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Module 3

Tv is system for system for broadcasting & receiving Moving picture & sound
Picture details are represented as picture.
Pixels are smallest unit of picture.
Scanning is used to pick up many pieces of information simultaneously
from picture,for transmission.
Two method for scanning are used Progressive scanning & Interlaced scanning

What is Television

Actually Television is really a three-part invention: (1) The TV camera that

turns a picture and sound into a signal; (2) The TV transmitter that sends the
signal through the air; (3) and the TV receiver (the TV set in your home) that
captures the signal and turns it back into picture and sound.

Basic Working of TV receiver

Based on two type signal. Sound signal & picture signal.

Sound signal is Frequency modulated and picture signal is
AmplitudeModulated.
Camera tube & micro phone convert this signal into electrical signal.Picture
tube & loud speaker convert it into original signal.
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Draw camera tube

What is scanning
Scanning is the process by which an electron beam spot is made to move
across a rectangular area of picture tube or camera tube
Two type of scanning
1. PROGRESSIVE SCANNING
2. INTERLACED SCANNING
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PROGRESSIVE SCANNING

Electron beam in the progressive system, start at top left of the screen & scan the first
lline . After it ,jump back to left to scan the 2 nd line. After it, again jump back to left side to
scan third line.This process repeated until the last line scanned.
As soon scanning of one frame completed,the beam quickly returned back to top left
corner.then start scanning of next frame.

INTERLACED SCANNING

Scanning is the process by which an electron beam spot is made to move across a
rectangular area .of camera tube or Tv Screen.
Scanning is specified in two mode. 1. Horizontal Scanning 2. Vertical Scanning
The movement of electron beam spot from left to right and back is termed as
Horizontal Scanning
The movement of electron beam spot from top to bottom and back to top is termed as
Vertical Scanning
In 625-line, 50 Hz system where 25 frames are transmitted per second, the horizontal
scanning rate is 15625 lines per second
The frequency of the vertical, scanning signal is 50 Hz.
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In the 625 line monochrome system, for interlaced scanning, the 625 lines of
each frame or picture are divided into two field of 312.5 lines Each line (odd &
even ) is scanned alternately to cover the entire picture area.
Here all odd line are scanned first from top to bottom, by eliminating the even
lines and the first field ends in a half line and the second field commences at middle
of the line on the top of the target plate or screen (see fig)
Thus every alternate line gets scanned instead of every successive line.
Then, when the beam reaches the bottom of the picture frame, it quickly returns to
the top to scan those lines that were missed in the previous scanning.
Thus the total number of lines are divided into two groups called ‘fields’. Each
field is scanned alternately. This method of scanning is known as interlaced
scanning and is illustrated in Fig.
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Thus with interlaced scanning the flicker effect is eliminated without

increasing the speed of scanning, which in turn does not need any increase in the
channel bandwidth.

Block diagram of Television Transmitter

Light from the object is converted into electrical signal by camera.This picture
signal is amplified by video amplifier & then amplitude modulated .
Sound is converted by microphone ,then amplified by audio amplifier & then
frequency modulated.
These two signals are combined by combing network& transmitted.
\
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MONOCHROME TV RECEIVER

Antenna receives radiated RF signals.

Tuner select desired channel
IF amplifier amplify selected Rf signal
Video detector extract video signal,sound if signal, & scanning –
synchronizing signal
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Video amplifier amplifies video signal & feed to picture tube for
displaying picture.

Sound IF amplifier amplifie SIF sgnal

Detector extract audio signal.
After proper amplification ,audio signal fed to loudspeaker for reproduction of
sound.

Scanning & synchronizing circuit help deflection of electron beam

based on transmitted RF signal
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LCD TV

• Use liquid-crystal displays to produce images 

• LCD televisions are thinner and lighter than cathode ray tube (CRTs)
• Crystal became opaque by the electriccity
• With no elecriccity ,crystal compound is transparent
• Picture details may be assemblage of large number of tiny area-called picture
pixel
• LCD display is made of 3 separate crystals(red ,green & blue)
• Depending on applied current, crystal may block or pass the light
• Based up on ,this different possible colour may be seen on the screen

LEDTV

• NEW VERSION
• ILLUMINATING LCD PANNELS WITH LED BACK LIGHT
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•
• An LED screen is actually an LCD screen, but instead of having a normal
CCFL backlight, it uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a source of light
behind the screen.
• An LEDis more energy efficient and a lot smaller than a CCFL, enabling a
thinner  television screen.

PLASMA TV

• plasma display panel (PDP) is used

• Flat panel Display (30 Inch/76 cm)
• Containing small cells  electrically charged ionized gases, called plasma .
• Basic idea is Illuminate colored fluorescent Light to form IMAGE
• Eachpixel made by 3 flourcent: ligt (red,green & blue )
• variation of intensity of light produce different colours
•
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Difference Between LCD,LED ,OLED,PLASMA….

1.LCD TV
The technology uses tiny colored liquid crystal cells that shine light from behind the
screen. Varying amounts of color comes through the screen to build the picture.

LED TV

An LED TV is actually a type of LCD television.

The major LED TV use LED lights to illuminate the screen.
As a result, LED TVs are much slimmer than LCD TVs, and the picture quality
superior.

PLASMA TV

• The technology used in plasma TV uses gas cells between two sheets of glass.
The cells emit ultraviolet light which makes the screen display red, green and
blue. The spots combine to form a picture on the screen.

OLED TV.

OLED (organic light-emitting diode) TV technology eliminates the need for .

lamps to produce light
• It uses organic pixels that are lit by electricity.
It’s lighter, thinner and more energy efficient
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CABLE TELEVISION

Cable Tv is a system for broadcasting TV channel to subscribers via radio

frequency signal.
DTH service provide TV channel direct ally to subscriber through satellite
transmission
Mobile phone can make & receive calls over a radio link while moving around

CATV
• Community Access Television  or
•  Community Antenna Telvision

Cable television
Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to paying subscribers
via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or, light pulses
through fiber-optic cables. 
To receive cable television at a given location, cable distribution lines must be available on
the locally. Coaxial cable brings the signal to the customer's building through a service drop,
an overhead or underground cable.  The cable company's portion of the wiring usually ends
at a distribution box on the building . Wring in the walls usually distributes the signal to jacks
in different rooms to which televisions are connected.

Two standard

•  analog cable, and  digital cable

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Digital Transmission
 Digital cable carry data signals used by digital television receivers such
as HDTV equipment
The cable company will provide set top boxes. A cable from the jack in the
wall is attached to the input of the box, and an output cable from the box is
attached to the television, usually the RF-IN

Direct To Home.

• Direct to Home
• Service provider provide Tv Channel by Satellite Transmission
• Digital signal received by Dish & satellite Receiver
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MOBILE PHONE
A mobile phone (also known as a wireless phone, cell phone, or cellular
telephone) is a small portable radio telephone
Make & receive call over a Radio Link, while moving around Geographic Area
Connecting to cellular Network to access public Telephone Network

SMART PHONE
Text MSG:,MMS,Inter Net,Games,Image,Video ,etc

Generation of mobile Phone.

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Technology used in Mobile Phone

GSM ( Global system for mobile communication)

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access )

What is GSM

Designed for 2G
Wide Bandwidth , More user
SIM (Subscriber’s Identy Module),Store Data of Subscriber
GSM is a cellular network and the key elements in its architecture are
Mobile Station, Base station Subsystem, Network Subsystem

CDMA
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various
radio communication technologies. 
CDMA is an example of multiple access, which is where several transmitters can
send information simultaneously over a single communication channel.
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LOGICGATE

• The commonly used Logic gates are OR,AND.NOT NAND, EX OR gates

• We can generate all other gate using universal gate property
• Nand & Nor gate are universalgate.
• IC 7490 isa decade counter . (Count from 0 to 9)
• IC 7446 common anode 7 segment display decoder driver.

Logic circuit

• Electroni circuit make logic decision

• One out put & one or more input

OR GATE
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AND GATE

NOT GATE -7404

NOR GATE – 7402

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NAND GATE - 7400

EX OR GATE 7486
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BASIC LOGIC GATE USING DISCRETE COMPONENTS

BASIC LOGIC
GATE USING
DISCRETE
COMPONENTS
OR GATE
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• It consist TWO identical Diode.

• When A & B are at zero output Y is zero
• When A is at five volt D1 is forward biased, so conduct
• Current flows through the resistor & 5 V is developed at output
• When B is at five volt D1 is forward biased, so conduct
• Current flows through the resistor & 5 V is developed at output
• When both A & B are forward biased both diodes conduct current
• Current flows through the resistor & 5 V is developed at output

AND GATE

• It consist TWO identical Diode.

• When A & B are at zero ( earth ) output Y is zero
• When A is at five volt D1 is reverse biased, & D2 is forward biased at zero
( earth ) output Y is zero
• When B is at five volt D2 is reverse biased, & D1 is forward biased at zero
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( earth ) output Y is zero

• When both A & B at 5v both diode D1 & D2 are reverse biased ,
output Y is one.

NOT GATE

When input A is at 5v transistor conduct and output Y is zero

When input A is at 0v transistor not conduct and output Y is at 5 volt

Universal property

The NOR & NAND Gate can be used to implement all other gate. This property is termed
as Universal property. Thus, these gates are called Universal gates.

NOT GATE BY NAND GATE

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NOT GATE BY NOR GATE

OR GATE BY NAND GATE

OR GATE BY NOR GATE

AND GATE BY NAND GATE

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AND GATE BY NOR GATE

NOR GATE BY NAND GATE

NAND GATE BY NOR GATE

COUNTER USING 7490

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This circuit based on

• DECADE COUNTER-7490
• DECODER/DRIVER-7446
• 7 DEGMENT DISPLAY
• RESISTORS

Circuit of decade counter only

Seven segment Display

• FND (Flat Numaric Display) or 7 SEGMENT DISPLAYTwo type

• Common anode & common cathode display (7446&7447-7448/7449 )
• 46 and '47 for common-anode LEDs,
• whereas '48 and '49 are for common-cathode LEDs.
• Common Anode seven segment display's color is gray
• Common Cathode seven segment display's color is black.

Working of counter using 7490

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For every clock pulse the BCD output of 790 will advance by one bit
IC 7446 will decode this BCD output to corresponding 7 sgmentform
Then drive the display to indicate corresponding decimal number.

COMPUTER
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• .Microprocessor is programmable device that receive data ,perform according to

Arithmetic or logical operations with respect to programme stored on the memory,
Then generate the output.
• Microprocessor consist of ALU, Control unit, Register array
• Microcontroller is a computer on a chip
• Microcontroller is a general purpose device used to read data & perform calculation
on that data .Then controls its environment based on those calculations
• An embedded system is a computer systemwith dedicated function withinlarge
mechanical or electrical system
• UPS is a electrical apparatus that provide emergency power to a load ,when input
power source, typically mains power, fails

What is a computer ?
It is a electronic device,that
• MANIPULATE INFORMATION & DATA
• STORE,RETRIEVE, PROCESS DATA
• TYPE DOCUMENT,SEND E MAIL,PLAY GAQMES,
• BROWSE THE WEB
• EDIT VIDEOS

What is a microprocessor ?
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Microprocessor is a…….
• programming device
• receive data
• perform arithmetic & logical –operation as per the program stored &
produce out put

Block diagram of Microprocessor

Micro processor made up of three units

Arithmetic logic unit
Control Unit
Register unit

Arithmetic logic unit perform arithmetic & logical operations

It is a fundamental building block of CPU

Control Unit part of CPU & control operations of CPU

It control the operations of memory, arithmetic logic unit ,& in-out devices
Array of register used to hold data.

 Microcontroller
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A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a

processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals
The prime use of a microcontroller is control operation of a system, using fixed
program that stored in ROM

Example: Tv remote control

CPU : central processor, or microprocessor,  Central Processing Unit of the

computer.
ROM  (Read Only Memory) is computer memory on which data has been
prerecorded. It retains its contents even when the computer is turned off.
RAM (random access memory) is the place in a computing device where the
operating system (OS), application programs and data in current use are kept so
they can be quickly reached by the device's processor.

 Parallel input/output ports

Parallel input/output ports are mainly used to drive/interface various devices
such as LCD’S, LED’S, printers, memories, etc to a microcontroller.

 Serial ports
Serial ports provide various serial interfaces between microcontroller and
other peripherals like parallel ports.
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 Timers/counters
This is the one of the useful function of a microcontroller. A microcontroller may
have more than one timer and counters. The timers and counters provide all
timing and counting functions inside the microcontroller. 

Microprocessor & Micro controller

Microprocessor Micro Controller

Microprocessor is heart of Computer system. Micro Controller is a heart of embedded system.

It is just a processor. Memory and I/O components Micro controller has external processor along with
have to be connected externally internal memory and i/O components

Since memory and I/O has to be connected externally, Since memory and I/O are present internally, the
the circuit becomes large. circuit is small.

Cannot be used in compact systems and hence Can be used in compact systems and hence it is an
inefficient efficient technique

Cost of the entire system increases Cost of the entire system is low

Due to external components, the entire power Since external components are low, total power
consumption is high. Hence it is not suitable to used consumption is less and can be used with devices
with devices running on stored power like batteries. running on stored power like batteries.
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Most of the micro controllers have power saving modes

Most of the microprocessors do not have power saving
like idle mode and power saving mode. This helps to
features.
reduce power consumption even further.

Since memory and I/O components are all external,

Since components are internal, most of the operations
each instruction will need external operation, hence it
are internal instruction, hence speed is fast.
is relatively slower.

Microprocessor have less number of registers, hence Micro controller have more number of registers, hence
more operations are memory based. the programs are easier to write.

Microprocessors are based on von Neumann Micro controllers are based on Harvard architecture
model/architecture where program and data are stored where program memory and Data memory are
in same memory module separate

Mainly used in personal computers Used mainly in washing machine, MP3 players

BASIC BLOCK OF COMPUTER

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A computer mainly consist of three unit

Input unit, Process unit, Output unit

Input Unit: This unit is used to entering data into computer. Some of the input
devices are Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner etc
Process unit : This unit consist of three units
A L U : (Arithmetic & logic unit ) :This responsible for arithmetic & logical
operations.
C U : (Control Unit ) :This unit responsible for program execution, fetching
information from memory ,decoding & sending for execution
Memory: The data & instruction that entered in the system has to be stored inside
the computer before execution take place. Similarly d result is also stored , before
sending to output device.
Output Unit : This is the process of producing results from the data for getting
useful  information .Example Monitor or VDU ,Printer etc.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

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An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source,( UPS ) is

an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input
power source or mains power fails.
A UPS is typically used to protect hardware such as computers, data
centers, telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment 

There are two type of ups - Offline ups & Online ups

Offline ups

The offline/standby UPS (SPS) offers only the most basic features, providing surge
protection and battery backup. The protected equipment is normally connected
directly to incoming utility power. When the incoming voltage falls below or rises
above a predetermined level the SPS turns on its internal DC-AC inverter circuitry,
which is powered from an internal storage battery. The UPS then mechanically
switches the connected equipment on to its DC-AC inverter output
Online ups
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In an online UPS, the batteries are always connected to the inverter, so that no
power transfer switches are necessary. When power loss occurs, the rectifier simply drops
out of the circuit and the batteries keep the power steady and unchanged.
The main advantage of an on-line UPS is its ability to provide an "electrical firewall"
between the incoming utility power and sensitive electronic equipment.
The online UPS is ideal for environments where electrical isolation is necessary or
for equipment that is very sensitive to power fluctuations.

In case of On-line UPS, the battery operated inverter works continuously whether the
mains supply is present or not. Triac T1 is on for all the times while Triac T2 has been
provided to bypass the UPS inverter, only when a fault develops in the UPS inverter.
When the mains supply fails, the UPS supplies power only until the batteries get dis-
charged. However, once the mains power resumes, the batteries will get charged again.
The switching times of these supplies is considered to be zero. Usually sealed
maintenance free batteries are used and the running time of the inverter is low
(approximately 10 to 30 minutes).
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In the case of Off-Line UPS, the inverter is off when the mains power is on and the output
voltage is derived directly from the mains. The inverter turns on only when the mains
supply fails. Its switching time is less than 5 ms. These UPS are generally used with PCs
or computers or other appliances where a small duration (5 ms or less) interruption in
power supply can be tolerated. Usually, sealed batteries or lead-acid batteries are used.
The running time of these supplies is also low (about 10 to 30 minutes).

Comparison between Online and Offline UPS:

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Sl
parameter Online UPS Offline UPS
No

 Turned On when
1  Inverter  Always ON
mains fails

 Rectifier cum  Supplies power to inverter as well  as

2  Charges only  battery
charger charges battery

3  Output  waveform  Sine wave  Quasi square wave

 Harmonic
4  Low  High
distortion

5  Efficiency  Low  High

 Not isolated from

6  Load  Isolated from supply
Supply

7  Cost  High  Low