Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant
Working principle :
A nuclear power plant works in a similar way as a thermal
power plant. The difference between the two is in the fuel they
use to heat the water in the boiler(steam generator).
Inside a nuclear power station, energy is released by nuclear
fission in the core of the reactor.
1 kg of Uranium U235 can produce as much energy as the
burning of 4500 tonnes of high grade variety of coal or 2000
tonnes of oil.
Nuclear chain reaction
proton
neutron
U-235 nucleus
Neutrons released in fission
trigger the fissions of other nuclei
Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
Chain Reaction…
Uranium exists as an isotope in the form of U235 which is
unstable.
When the nucleus of an atom of Uranium is split, the neutrons
released hit other atoms and split them in turn. More energy is
released each time another atom splits. This is called a chain
reaction.
Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
Nuclear fission:
Nuclear fission…
Nuclear fission: heavy nuclei split into two smaller
parts in order to become more stable
proton Kr-92 nucleus
neutron
energy
U-235 nucleus
Ba-141 nucleus
Nuclear Fission…
• It is a process of splitting up of nucleus of fissionable material like
uranium into two or more fragments with release of enormous
amount of energy.
•The nucleus of U235 is bombarded with high energy neutrons
U235+0n1 Ba 141+Kr92+2.50n1+200 MeV energy.
• The neutrons produced are very fast and can be made to fission
other nuclei of U235, thus setting up a chain reaction.
• Out of 2.5 neutrons released one neutron is used to sustain the
chain reaction.
1 eV = 1.6X10-19 joule.
1 MeV = 106 eV
Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
Nuclear fission…
U235 splits into two fragments (Ba141 &
K92) of approximately equal size.
About 2.5 neutrons are released. 1
neutron is used to sustain the chain
reaction. 0.9 neutrons is absorbed by
U238 and becomes Pu239. The remaining
0.6 neutrons escapes from the reactor.
The neutrons produced move at a very
high velocity of 1.5 x 107 m/sec and
fission other nucleus of U235. Thus Note : Moderators are
fission process and release of neutrons provided to slow down the
neutrons from the high
take place continuously throughout the
velocities but not to absorb
remaining material.
them.
A large amount of energy(200 Million
electron volts, Mev) is produced.
Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
Principal parts of a nuclear reactor:
Core : Here the nuclear fission process takes place.
Moderator : This reduces the speed of fast moving neutrons. Most moderators
are graphite, water or heavy water.
Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
Principal parts of a nuclear reactor…
Control rods : Control rods limit the
number of fuel atoms that
can split. They are made of
boron or cadmium which
absorbs neutrons
Coolant : They carry the intense heat generated. Water is used as a coolant,
some reactors use liquid sodium as a coolant.
Fuel : The fuel used for nuclear fission is U235 isotope.
Radiation shield : To protect the people working from radiation and
(thermal shielding) radiation fragments.
Uncontrolled nuclear reaction
The chain reaction is not the rate of fission
slowed down increases rapidly
a huge amount of
Nuclear bomb energy is released
very quickly
Nuclear reactors
Nuclear power plant: Rate of fission is controlled by
artificial means to generate electricity
The Daya Bay
Nuclear Power
Station
Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
Types of Nuclear power plant:
Main two types are :
* Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
* Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
Pressurised Water Reactor
(PWR)
Heat is produced in the reactor due to
nuclear fission and there is a chain
reaction.
The heat generated in the reactor is
carried away by the coolant (water or
heavy water) circulated through the
core.
The purpose of the pressure equalizer
is to maintain a constant pressure of 14
MN/m2. This enables water to carry
more heat from the reactor.
The purpose of the coolant pump is to
pump coolant water under pressure
into the reactor core.
Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
Pressurised Water Reactor
(PWR)
The steam generator is a heat exchanger
where the heat from the coolant is
transferred on to the water that circulates
through the steam generator. As the
water passes through the steam generator
it gets converted into steam.
The steam produced in the steam
generator is sent to the turbine. The
turbine blades rotate.
The turbine shaft is coupled to a
generator and electricity is produced.
After the steam performing the work on The feed pump pumps back
the turbine blades by expansion, it comes the condensed water into the
out of the turbine as wet steam. This is steam generator.
converted back into water by circulating
Schematic diagram of a nuclear power plant
with PWR steam (high pressure) electric
power
control rods
generator
reactor
fuel core turbine steam (low
rods water pressure)
(hot)
steam coolant in
generator steam condenser
pump
water coolant out
(cool)
reactor pump
pressure water (low
vessel water (high pressure)
pressure)
primary loop secondary loop
steam (high pressure) electric
power
control rods
fuel rods They contain the nuclear fuel:
turbine steam (low
water uranium (U-235) pressure)
(hot)
They are surrounded by a
steam
moderator (water or graphite)
coolant into
generator steam condenser
slow down the neutrons released.
water coolant out
(cool)
reactor pump
pressure water (low
vessel water (high pressure)
pressure)
primary loop secondary loop
steam (high pressure) electric
control rods They control the rate of byreaction
power
moving in and out of the reactor.
Move in: rate of reaction
fuel turbine steam (low
rods water Move out: rate ofpressure)
reaction
(hot)
All are moved in: the reactor is
steam coolant in
shut down
generator steam condenser
They are made of boron or
water
(cool) cadmium that can absorb neutrons.
coolant out
reactor pump
pressure water (low
vessel water (high pressure)
pressure)
primary loop secondary loop
steam (high pressure) electric
power
control rods
generator
fuel steam (low
rods turbine pressure)
water
(hot)
The steam
steam drives a turbine,
coolantwhich
in
steam condenser
turnsgenerator
the generator.
water Electricity is produced by the
coolant out
(cool) generator.
reactor pump
pressure water (low
vessel water (high pressure)
pressure)
primary loop secondary loop
steam (high pressure) electric
power
control rods
fuel turbine steam (low
rods water pressure)
(hot)
steam coolant in
generator steam condenser
water coolant out
(cool)
reactor pump
pressure water (low
vessel water (high pressure)
pressure)
Two separate water systems are used to avoid
primary loop substances
radioactive secondary loop
to reach the turbine.
steam (high pressure) electric
power
The energy
control rods
released in
fuel turbine
fissions
steam (low
heats up
rods
water the water around
pressure)
(hot) the reactor.
steam The coolant in
water in the
steam condenser
generator
secondary loop
water is boiled to
coolant out
reactor
(cool) pump steam.
steam
pressure water (low
vessel water (high pressure)
pressure)
primary loop secondary loop
Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
Boiling Water Reactor
(BWR)
The water is circulated through the
reactor where it converts to water
steam mixture.
The steam gets collected above the
steam separator.
This steam is expanded in the turbine
which turns the turbine shaft.
The expanded steam coming out of the
turbine is condensed and is pumped
back as feed water by the feed water
pump into the reactor core.
Also the down coming recirculation
water from the steam separator is fed
back to the reactor core.
Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
Steam power plant means any plant
that uses steam to produce
electricity.
E.g. Thermal and Nuclear power
plants.
Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
Advantages of Nuclear power plant:
Space required is less when compared with other power plants.
Nuclear power plant is the only source which can meet the increasing demand
of electricity at a reasonable cost.
A nuclear power plant uses much less fuel than a fossil-fuel plant.
1 metric tonne of uranium fuel = 3 million metric tonnes of coal = 12 million
barrels of oil.
Disadvantages of Nuclear power plant:
o Radioactive wastes must be disposed carefully, otherwise it will adversely
affect the health of workers and the environment as a whole.
o Maintenance cost of the plant is high.
Nuclear waste
They are highly radioactive
Many of them have very long half-lives.
Radioactive waste must
be stored carefully.
Low level radioactive waste
cooling water pipes, radiation suits, etc.
stored in storage facilities
radioactivity will fall to a safe level after 10 to
50 years.
High level radioactive waste
used nuclear fuel
highly radioactive
embedded in concrete and
stored deep underground for
several thousand years
Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion: light nuclei fuse together to form a
heavier nucleus
Nuclear fusion…
Nuclear fusion: light nuclei fuse together to form a
heavier nucleus
deuterium nucleus neutron
energy
helium
tritium nucleus nucleus
proton
neutron
H-2 + H-3 He-4 + n + energy
