aM SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 7 Meet > eT TTLSOFTWARE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT A GENTLE INTRODUCTION FOURTH EDITION CAROL BRITTON & JILL DOAKE SS The McGraw-Hill companies London Batten Bur Ridge, IL Dubus, 8 Matsson,\M_ Now York StLous SanFranosco Bangkok = Bogotd = Caraces Kala Lumpur soon Necid Meco Cty Manone! New Osh Samlano Secu »—=‘Sngepore © Sythey Tap TcntoSofware Systems Cevtcpran: Gere lzodscton, Fut Eon ensaereaor 7111008 anf Education Pubssed by Meron it Education Shopponranges Raa “elophone: 4) rae se eto Fe 4 (0) 162970 228 ‘Wate wave megan uk Beh Lary Cataloguing in Puan Dat ‘ost rvod ths book swab fr the ih Libary Ltvar of Congress Cataloging n Publication Date ‘he bay of Congress datas bck has en apple fram re ibrar of Cargase ‘Aequsiions Eto: Krsy Read Devlopart Edo: Kaen Mesman Mating Manage lee Dsloe Pression sor eres BaD “as dagn by SOW [over dn Feng Design “ype CS Pubiting Serves Li, Stebuy, Wishee Prod ar bound by CP Group (U6 Lt, Creyen, CHO YY Publishes by McGraw Education (U9 Limited en ptt of The edie Compania, Ine, 1221 Averue ofthe Amoteas, Now Yr NY T0120. Copyright ©2005 by craw vest (UK) Le A gh eseved. No pa otis publeon may be opreduce cr stat any form or by any rea, dove na tase or reveal item, aheat the prerwrten cont ha New Compan re, Houde, ‘ry selene tar oaston nora or tanamsnen, broaden! Seance ng weovsaeroor7iee Isaviooor7iia86 122006 Besuve rhs by The NeGrw Hl Compan, nr maces end oxpr “ibook canal be ono tr ha coy awh od by MerBRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS ‘Aknowledgements Proace tices our ‘Tachalogy te ears auring ar escing 1. Beekground and case study 1.1 Devaleping sys 12 native jeter? 14 nrosten fo the ust Lins case eu 2, le eels and development methods 21 Tegyemite oye 22 Deveepment methods 2. The stam egrets 81 Background 32 What are eaitements? 838 Sage in enghosing to sytem requroments 4. Process modeling 4 Modeling 42 Daa fon gran: pat | 43. Data ow dager: pat 2 “44 Prose detone ‘81 Dala tory 6. bata modettng 181i of da modtng 682 exeyetatonsip modling 7. vent modeling 7 ey toes 72 Sma sagen JS 88288 BABS s ees<= SOETUASE, SYSTEM. DEVELIEM EN creer Implementation na olatonal etbaso wt £81 Types of melemeiaton 1 (82 Database om 13 Mlesof Aces a pl eatona abase 1 184 Implementing singe entyelatorchip dagamsin a deabse + {85 SOL (Sructred Query Language) 12 6 Tee user rarce ia 87 Trerteret 166 9, Teting ane handing ver he system sm 81 sing 178 2 Changeover toto nan stom 1 183 Decumenson ‘04 124 The peetimplamentston rien 15 85 Maioanae 16 10, Management and professional issues 108 101¥hatis poet management? 80 02 Ftenning| 1 4103 Monfoing and corelng the oot oe toasonvare mares 2 10.5 tanaré nd uy aseurance 208 {08 Logal and protesona asics 28 11. CASE too endatoatve approaches to development oe 1.1 CASE oos 20 1-2Preypg a7 1.3 Raya Rpteaton Development 2 ‘14Aqlotahecs 2 11.50pensouce deveopment 2 11.6 bjoctrns evelopment 226 Appendices 20 poponds 5 Jays Nowsepets 8sidy 2 Popend Ot’ Blige cao etsy au name to selected exercises oer ‘iooraphy 208 Glossary 206DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS Acdnoutedgemenis Proace ‘ced our “Tecnology to ence laing ane teaching 1. Background encase sty 1.1 Develoing syste $2 vinaieasyse 48 Contents ofthe book 1A Inroasnon 0. Line ca sty 2. Ue yes and development methods 21 Ths apse i ce Prose oeetton Festi say equremens engineering Deon | Implement 22 Devlopnent mathe ‘Why do we needa development metho? Dae event methods 3. Tho ystom equroments 81 Baeigrins| 82 Whatarerequremenis? “Te prstem of dtaton Ercking requirements Dae ype of equrerenss 89. Stages in ennteng te syst requremers equreran elesaton stuctes mectnas Pequrerars species Pequerens veaion RESEERESBERSE4) Modaling ‘rrosuton Dango or communion sing modes o acl carpio ner prpectves iter san66| 42 bata ow cage: pat Inodoten How 2 dala ow grams nek ‘Deora ens Loves eta Sow dagrans \aboting Conor cf dla ow ager ier stapes | Utatore of ta fow aprons (checeng aa tow dagrans 43. Datafow diagrams par 2 Lael ru phys ata flow gran Compaten of unt ysl FD nd utr gis OFD ques iogcal FDS ‘a ne requtemante rhe nou ato, usta re request 44 roca dno ‘hat ao process dlntons? structed engi Guideine lowing stacked Engin dust Ure amet Design ees Devon abe 54 Dataditorary Vane oe daa sone Deseoing documers Whats an appreprte ea of i? ht Line: cert gil dle dona ‘Coren of data tenn ata meceting 3 Prncpies ct da modetng "wo chine ER modding tet erraan, “rminlgy and rion ups le _cceBOETWABE, SYSTEM. REVELOPMEN eo ores | Process modeting gear S8ESR S22yaNYs eeeaeResesyEntylaonship madsting Practica guns How bulé an ER mode “he ery 768m Aguero ito Ju 8 Une Suneary of seus What ve we acon by bung the EA moe Noraiaon ‘An eae cremation \Whataa have sohowsd ones nomalzaton a ompto vent moeing| Ey Ho iterca ‘Sona denon elaing to nty issn Notion for ety isos Hono rat an erty fe hoy [rare EL fom Justa ine =the Proc ny le ison, ‘aauond expla ELM rom at Une th Ord eye Non, Ste cagrane ‘Some defo eatng to sae dara Notation rat agar xan se dogs Yom uss Line eres Cstorer sd Order, oe advanced att dagen Implementation in relational detabace "pes of mplamertaton ‘Advertages of inpleraning a ete such. Jst Line ina Proganring begiage Dsndreniags ef proraneing a stom er Jit ane _Adveragen of us necrnarid dastae paciage er uta Une Dsndvetagoa cf sing a commer package omabase Micros Access typical elon database Gunes epee Medias Dat ces pages Inertia simple eretyeitorsipdagrams na catbase 120 125 2 132 138 18 6 M685. SOL (Shuctued Guy Language) inset paste 86 Theveerrarace "Te userierace and ne aman boundary “Tom seo heey Dasgnng sans Iran ses 47 Treimemet “Tating and handing over tho systom a1 Teng Pre srglemeniatn sing Pesmpleanaton or code ting Tat pee (ber pes oes Types et cat Wo dos th ing? ser ating Teatng docuertaion 82 Crungiotert the rev 26m Metros of cree 193 Documristion Dasamenaton ote deviant ofthe syn Deearontaon forthe operate he sem Dsamentaton or roca se Documentation erence ses 94 Thepoetmpametaion even 95 Martonance HMenegement and professional sues 4011 What eet management? Wy Go we ned rjc manage? Pome crwoacee ois vcd in projet managerert? Te development ar ‘re pcect manage 102 Pamirs smatng Deng wth i eerie tse Detrnring avait of personne and resowces sensauing 8Bercane Tho completed plan 103. Montonng ans canting me preeet What heppens when gs 99 wane? 105 Stans and qutty sours 108 Lega ae professional ees eo Pasirmnt Prolesonal rganzstone 11, ASE tools and aternaveeppreaches to development 14 CASE tone (CASE tools ar thecent nserstncing CASE _bvriges of CASE tals 112 Protons ‘What prottpng? Procyping ar he cnt Protyping are eyton Sevelopsr Promyping Jus a une “To arareage of preying fr he asta developer ‘To dsndvrtages & roe 11 Rapid Appleaion Development 114 Ale aos 115 Open sowce davlonont 11.8 jected development ‘enigiound to objector demiepen. Onjes end the cass cagran ss ease meng Inaction cngyane ‘arages ft eject rr approach =n erica —— — — = 213 er £B8 BRSSSSRNRSRNESACKNOWLEDGEMENTS \We wuld keto hank Karen Mosman at Mca rhe supper cuing proc. ‘Many hake re the tescing earn be Corpse Sciorca Department tho Univers of Heros an angi Polfechc Uneray: Pam inn. Narets seen. ‘Nathan Bacon Ros Crouch, Sacra Ware ad Jacq McCay andl he studi n Boh Ittone wh ead ook athe srcles and made (roy fete) corer ‘aly cur sul big hank yoo Gh and Ola ating up wh ue in curing a ie ‘drdetne of wring 8 Bod We weld n20 Be tar hs folowing evewers who conmertedon tho previous ster Some Rap Soho: Ashe Schott Bushes, Denmark oo, unnersy of megan UK “Tomas Chaney, Naplr Livery, UK ary Res very of Poteath, UK Pam Hon, Uist Hefei, UKPREFACE ‘hiebook sea on our nn exporrc of eashing salwar sytem devopmert Ne wien reine who wart ain sound grasp Fhe ay conenpl ere mvng o> teomoroadvenco pice We do not sas ey por inowlege, ed wey en tery nto simples ay passe, One ome! inporantspacs fe Dok the (ded exces athe ends of chapters. Deecrng systems eas ant ison by ‘orang ?rough he exes and racing he acraqune a crs wl yen rmatethem, ‘ur atmo provide an understanding othe sstware sytem despa proces. and tev students he oppor to become conpetntin some oh tenis nae i IU Te beck bates wound devlnert of smal Busnes te mn he i. 'eiiaton custome requreens though the construct of meso fe Sy, theta! mpirenaion naestbase facage. Vail covered ana iaring ctcones a Inte at theta of encn apt Where coeur ternalogy weed, te expla in ‘he goseay athe ack ane ask Inthe appendices thre te vo age case sud, delged alow students acevo ajtom for nti source documents #01 twimplererton Furor modesto ese case sos (password praetor use Dy ects) can be fund nw webster ancomparies hs bk, pwn megren bi cosibosarten. "Now mats ie curh eon many athe endo he book. nGrape, when dou wnielementtin, tere sn eeton on SOL (Sucked Query Langu) od ‘i guns on desing websites. Chapter 10 has ea mata on retreat ‘cating te etic pst and legal ad profesional aus. Chant 1, on CASE ole and teraive apraches i deveopme, heres new tet on Age eto a open ‘Snurce development nado, the ston on abet eranlton has Boe erin ard stated it exp tom fe Jt ue ster alow stuns corare wo ery Coren appocches io etre devecpmentGUIDED TOUR {At the beginning of each chapter, ther {san introduction that highlights what will be covered, and learning objectives pinpoint concepts you wil learn about inthe chapter. Boxes, figures and illustrations bring the topics to life and help you to visualise ‘software system development models. End of chapter summaries recap on the ‘main points covered in each chapter, providing a useful revision tool awFurther reading sections atthe end of ‘chapters point you to references in joumals and books that can help you to research software system development further, Exorcisos and topics for discussion at the end of chapters provide you with uestions to test your understanding of the concepts and apply them to real-life problome. Atthe end of the book you wil ind answers to selectad chapter exercises to allow you to monitor your progress. A glossary is also provided as a useful relerence tool for your studies.TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE LEARNING AND TEACHING VISIT WWW.MCGRAW-HILL.CO.UK/TEXTBOOKS/BRITTON TODAY Ontine Learning Centre (OLC) Resources for students ‘Aer comtatng ic chee, og on 10 ‘no eupporing Onine Leaning Conve ‘webs. You wi fn chapte by chapter test questa whieh you can ute et yur undestancig o! he tpes covered Inesehehapar Resources for lecturers. “The ono learing ent aco provides ictuere we aot of Powerotpresanitions ‘ich can be ldo adeptad or sen ects and camer, Corct oor represent {ora ponmnerd te esse the mara For lecturers Pris Content Centre youd to uppament your course wth edtonl ests o cone crs ereonaa Book or yor ters Vt wh psconriceratcom oe pm urea com fo more erate,‘Study skits We publish quis ohlp yeu sty, esearch, pase exe and wt sees tho vey though your university sts ‘iit wunopenup.couhis to se the fil sleston and gt £2 scout by eng prometera cae stedy when buying nin EXAM SUCCESS Computing skits yu" to rus up on your computing a, we have a range of es cover MS (hie spatcaton sich se Wore see, Power, Asete and more Geta ee count on ese wes by ertarag the promot code app when och tin at wirmmograw hil couhapp.CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND CASE STUDYsecre SOFTWARE SYSTED DEVELOPMENT SES Introduction "Te hope ene a8 gue rte reef he Bok in weve an cere ote sytem orolapment races, Fom te clint erate sare ofto ble to evry te ‘wae aytom Welnclaiea gener dscipten of wrt meet Dy he word te’ and [Sbanlecetn of ha way sued hs bok A suman giv ning Be corte of ‘ech chacter inte bee and rst you can ron tha bak abst ethan nrOouEe Me ‘ita Une cae ody, fiche ured fr exert andererises thoughout book 1.1 Developing systems Sem dept gas rogrnson tom he lan ial agin ba he pola, vananieolanaonleagsta scemply mal enon xored Ma Pogriming argue, whicncan be ecu on emarina AGagam othe wala Process canbe seen Fgue 11 Ateech ape thepobiam i exreedin mn apport Foca ecg, notion orga ne chows he sm derma pros ea sees ol escrprs, pecans, cline probly, wich re radar una dserpton ae that can ‘rend by conor ‘he orginal acon ih tan ish come tone lets, eesti ben ratralenquge, such 8 Erg. win pats ae corans and sale omata help ‘col be ston The ral deserpon wit na rogeriingrguge ne is tba ‘iy knts ging ata computrandostande Wal we aes hie Eton ‘Foc guages or aon ue atl einevening age ol evepren. “fan, atom aeveloparsaeogers rae wore wihinihacoen oa ttamanort cr mathe bal rovces en aged Scare re deveomert eet gw 1.4 Ate deepest proces “oos aeosinbt ac ent avert tonerNorma, an eration wil cpt speci poroach to devlaing a rjc, chit nay teleost o projet il ofl, method jet en ns raw pots 8 andar msnoc of pproac ote systom velop wore, which espace sd ‘ooumerted bore wrk srs. Th ae Fema oth wl gna be eda rojas develope tin expen, omeves sees eg rae tha ferent appar eis Pet approactes. The approac usc or aparece eatare sno be te a mt sala fo: the peo yam being develops. he cle, dela anne ecm ‘ay have aor dapos. System developer are becoming evar tha is mpcenble er ‘one single elope metodo pose how ae the rst arity of a nt usoneercounae.n te book ne concn nthe aon ttued preach © ‘developing syste, whch autbl fr aera norman sytr, sch sat nt Jot ‘in ese sty itodued ltrn is oer. n Cost 1, we alo iy cia te ‘steal seprosces of CASE protoyping api Appteaton Development (RAD), Age Ictnods, open eource dalopment ar obec entation. 1.2 What is a system? is boyona ie scope cn Booka arincon a det cussion feat foo the erected reader wl aur acourtn Myer arc Koos 2008, Hower Kw oe set ets geo ave awarngdtintion oth wor seta. ok et ome ‘apie of jens: 1 solr system 1 get eytom 1 pub enor tem 1 con heating ayer 1 computer astm wa maya a toate detonate is etl jo eerie reviewed santo On it nn thie nacoqus rou purposes Breau we re concer ly ‘thst tht are mana, and thar under aran coro and ha have a pupoee overnite sytem cot edged By asym davloper. Ti leah sar ‘tam ro known purpose and ine gestive sytem (ot und hunan con), An noroves ‘etniton here woul be: Stam ee a nts rrara he vee le and dense achiov a purp, Aneta esse ate in dr ve 0 syste Inet ne lanes ofa syste haves ‘roatenstp toon ence; they work together nso Way. esp of sone, fr earl, ‘nou Wray bo man-made na ave he pupae of maring the topo il dee nt ‘uaty aston becaise e lamers cnet hve a sine eter ance. you ake ane sone eh pl, dosent ar mh acto rafter ‘moving ore cloment weld mater you removeth ta anc om he pi arp ‘syste prossr nthe ter arcs ates thom you remove the Boer ore the cart nein pion to aytam wi ot wrk. For or pupae, rt, clin ofa eysemwe needs asysumis an eerste tt of became haere Vane ss awhce aed designed ceva papocess SDEDWARE SYSTEM EVEL EN sneer aS ‘We musta obs dition hat sytem has Bundy. The jan qusto les Inside the tourer out yetem boundary sts eruermentwt which te 57m ‘twats, Soretines he bounéay ofa satis eran cbous ve vow aperzon 258 ‘Sete te Boundary oar on pean sear separate fom ance and ter he ‘rnrcerent ncorinder ayn, bower, ls way hao dee bourda is ‘Gunod by ich late we chose ohn 8 bln wn ta 580, WMC 3 tring part ofthe ernment. Te nord ue thts tame sings the stom ie eign ou ctsis oot boundary ere ngs the ee erat wh, BAe ret cesgned to coiol The bourday maybe satbecaue tw are tgs wich we ‘cenet have contra for ampe, naar Peoing stom te wester mus be conse {obs cui he tundy ar wacanot cna The bound) may oo be et becas8 We ‘hens nat onli arn lors: Til chlor be eae tho ewig actos. 1 Money constraint, We ey fc het Rwileot toe much compass more than eta sf esta incens 1 Time contain, Te morsfncton we computers ha longr ti sho. 1 Cost etectivanes, Sometimes en ted beets ae gad tam xpersie compueaton “he envtonmert defined as being the surouncing conan, cutie he boundary tht eth yt acy be afectac by Wout a eonrat yf. We mig tne te ‘woaher condone as beng pat ote envronment of acenl Pease ayer, “Toss: sjm an Marlstad et of ojos rsereristhat ae vowed 2 wale and dasgnes ative apps; thasa boundary wt with Res end outset “ich isthe enon bis potanto dene he arpa or abjcoes le system; ‘trues wl wan ferent fing ro fe yen From he bet th sytem Crvetper must be clear about th purses ofthe astm Sse wht a ene a ‘design Te bouncy cope! stars ote hard ocr; ssn cele and ter ogether must decide waa ob ode in ajtan, henna alr 9a opto ‘he book me bse cr ueerstncrg on te above destin bul mire spctcaly we Ferret he cbjctsrelementso be te sftvere, documentation, nates of p97, hardware, mer, perros whic tose rako ip the em “Te ut Lica dy thal we ube nthe book ea pcr ype oer stam — one that pany sores, retives and manpatos Gta in abusnesentonert This ype ej skoow as an nfomaton system, somatinas aro apclialy 2 8 Iranacion processing syst. The eceigus he we desctbe nfs broke al suitable fern avaocment of esto euch st a Lina aren mary coos are lo spproprie ‘er anuma of hertypes of otwar stem deve 1.3 Contents of the book nis boo, wo focus on th tian ehriqus meet wisely use @ectonal erucred tppoee to devlopingeotwnre myst, Chapter 2eutines he man ages n 2 ‘rauiorl syste fl yee fa underpins this approach andreas cyl he oncept ota developer mata: Chapter 3 oocusss he tees sages ct requrerens