not only overcomes the problem of transmission span limitation
due to optical fiber dispersion , but also greatly reduces system and network complexity, foot-
print as well as CAPEX and OPEX. Particularly, in the case of 5G wireless networks where a
large number of remote radio heads (RRHs) or remote antenna units (RAU) are expected to be
connected to the base band units (BBUs) in the central office (CO) through an optical fiber
based network segment called fronthaul.

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CHAPTER 3

APPLICATION OF PHOTONICS
Applications of photonics are ubiquitous. Included are all areas from everyday life to the most
advanced science, e.g. light detection, telecommunications, information processing, photonic
computing, lighting, metrology, spectroscopy, holography, medicine (surgery, vision correction,
endoscopy, health monitoring), biophotonics, military technology, laser material processing, art
diagnostics(involving InfraRed Reflectography, Xrays, UltraViolet fluorescence, XRF), agriculture
and robotics.Just as applications of electronics have expanded dramatically since the
first transistor was invented in 1948, the unique applications of photonics continue to emerge.
Economically important applications for semiconductor photonic devices include optical data
recording, fiber optic telecommunications, laser printing (based on xerography), displays,
and optical pumping of high-power lasers. The potential applications of photonics are virtually
unlimited and include chemical synthesis, medical diagnostics, on-chip data communication,
sensors, laser defense, and fusion energy, to name several interesting additional examples.

 Consumer equipment: barcode scanner, printer, CD/DVD/Blu-ray devices, remote

control devices
 Telecommunications: optical fiber communications, optical down converter to
microwave
 Medicine: correction of poor eyesight, laser surgery, surgical endoscopy, tattoo
removal
 Industrial manufacturing: the use of lasers for welding, drilling, cutting, and various
methods of surface modification
 Construction: laser leveling, laser rangefinding, smart structures
 Aviation: photonic gyroscopes lacking mobile parts
 Military: IR sensors, command and control, navigation, search and rescue, mine laying
and detection
 Entertainment: laser shows, beam effects, holographic art
 Information processing
 Sensors: LIDAR, sensors for consumer electronics
 Metrology: time and frequency measurements, rangefinding
 Photonic computing:[5] clock distribution and communication
between computers, printed circuit boards, or within optoelectronic integrated circuits;
in the future: quantum computing

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CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGE OF PHOTONICS

 The thermoelastic deformation of MSFs can be substantially lower than deformation of the
conventional fibers in conditions of the same thermal influence
 The thermal gradients in MSFs is less than in the conventional fibers;
 The temperature equalization velocity is higher in MSFs compared to the conventional
fiber.
 The value of these differences depends on a lot of factors such as the diameter of the
 Microstructured fiber, the amount of air rods and their arrangement, etc.
 Photonics are very quick.
 Photonics are high confining optical technology.
 Photonics are very stable.
 Photonics are well-characterized processing.

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CHAPTER 5
DISADVANTAGE OF PHOTONICS

 Photonics are Spurious reflections are more troublesome.

 Photonics are more expensive.

 Photonics are harder to fix.

 Photonics are waveguides and fabrics are harder to use then wires.

 Much bigger egos.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OPTICS AND PHOTONICS

Optics is a general area of physics covering a wide range of topics related to the study of light.
Optics includes such subfields as geometrical optics, physical optics, and
quantum optics. Photonics is a subset of the optics discipline. 

Geometrical optics, sometimes referred to as classical optics, is primarily concerned

with the manipulation of light using devices such as lenses, mirrors and prisms. In geometrical
optics, light is modelled using the ray approximation. In the ray approximation, light wavefronts
are approximated as a collection of rays, each perpendicular to the wavefront of light
and representing the energy flow through the system. A typical application of geometrical optics
would be the design of an imaging lens for a camera. 

Physical optics is the study of light where the wave nature is predominant. In physical optics the
ray approximation is not valid since interference and diffraction effects must be accounted for.
Physical optics tends not to include effects caused by the particle nature of light. A typical
application of physical optics would be the production of holographic images.

Quantum optics is the study of light phenomena where the particle, or quantum, nature of light is
important. Quantum optics and photonics are closely related, but quantum optics tends to be more
theoretical and photonics is more concerned with the design of practical applications. A typical
area of study for quantum optics would be theoretical study of the physics of light creation at the
p-n junction inside an LED. 

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CHAPTER 6
FUTURE SCOPE

 Optoacoustic or photoacoustic imaging where laser energy delivered into biological tissues

will be absorbed and converted into heat, leading to ultrasonic emission.
 Optomechanics, which involves the study of the interaction between light and mechanical
vibrations of mesoscopic or macroscopic objects;
 Optomics, in which devices integrate both photonic and atomic devices for applications
such as precision timekeeping, navigation, and metrology;
 Plasmonics, which studies the interaction between light and plasmons in dielectric and
metallic structures. Plasmons are the quantizations of plasma oscillations; when coupled to
an electromagnetic wave, they manifest as surface plasmon polaritons or localized surface
plasmons.
 Polaritonics, which differs from photonics in that the fundamental information carrier is
a polariton. Polaritons are a mixture of photons and phonons, and operate in the range of
frequencies from 300 gigahertz to approximately 10 terahertz.
 Programmable photonics, which studies the development of photonic circuits that can be
reprogrammed to implement different functions in the same fashion as an electronic FPGA

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CONCLUSION

We have experimentally demonstrated the photonic based mm-wave signal generation and
transmission using a low noise novel monolithic dual-wavelength QD laser as a compact optical
beat source. The device is capable of generating mm-wave singalns between 46 and 48 GHz with
spectral linewidth as narrow as 26 kHz. Based on the device highly coherent optical modes with
spectral linewidth as low as 16 KHz and RIN down to -158 dB/Hz, highly spectrally pure mm-
wave signals around 47.2 GHz was experimentally demonstrated. These are the narrowest optical
and beat note linewidths reported so far for a free running dual-wavelength semiconductor QD
laser operating in the 1,550 nm band. By using this device, a 1Gbaud (2Gbps) MMWoF
transmission link was also demonstrated with PAM-4 signals as a preliminary performance
result. The results show that the demonstrated device is suitable for high capacity mmwave fiber-
wireless integrated fronthaul of 5G and beyond of wireless networks.

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REFERENCES

[1] S. E. Alavi, M. R. K. Soltanian, I. S. Amiri, et al. “Towards 5G: A Photonic Based Millimeter
Wave Signal Generation for Applying in 5G Access Fronthaul,” Sci. Rep. 6, 19891, (2016).
[2] C. Browning et al., “Gain-Switched Optical Frequency Combs for Future Mobile Radio-over-
Fiber Millimeter-Wave Systems,” J. Light. Technol., 36 (19), 4602-4610 (2018).
[3] C.-Y. Lin et al., “Millimeter-Wave Carrier Embedded Dual-Color Laser Diode for 5G MMW
oF Link,” J. Light. Technol. 35(12), 2409–2420 (2017).
[4] Y.-S. Juan and F.-Y. Lin, “Photonic generation of broadly tunable microwave signals utilizing
a dual-beam optically injected semiconductor laser,” IEEE Photonics J. 3(4), 644–650 (2011).
[5] G. Grosskopf et al., “Optical millimeter-wave generation and wireless data transmission using
a dual-mode laser,” IEEE Photonics Technol.
Lett. 12(12), 1692–1694 (2000).
[6] J. J. O’Reilly, P. M. Lane, R. Heidemann, and R. Hofstetter, “Optical generation of very
narrow linewidth millimetre wave signals,” Electron. Lett. 28 (25), 2309–2311, (1992).
[7] K. Balakier, M. J. Fice, L. Ponnampalam, A. J. Seeds, and C. C. Renaud, “Monolithically
Integrated Optical Phase Lock Loop for Microwave Photonics,” J. Light. Technol. 32(20),
3893–3900 (2014).

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