Pharmacognosy-1
(PGC202)
First year Students
Prelab (1)
(2020-2021)
Flowers Introduction
Flowers
• Definition: a modified fertile shoot carrying modified
leaves adapted for reproduction and developed to fruits &
seeds
• Every part of the flower
represents a modified leaf.
•Floral leaves arranged in whorls:
Calyx , Corolla , Andrœcium , Gynoecium
Structure of flower
Gynoecium
Andrœcium stigma
Stamen anther Carpel
filament style
ovary
Corolla
Receptacle Calyx
Petals pedicel Sepals
Receptacle
Is the swollen or expanded apex of flower stalk
(pedicel) on which floral leaves are arranged.
Receptacle
Floral leaves
Asexual (non-essential) sexual (essential)
Calyx Corolla Andrœcium Gynoecium
sepals petals Stamens Carpels
Kinds of Flowers
Flowers can be classified according to several
parameters:
1. According to number of segments in each whorl.
2. According to the symmetry of all floral leaves.
3. According to the presence or absence of sexual organs.
2. According to symmetry of all floral parts
Regular Irregular
segments are alike ,regularly arranged segments are not alike, irregularly arranged
Actinomorphic () (%) Zygomorphic
Segments could be Asymmetric
Segments could be
divided into equal Flower can not
divided into equal
halves by a be divided into
halves
number of radial equal halves
in only one plane
longitudinal cuts
3. According to presence or absence of sexual organs:
a. Hermaphrodite b. Unisexual
Bisexual
Andrœcium & Gynoecium
3. According to presence or absence of sexual organs:
b. Unisexual
Either Andrœcium or Gynoecium
staminate pistillate
Only Andrœcium Only Gynoecium
Perianth
Is the outer non-essential floral parts
(calyx & corolla)
- Petaloid calyx
when calyx is brightly
coloured
Cohesion of sepals
Free sepals United sepals
Polysepalous Gamosepalous
aposepalous synsepalous
Cohesion of Petals
Free petals United petals
Polypetalous Gamopetalous
Apopetalous Sympetalous
Shapes of corolla
Cruciform Tubular
Ligulate (strap like)
Funnel-shaped
Family Asteraceae
Insertion of perianth
On the On the edge of
Above the ovary
receptacle the receptacle
Surrounding e.g Clove
below the ovary
the ovary
Hypogenous Epigenous
Perigenous
Insertion of perianth
Perigenous
Epigenous Hypogenous
Androecium (stamens)
Anther Pollen sac
Carries the pollen grains
•Divided into 2 anther-
Anther lobe
lobes separated by the
connective tissue.
•Each anther-lobe
possesses 2 pollen-sacs,
containing pollen grains
connective
Filament
Stalk that carries (bear) the anther
Fibrous layer of anther: The
outermost layer of the
pollen sac appear as
lignified bars from side
view and beaded from top
view T.V: beaded walls
S.V: bar like thickening
Pollen grains:
Germ pores
Germ furrows
Description of stamens
- Usually equal in length
- If Unequal length
Didynamous Tetradynamous
2 long, 2 short stamens 4 long , 2 short stamens
e.g. Labiateae (lamiaceae) e.g. Crucifereae
Attachment of anther
Manner of attachment of anther to filament
Basifixed Dorsifixed Versatile
attachment by base attachment by
of the anther attachment by back
of the anther, back of the
immovable anther, movable
Pistil : one or more carpels
Stigma
Style
Ovary
- Apical portion, receives pollen grains
- Takes different shapes:
Bifid stigma Pointed stigma
Connects ovary with stigma place
stigma in suitable position to receive
pollens
Gynobasic: arise from the base of the ovary
encloses ovules on the placenta
Compound ovary
Cohesion
free carpels united carpels
Apocarpous Syncarpous
Insertion of the ovary
Superior
Inferior
1- General appearance: • Shape:
• Colour: Flower report
• Size: length: ……………………. diameter: ……………………
2- Symmetry: Perform an L-cut of the flower to examine the inner whorls, starting
from the receptacle or the pedicle if present and going upward
3- Type according to presence of sexual organs:
4- Insertion of floral parts:
5- Calyx: (if present) • Number of sepals:
• Shape and colour of sepals: ………………………………………………………………………………………
• Cohesion of sepals: …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
• Texture and touch: membranous, leathery, hairy,..etc ……………………………………………..
6- Corolla: (if present) • Number of petals:
• Shape and colour of petals: ……………………………………………………………………………………..
• Cohesion of petals: …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
• Texture and touch: membranous, leathery, hairy, ..etc ……………………………………………
7- Androecium: (if present) • Number of stamens:
• Cohesion and adnation of stamens:
• Shape: a) filament ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) anther ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. •
Attachment of anther: ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
8-Gynoecium: (if present) • Insertion:
• Number of carpels: …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
• Cohesion of carpels: ………………….………………………………………………………………………………
• Number of locules: …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
• Shape: a) style: …………………………………….. b) stigma: ………………………………………
Labs start tomorrow Sunday
11/4/2021
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