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Compilation of Geological Maps - Part I
Presentation · September 2016
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17768.47367
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Czech Geological Survey
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COMPILATION OF GEOLOGICAL MAP
by
Pavel Hanžl
Workshop, 22. 9. 2016 Ulaanbaatar
1
Without a map, where are you?
LOST!
David G. Howell (1989): Tectonics of Suspect Terranes:
Mountain building and continental growth
2
Aim of lecture
To describe and characterize geological map and its
parts
To resume steps of map compilation
field work
legend (key) compilation
database
data processing
drawing a map
compilation of text explanations (geological report)
3
Geological mapping and map compilation is step
by step process
Preparation work
Field work
Interpretation of
data
Compilation of map
4
Program
Definition of geological map sheet and its parts
Legend to geological map
Geological documentation
Map compilation
Content of the Final report
5
Source materials:
http://www.usgs.gov/
http://www.bgs.ac.uk/
http://www.stratigraphy.org/
http://www.structural-geology.org/Home.html
http://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/46757.html
http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/geology.html
6
7
8
GEOLOGICAL MAP
DEFINITION
9
Geological map – what is it?
10
Geological map is a scale-down interpretation of
the structure of selected area of the upper part
of the Earth crust usually drawn on the
topographic base (sometimes on DEM).
Geological map shows (using various colors and
symbols) the rocks and boundary between them
that would be seen on the Earth´s surface if the
soils were removed.
11
Purpose of geological maps
To explore natural resources (raw material, underground water,
water, geothermal eneregy…)
To locate rocks of particular age, lithology, structure …
To reconstruct the geologic history of area
To estimate composition and character of soil
To identified natural hazards
To estimate physical parameters of rocks for engineering geology
To locate places with bedrocks suitable for waste disposal
12
The geological maps can be used for academic
reasons (how our planet and life were formed)
but in fact geological maps are essential to
economic development not only of individual
countries but whole continents.
13
Oldest geological maps are related to mining
Old mines in Nubia (1300 BC)
Map of ore veins in
Joachimsthal (1830)
Central Europe
14
First geological maps could be dated to the
end of the 18th century
15
Created in 1815 by canal surveyor
William Smith the world's first real
geologic map measures 10 by 16
feet and illustrates the individual
rock layers that underlie Great
Britain.
"If geology were a religion, this map would be its bible,"
said University of Buffalo geologist Robert Jacobi
16
Geological maps are usually produced
by Governmental institutions
Budget
Low economic return
Continutity in research
17
Maps are produced on topographic base of state
map serie in defined sheet index
18
19
Special map focused on selected region or topic
are not strictly limited to state map serie
Produced by state geological survey, scientific institution, mining and
exploration companies
20
21
GEOLOGICAL MAP
DESCRIPTION
22
Geologic map is an interpretative (subjective)
work
Techniques for map compilation must be defined to
compare various geological maps
23
Uniform classification of rocks
Uniform classification of tectonic phenomena
Uniform steps of outcrop´s description
Uniform legend
…
24
Layout of geological maps
25
Author(s) TITLE Map No & Name
LITOSTRATIGRAPHIC
COLUMN
LEGEND
MAP FRAME
(KEY)
AND
GEOLOGICAL MAP ITSELF
Supplementary
information
Imprint Scale Imprint
Map Sheet
GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION Index
26
27
28
Czech Geological Survey Name of institution
Base Geological Map of the Czech Republic 1 : 25, 000
Name of map work or set
Geological Map
Type of map
Compiled by: V. Prouza
Name(s) of Author(s)
03-413 Semily
No. and name of map sheet
29
Left Imprint
Quotation of the map (in international standard)
Co-autors (names)
Editor in Chief and Technical Editor (name(s))
Technical processing (name(s))
Aproval (name of responsible person, date)
30
Right Imprint
Information about map projection and coordinate system
Copyright for topographic base
Copyright for geological data
Name of workplace, year of processing
Number of prints
31
Scale
Graphic and numeric expression of
scale
Information about contour interval
Could be completed by northstar,
ussually with combination with
magnetic declination
32
Frame with
coordinate system
WGS84
Local grid
33
Position of map sheet in
State topographic basemap
34
Review of Geological Units
Review of Geological Mapping
35
36
Litostratigraphic column
depicts relationships between
litostratigraphically defined Litostratigraphic units
units exposed on the maps
and known from the footwall.
Hiatus
Different tectonical
units
Erathem to stage
Thickness
37
38
Legend explains way of
graphic representation of
geological phenomena
depicted on geological map
39
Geological cross section interprets geological structures to the depth
along the line assigned in the map. It is at the same scale as the map.
Important topographic
points (spot height,
Altitude river, village…)
Borehole
40
Geological map interprets geological structure of
given area of the Earth´s surface and contains:
41
Areal distribution of geological bodies and its boundaries
42
Course of faults and others tectonic lines on the Earth´s
surface
Inferred fault
Fault
Reverse fault
Nappe
43
Small scale tectonic elements representing structure of
geological units
Bedding
Foliation
Cleavage
44
Zones of thermal and hydrotermal alterations
45
Existence of important ancient weathering
46
Important paleontological findings (localities)
Fossil fauna
Fossil vertebrata
Microfossil Fossil flora
47
Important geodynamic phenomena
48
Important water and mineral water springs
49
Selected recent and historic mines
Abondoned Abondoned
quarry Abandoned
mine Active Abandoned clay-pit
quarry sand-pit
50
Important boreholes and geological localities
51
Line of geological cross section
End-points are situated on
the map´s rim. Left rim of
crossection is situated
westerly
52
To summarize content of geological map
Geological map bears information about
areal distribution of rocks and its boundaries
tectonics
paleontology
hydrotermal processes and weathering
Completed by information about
hydrogeology
geodynamic phenomena
and minig informations
GEOLOGICAL MAP itself and LEGEND are crucial
parts of printed map sheet
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