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Linear Congruences Guide

This document discusses linear congruences and systems of linear congruences. It defines linear congruences as equations of the form ax ≡ b (mod m) and notes they have solutions when the greatest common divisor of a and m divides b. It presents the theorem that linear congruences with coprime moduli have unique solutions, while those with common factors can have multiple incongruent solutions. The document concludes by introducing the Chinese Remainder Theorem, which states that a system of linear congruences with coprime moduli has a unique combined solution.

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67 views19 pages

Linear Congruences Guide

This document discusses linear congruences and systems of linear congruences. It defines linear congruences as equations of the form ax ≡ b (mod m) and notes they have solutions when the greatest common divisor of a and m divides b. It presents the theorem that linear congruences with coprime moduli have unique solutions, while those with common factors can have multiple incongruent solutions. The document concludes by introducing the Chinese Remainder Theorem, which states that a system of linear congruences with coprime moduli has a unique combined solution.

Uploaded by

Dayzel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SMA3043 ELEMENTARY NUMBER THEORY

SEMESTER 2 2020/2021

THE THEORY OF CONGRUENCE


PART 3
PROF. MADYA DR ROHAIDAH MASRI
Linear Congruences

Definition (Linear Congruence)

Example.

x0 = 3 is the solution of equation 3x  9 (mod 12).


Where,
equation 3x  9 (mod 12) is called a linear congruence.

2
Linear Congruences

Notes:

Example.

x = 3 and x = -9 both satisfy 3x  9 (mod 12) .

3
Linear Congruences
Incongruent Solutions

Theorem 8

Example.

Let 18x  30 (mod 42) and let 6 = gcd(18,42).

18x  30 (mod 42) has solution since 6 | 30.


Then,
it has 6 mutually incongruent solutions modulo 42.

4
Linear Congruences
Incongruent Solutions

Notes:

5
Linear Congruences
Incongruent Solutions

Notes:

6
Linear Congruences
Unique Solutions

Corollary 6.

Proof.

7
Linear Congruences
Unique Solutions

Example.

8
Linear Congruences
Incongruent Solutions

Example.

By inspection, can be seen one of solution to be x = 4. Then

The genaral solution is:

The six incongruent solutions are : 4, 11, 18, 25, 32, 39 mod 42

9
Systems of Linear Congruences

10
Systems of Linear Congruences

11
Systems of Linear Congruences

12
Solving Systems of Linear Congruences

Example.

Solution.

13
Solving Systems of Linear Congruences

Solution. (cont.)

14
Solving Systems of Linear Congruences

Solution. (cont.)

15
Chinese Remainder Theorem

Theorem 9 (Chinese Remainder Theorem)

16
Chinese Remainder Theorem
Notes.

17
Chinese Remainder Theorem

Example.

Solve

Solution.

Then,

18
Chinese Remainder Theorem

Example.

Solution.

19

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